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PubMed2006

[Progress in studies of glutathione S-transferase P1 and prostate cancer].

Prostate cancer ( PCa) is an important genitourinary malignancy with increasing morbidity and mortality. Glutathione S-transferase P1 ( GSTP1) , as a phrase- II enzyme, has an important role in the activation and detoxification of carcinogens. There is a close association between GSTP1 gene polymorphisms and the risk of Pca. GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation can reliably distinguish Pca from benign prostatic hyperplasia( BPH) and promises to be an important molecular marker for the diagnosis of Pca. This paper summarizes the association of GSTP1 with the diagnosis and risk of Pca.

Glutathione S-Transferase pi↗

PubMed2004

Management of localised prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is the commonest cancer in men, with over 27,000 new cases diagnosed each year in the UK. Here we review the management of men with the early (localised) form of the disease.

Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal↗

PubMed1991

Hormonal treatment in prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is one of the most current diseases in elderly men and contributes greatly to the increase in mortality, morbidity and cost of health care. An adequate therapeutical approach requires a whole set of methods for establishing a correct histologic diagnosis and evaluating the local and general spread of the disease. As most of the neoplastic cells in the prostate are at least partly androgen-dependent, the goal of the hormonal therapy is to deprive them of androgenic hormones and their derivatives. On this purpose, the most important means of the hormonal therapy, starting with the traditional ones (orchidectomy, hypophysectomy, adrenalectomy, androgens administration) and ending with the latest achievements (anti-androgens, antiestrogens, LH--RH analogous) are scrutinized, making specific recommendations as to their indications, way of administration and effectiveness.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2003

[Diet and prostate cancer].

Prostate cancer is the first neoplasia in the United States accounting the second in cancer deaths. With all the treatments strategies in debate because of their side effects, is very important try to elucidate prevention mechanisms that may be implicate in the development of this disease, between these, nutrients have been of mayor importance. In the present review we tried to study the most important nutritional factors implicated in the development and prevention of prostate carcinoma. We focus our attention over the polyphenols of the red wine, which influence over cellular proliferation and apoptosis in LNCaP cells have been studied in our Department.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2006

Polyphenols from green tea and pomegranate for prevention of prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-cutaneous cancer diagnosed in North America with similar trends in many Western countries. Geographic, epidemiological and laboratory studies suggest a role for dietary constituents in the etiology as well as prevention of PCa. The rising incidence of PCa in several countries appears to be coincidental with adoption of western lifestyle. Increase in the incidence of PCa has also been found in Asian populations migrating to the west. These facts give numerous leads to explore testable PCa prevention strategies. There is growing evidence in support of use of dietary ingredients in prevention and treatment of PCa. While substantial data exists in favor of use of polyphenols from tea as PCa chemopreventive agent, interest in anti-cancer properties of polyphenols from pomegranate has recently emerged. This review summarizes current literature on the effects of polyphenols from green tea and pomegranate against PCa.

Anticarcinogenic Agents↗

PubMed1989

Early detection of prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is of increasing concern because its mortality has not decreased significantly in the last 30 years. It is suggested that a reduction in death rate may be possible as a result of early detection of the disease, but several factors indicate that presently, routine screening cannot be justified.

Humans↗

PubMed1999

Prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Recommendations for screening and treatment are usually made, especially in the popular press, without regard to patient age or medical health. This article focuses on the trade-off between the benefits and side effects of screening and treatment.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Recent progress in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer.

Prostatic cancer is the second most common cause of male cancer-related deaths in the UK. Its incidence has almost doubled over the last 30 years, and this may relate to lifestyle, diet, and environmental factors, and far exceeds the changes expected from demographic trends and increased diagnosis.

Androgen Antagonists↗

PubMed2000

[Bone scan and prostate cancer].

Prostatic cancer has a great predilection for bone. The evaluation of its extension towards the skeleton is based on the bone scan, which has a better sensitivity than radiological examinations and clinical evaluation. Bone scan evaluation of the osseous extension, allowed a better comprehension of the mechanism of dissemination, the assumption of Batson appearing currently not very plausible. The importance of the osseous extension on the bone scan has a prognostic value; it constitutes one of the significant parameters of stratification in clinical trials. The indications of bone scan have been greatly modified since the introduction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). At the initial assessment, the of bone scan should be indicated only if the rate of PSA exceeds 10-20 ng/mL, in the event of low grade tumor and pain. In the follow-up, the evolution of the PSA constitutes the major element of monitoring. After radical therapy, a rise in the PSA indicates bone scan, particularly if the level exceeds 10 ng/mL. In stage D2, routine bone scan is no longer indicated, except in phases II and III of the clinical trials.

Bone and Bones↗

PubMed1990

Update: prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer represents a major health-care issue for older men. Recent technical advances in imaging, serum markers, and treatment hold great promise. Further insight into the natural history and biologic potential of this ubiquitous neoplasm is necessary before we can make rational decisions about early detection and newer treatment approaches.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2004

Contrast specific imaging in the detection and localization of prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in elderly men and is one of the most important causes of death from cancer in men. The diagnosis of PCa is based on a combination of digital rectal examination, PSA and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). However, this combination does not reach the accuracy of detection and localization necessary for proper decisions on treatment methods. Therefore, biopsies are performed in all cases for which the suspicion of PCa is raised. Even with biopsies, staging and grading of PCa is far from optimal. More accurate imaging is necessary to improve the biopsy sampling, the goals being to replace systematic biopsies by a targeted approach and to improve staging and grading of PCa. Ultrasound imaging of the prostate remains the first choice of imaging to visualize the prostate, however, gray-scale ultrasound imaging has an accuracy of about 50-60% for the detection of PCa and TRUS used for local staging has an even lower accuracy. The development of PCa is associated with changes in the metabolism of tumor cells, and therefore with changes in the blood perfusion of the involved tissue. This paper focuses on contrast specific imaging techniques to visualize these changes in blood perfusion. Techniques such as color and power Doppler imaging, and contrast enhanced imaging techniques using color and power Doppler, harmonic imaging and intermittent imaging are discussed.

Contrast Media↗

PubMed2003

The prolyl isomerase Pin1 is a novel prognostic marker in human prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common male cancer in the United States. A major challenge that remains is to predict the clinical outcome in managing PCa patients. The prolyl isomerase Pin1 has been shown to be overexpressed in some human cancer tissues and thought to be an important player in several oncogenic pathways. However, the relationship between Pin1 expression and clinical outcome of cancer patients has not been explored. In this study, we investigated the role of Pin1 in human PCa progression and its clinicopathological significance. Immunohistochemical assessment with affinity-purified polyclonal Pin1-specific antibodies was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin sections of tissue microarray composed of 580 radical prostatectomy specimens. As determined by visual semiquantitation and confirmed by automated image analysis quantitation, Pin1 expression was positively correlated with clinical stage. Furthermore, Cox survival analysis results indicated that patients with a higher Pin1 expression had a significantly higher probability of recurrence than their counterparts with low Pin1 expression, as defined by a serum prostate-specific antigen level of > or =0.4 ng/ml on two consecutive occasions after radical prostatectomy. In addition, patients with high Pin1 expression had almost 4 times the risk of having earlier recurrence than those with low Pin1 expression; patients with a very high level had 8.1 times the risk of an earlier recurrence than a low Pin1 expresser. Pin1 was also an excellent predictor of recurrence in the subset of patients with Gleason score 6 or 7 when analyzed separately: a patient with high Pin1 expression had 8.6 times the risk of having earlier recurrence than one with low Pin1 expression. Pin1 expression is as good as or better than currently used postoperatively available clinicopathological parameters and potentially could be used in the preoperative setting to assist in choice of treatment. Thus, this study suggests a role for Pin1 expression as a potentially excellent prognostic marker in PCa and suggests that Pin1 may also serve as a novel therapeutic target for PCa.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Current strategies in the management of hormone refractory prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in American males, and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Most patients who develop metastatic disease will initially respond to androgen deprivation, but response is invariably temporary. Most patients will develop androgen-independent ("hormone-refractory") disease that results in progressive clinical deterioration and ultimately death. This progression to androgen independence is accompanied by increasingly evident DNA instability and alterations in genes and gene expression, including mutations in p53, over-expression of Bcl2, and mutations in the androgen receptor gene, among others. Treatment options for hormone refractory disease include intensive supportive care, radiotherapy, bisphosphonates, second-line hormonal manipulations, cytotoxic chemotherapy and investigational agents. A post-treatment reduction in the level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) by 50% has been shown to correlate with survival and has been accepted by consensus as a valid endpoint in clinical trials. Chemotherapeutic agents such as mitoxantrone, estramustine, and the taxanes have yielded improved response rates and palliative benefit, but not improved survival. Therefore, current efforts must be focused on enrolling patients onto clinical trials of investigational agents with novel mechanisms of action, and on using survival, time to progression, and quality of life as end points in routine clinical practice.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed2006

The central role of osteoblasts in the metastasis of prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy in men. Although mortality from PCa has been declining over the past decade, metastasis can substantially shorten survival time and remains a major challenge in maintaining quality of life for survivors. PCa cells preferentially metastasize to bone and typically result in osteoblastic lesions. In the late stages of disease, however, osteolytic lesions are observed. The mechanisms of PCa bone metastasis are still unclear, but relationships between the PCa cells and the bone tissue elements are suspected of being more complex than initially thought. Far from being an innocent bystander, the bone participates actively in the metastatic process and provides the cancer cells with growth factors and a fertile environment. Among the various cells in the bone environment, osteoblasts have a central role through their bidirectional interactions with the PCa cells. This review discusses the possible mechanisms of PCa bone metastasis and highlights the essential role of osteoblasts in the metastasis of PCa to bone.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

The impact of osteoporosis in men treated for prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer patients are at significant risk for SREs, with up to 50% of androgen-insensitive patients experiencing an SRE at 24 months. The risk increases with the duration and type of cancer treatment. SREs decrease HRQOL, increase the cost of care, and are associated negatively with overall survival. Screening men at greatest risk (slender white men and men with hormone refractory disease or metastatic disease) with BMD measurements, and initiating empiric therapy (vitamin D3, calcium, parenteral estrogens, bisphosphates) may be warranted.

Aged↗

PubMed2007

An update on localised prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer remains a most intriguing condition, which poses unique challenges. On reviewing recent literature on localised disease (confined within the capsule T1 or T2, N0, M0), it would seem that it is over treated, resulting in significant morbidity. We now have strong evidence, however, that there can be mortality associated with 'watchful waiting'. Clinicians should, therefore, aim to identify men at risk of progression in order that they should be treated effectively with minimal adverse effects. In this paper, we report on recent developments in the expanding array of management options available.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed2005

Quality of life among men treated with radiation therapy for prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer continues to affect an increasing number of men in the United States. When diagnosed, these men may not have access to information that differentiates the long-term outcomes of one method of treatment from another. This study evaluated the impact of external beam radiation on several domains of quality of life, including physical, social/family, emotional, and functional well-being domains.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1987

Systemic treatment for prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality in adult men. The majority of patients have subclinical systemic disease at diagnosis and will eventually require systemic therapy for palliation of symptoms. Recent development of new hormonal treatment options (e.g., gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues and estramustine) has yet to demonstrate potential for improving the therapeutic index or for lengthening survival over results achieved with traditional modalities (i.e., supplemental estrogens or castration). Chemotherapeutic agents have demonstrated palliative efficacy and are being tested in multidrug regimens and in combination with hormones. At the present time, the optimal use of cytotoxic drugs remains undefined, since recently published studies have shown neither that combination chemotherapy is superior to single agents nor that chemo-hormonal therapy produces more favorable results than hormonal treatment alone.

Acid Phosphatase↗