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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

[Clinical efficacy of leponex according to the findings of an international study].

Leponex was used to treat 120 schizophrenic patients with doses varying from 50 to 550 mg and the course of therapy lasting for two months. Considerable specificities were revealed in the spectrum of the drug psychotropic activity and the nature of its side effects. Leponex was especially effective in cases of delirious, hallucinational and catatonic symptomatology. This drug was proved to be a method of choice in progressive protracted schizophrenic psychoses accompanied by the above disorders. The regimen of gradual and slow accretion of daily doses throughout the treatment with leponex utilized in this study is assessed as optimal for preventing the development of toxic side effects associated with the use of this drug.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Lethality and behavioral side effects of chloroquine.

The antimalarial chloroquine is a widely used medication prescribed for a variety of conditions. The authors indicate that its lethality and behavioral side effects are significant and may be underestimated. Moderately low overdosage of chloroquine can result in rapid death. Moreover, therapeutic doses are known to cause psychosis, delirium, personality changes, and depression. It is hypothesized that a drug-induced alteration of mood or a toxic confusional state may result in unintended overdosage and death. Clinicians should consider prodromal signs of toxicity and not classify overdosage prematurely as attempted self-poisoning.

Behavior↗
PubMed2000

Psychoses associated with thyrotoxicosis - 'thyrotoxic psychosis.' A report of 18 cases, with statistical analysis of incidence.

OBJECTIVE: To report a series of newly diagnosed thyrotoxic patients with concurrent acute psychosis, and to assess the association between the two disorders. DESIGN: Retrospective study of thyrotoxic patients with associated psychosis ('thyrotoxic psychosis'; TP) requiring inpatient psychiatric care. New Zealand thyrotoxicosis annual incidence figures and first psychiatric admission rates for affective psychosis were utilised to statistically assess the co-occurrence of thyrotoxicosis and affective psychosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During the 20-year study period, 18 inpatients (16 women and 2 men), mean age 54 years, with TP were identified. No patient had a past history of thyrotoxicosis, but four had required psychiatric inpatient care many years earlier. Thyrotoxicosis was documented by radioimmunoassay of thyroid hormone levels, and thyroid scintiscan. Psychiatric manifestations were classified using ICD9 criteria. RESULTS: Thyroid hormone levels were markedly elevated in more than half of our TP patients. All younger patients had Graves' disease, and most older patients toxic nodular goitre. All patients were treated with antithyroid drugs, and all but one subsequently received (131)I therapy. Two patients were not mentally ill when thyrotoxicosis was diagnosed, but suffered major mood swings when thyroid hormone levels were falling. There was no specific psychiatric clinical picture but affective psychoses were commonest - seven depression, seven mania. The other diagnoses were two schizophreniform, one paranoid, and one delirium. Initially, neuroleptic medication was used in all but one patient, and during long-term follow-up (median 11 years) more than half our series had remained well with no further psychiatric problems. Statistical analysis was restricted to thyrotoxic patients with first psychiatric hospital admission for affective psychosis. During the 20-year period, there were nine thyrotoxic patients (95% confidence interval 4.5-17.1) with concurrent affective psychosis requiring first admission, and the calculated expected number was only 0.36. These findings indicate a clear association well above chance co-occurrence. CONCLUSION: TP is not a specific clinical picture, but affective psychoses are commonest. Statistical analysis of thyrotoxic patients with concurrent affective psychoses showed an incidence well above chance co-occurrence. It appears that thyrotoxicosis may be a precipitant of acute affective psychosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

17 Beta-oestradiol attenuates dexamethasone-induced lethal and sublethal neuronal damage in the striatum and hippocampus.

Abnormal corticosteroid release is extensively associated with mood disorders. This association may result from the toxic actions of endogenous corticosteroids which can induce apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. Similarly, dexamethasone, a synthetic corticosteroid, can induce lethal and sublethal damage to rat hippocampal and striatal neurons and can result in steroid-induced psychoses in humans. The experiments reported here tested the hypothesis that pre-treatment with oestrogen would also attenuate dexamethasone-induced neuronal damage as oestrogens have neuroprotective actions against a variety of insults and falling levels of oestrogen are associated with increased vulnerability to mood disorders. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received three systemic injections which were a combination of vehicle, 17-beta-oestradiol (0.2 mg/kg, s.c.), the oestrogen receptor antagonist tamoxifen (10 mg/kg, s.c.) and dexamethasone (0.7 mg/kg, i.p.) and were killed 24 h after the final injection. Injections of dexamethasone (when preceded by vehicle injections) resulted in elevated levels of apoptosis and sub-lethal damage, as demonstrated by reduced levels of microtubule-associated protein-2-immunopositive neurons, in the striatum and hippocampus. This damage was regional with the dorsomedial caudate putamen and the dentate gyrus and CA1 and CA3 hippocampal sub-fields being particularly affected. Pretreatment with oestrogen substantially attenuated the dexamethasone-induced neuronal damage. This oestrogen-induced neuronal protection was in turn virtually eliminated by giving an initial injection of tamoxifen. These results suggest, therefore, that oestrogens can protect from corticosteroid-induced neuronal damage via an oestrogen receptor-mediated process.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Diphenhydramine toxicity in a child with varicella. A case report.

Varicella may be associated with serious complications including encephalitis, Reye's syndrome, and drug toxicity. In this case, a 19-month-old child with varicella was brought to the family practice clinic by her parents when she began behaving abnormally. At the time of presentation the child exhibited dilated pupils, ataxia, urinary retention, and facial grimacing. The child's parents had treated her with acetaminophen, diphenhydramine syrup, colloidal oatmeal baths, and frequent applications of Caladryl lotion. The results of her immediate laboratory tests were within normal limits, and she was admitted to the hospital for observation. She recovered without therapeutic intervention. Although not available at the time of admission to the hospital, her diphenhydramine serum level was 1948 ng/mL. Diphenhydramine levels above 100 ng/mL have been associated with toxicity.

Administration, Oral↗