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Results for “Risk perception”

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PubMed1993

Alcohol, injury, and risk-taking behavior: data from a national sample.

The association of alcohol consumption and injury is well documented in the literature. It has also been suggested that alcohol consumption is associated with risk-taking behaviors. No studies have reported the association of alcohol consumption and risk-taking behaviors with injury across all injury types, however. Data were collected (1990) from a national probability household sample (n = 2058; weighted n = 1150) on: injuries that required treatment during the last year; quantity and frequency (Q-F) of drinking; and behaviors associated with risk perception, risk-taking/impulsivity, and sensation seeking. The injured (12% of the sample) were more likely to be male, younger, and to report moderate and heavy drinking and more frequent drunkenness compared with those with no injuries. They were also less likely to score high on risk perception and more likely to score high on risk-taking/impulsivity and sensation seeking than those with no injuries. However, using logistic regression analysis to predict a treated injury during the last year, only the interaction term of gender by Q-F was significant, with Q-F a significant predictor of injury among males but not among females.

Accident Proneness↗

PubMed2006

The influence of graphic format on breast cancer risk communication.

Graphic displays can enhance quantitative risk communication. However, empiric data regarding the effect of graphic format on risk perception is lacking. We evaluate the effect of graphic format elements on perceptions of risk magnitude and perceived truth of data. Preferences for format also were assessed. Participants (254 female primary care patients) viewed a series of hypothetical risk communications regarding the lifetime risk of breast cancer. Identical numeric risk information was presented using different graphic formats. Risk was perceived to be of lower magnitude when communicated with a bar graph as compared with a pictorial display (p < 0.0001), or with consecutively versus randomly highlighted symbols in a pictorial display (p = 0.0001). Data were perceived to be more true when presented with random versus consecutive highlights in a pictorial display (p < 0.01). A pictorial display was preferred to a bar graph format for the presentation of breast cancer risk estimates alone (p = 0.001). When considering breast cancer risk in comparison to heart disease, stroke, and osteoporosis, however, bar graphs were preferred pictorial displays (p < 0.001). In conclusion, elements of graphic format used to convey quantitative risk information effects key domains of risk perception. One must be cognizant of these effects when designing risk communication strategies.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Radon and cigarette smoking: perceptions of this synergistic health risk.

Past approaches to the measurement of the perceived risk of combined hazards have failed to demonstrate awareness of synergy (S. E. Hampson et al., 1998; D. Hermand, E. Mullet, & B. Coutelle, 1995; D. Hermand, E. Mullet, & S. Lavieville, 1997). Respondents (N = 650) were provided with information about the synergistic risk of lung cancer from the combination of smoking and radon, and their risk perceptions were assessed on two occasions. At Time 1, using Likert-type scales, there was no evidence of synergistic risk perception. At Time 2, using a scale based on the appraisal of relative risk with anchors allowing for the expression of synergy, the combined hazard of radon and smoking was rated as significantly more of a health risk than the single hazards. The findings are discussed in terms of methodological issues in assessing synergistic risk.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Effectiveness of protocols for preventing occupational exposure to blood and body fluids in Dutch hospitals.

Compliance of different healthcare workers (HCWs) (nurses, physicians, laboratory technicians and cleaners) with protocols to prevent exposure to blood and body fluids (BBF) was studied. Questionnaires were used to assess perception of risks, familiarity with protocols, motivation and actual behaviour. Performance of the protocols in practice was also tested. The practical test provided more reliable results than the questionnaire. HCWs overestimated their knowledge and skills, and compliance was influenced by risk perception. HCWs encountered problems with comprehension, acceptability and applicability of protocols, especially for post-exposure precautions. Protocols are not tailored to the differences in knowledge, risk perception and practical needs of different professional groups, probably because HCWs have rarely been involved in writing them and they are governed more by legal considerations than applicability. Most HCWs experienced a lack of organizational support to aid compliance. To improve compliance, we recommend information and training on risk management and individual responsibilities regarding the safety of coworkers and patients, participation of HCWs in protocol development, and support of management to avoid reversion to previous habitual behaviour.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed2002

Effective patient education in medical imaging: public perceptions of radiation exposure risk.

Patients perceptions of risk for harm influence their decisions concerning medical procedures and feelings of satisfaction with medical care choices. Radiologic technologists, dental hygienists, and other allied health professionals frequently are asked by patients to explain the radiation exposure dose and health risk associated with an imaging procedure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiation risk perceptions within the community to develop an effective patient education strategy for health professionals based on the responses of 200 participants in a cross-sectional survey. Less than half of the adults responding to the survey agreed with experts regarding the risk of radiation exposure from various sources, and 75% to 90% of the responders thought that imaging providers should be highly educated and highly regulated. With efficacious patient education, appropriate risk comparisons can be made in simple terminology by addressing the public's knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes toward sources of radiation exposure.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Age differences in perception of risk.

Age differences in perception of risk and the likelihood of disregarding warning signs were examined. A total of 358 adults, between 18 and 85 years old, were asked to rate 12 warning labels with respect to (a) how risky it would be to ignore the warning, (b) how likely it was that they would disregard the warning, and (c) how familiar they were with the labels. The older groups indicated higher risk in ignoring the signs than did the younger group. The older subjects were also less willing to disregard the signs than the younger subjects.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Accuracy of perceptions of heart attack risk: what influences perceptions and can they be changed?

Using perceived risk of a heart attack, we examined the relative importance of perceived risk factors and sociodemographic variables on subjects' perception of heart attack risk, the relationship between perceived and objectively measured heart attack risk, and the effect of health risk appraisal (HRA) feedback on risk perceptions. Data derive from a random sample of 732 Greater Boston, Massachusetts area men and women ages 25-65 years, who participated in a field trial of health risk appraisal instruments. At baseline and approximately two months later, all respondents completed a questionnaire assessing their own health-related behavior, risk factors, and perception of heart attack risk. At baseline, respondents also completed one of four HRA instruments. Physiologic measures of cholesterol, blood pressure, and weight were taken at either baseline or follow-up visit. Results showed that respondents used established risk factors in estimating overall risk; that compared to objective measures of risk, a high percentage of respondents displayed an optimistic bias; and that HRA feedback had some effect on perception of heart attack risk for those at high risk. Implications of these results for health promotion are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

AIDS awareness among a cohort of young Thai men: exposure to information, level of knowledge, and perception of risk.

Structured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted among 834 young Thai men drafted into military service by random lottery in northern Thailand. Level of AIDS risk, exposure to AIDS information, level of knowledge about AIDS, and perception of risk for acquiring HIV and AIDS were assessed at baseline and six months after induction into the Army in 1991. General fear of AIDS was high, yet personal perception of risk for acquiring HIV was low, even for those at enhanced behavioural risk of infection with HIV. Multivariate PATH analysis shows that exposure to information about AIDS significantly reduced risk taking from baseline to follow-up, but only by first affecting personal risk perception. Focus group discussions revealed that risk perception for acquiring AIDS was low due to never knowing a person with AIDS, because prostitutes had health certificates for STD, and since many believed that AIDS could be cured or prevented with folk medicines. Implications and recommendations for intervention programmes are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Perceptual differences regarding health and environmental problems and their remedies in two states of the former Czechoslovakia.

In the framework of the Central European Study on Air pollution and Respiratory Health (CESAR), a risk perception and risk communication study was carried out in a total of 25 areas in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Slovak Republic. This paper is focused on the differences of perception between the Czech (CR) and the Slovak Republic (SR), and the other involved countries. The analysis is based on the data of a structured risk perception questionnaire survey of a random population sample. 6,043 completed questionnaires were collected from the total number of 14,400 distributed ones in 25 areas of the 6 countries. The risk perception was different in the CR and the SR, mainly concerning local environment and health of children in the CR and drug abuse including alcohol consumption and AIDS in the SR. In both countries environmental and health problems were seen as important, but the perceived responsibility for finding a solution was placed with different kinds of institutions.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Rethinking perceived risk and health behavior: a critical review of HIV prevention research.

Perceived risk of infection, one factor influencing HIV-related behavior decisions, has been the focus of expanding research efforts. A body of research now exists examining factors related to risk perceptions and the relationship between risk perceptions and behavioral decision making. This article examines 60 quantitative studies of HIV-related risk perceptions, identifies methodological and theoretical limitations or gaps in current knowledge, and suggests ways future research might better assess the role of risk perceptions and facilitate the adoption and maintenance of HIV-related health protective behaviors. The authors argue that mixed findings in the quantitative literature are due to (1) cross-sectional study designs that constrain or confound the interpretation of findings, (2) construct confusion and measurement inconsistencies. (3) insufficient consideration of specific subgroup or behavioral differences, and (4) inattention to situational norms and other contextual factors that influence risk perceptions and behavior.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2002

[Perception of environmental health risk among inhabitants of Katowice Urban Area].

The risk communication is very important for environmental health risk management and for need of credible and trustworthy sources of information. The aim of the study was to describe how occupational contact with chemicals affect to public risk perception among inhabitants of Katowice Urban Area. In 2000/2001 a cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out among 1984 respondents of whom, 532 respondents had an occupational contact with chemicals (28.1%). The results of this study will be helpful for rationalization of environmental health risk communication over employer as a credible source of information. Perception of environmental health risks is similar among people, who have contact with chemicals in the work-place and the others. The differences concerned the opinions on exposition in a work-place the awareness of occupational hazards and belief that harmful neighborhood of industrial investments were higher in people who have contact with chemicals than others (chi 2 = 26.91; p < 0.001 and chi 2 = 16.75; p < 0.001). Additionally it is necessary to notice that an employer is more credible for people who have occupational contact with chemicals than others (51.9% vs 48.1%).

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Differences in perception of risk between people who have and have not experienced Salmonella food poisoning.

It is believed that food hygiene precautions in domestic kitchens are an important strategy in efforts to reduce the incidence of sporadic food poisoning, but recent research has shown that people who have suffered food poisoning handle the same types of foods and adopt similar food hygiene precautions in their kitchens to the rest of the population. This suggests the need to examine other factors. A case-control study of sporadic Salmonella food poisoning was conducted to investigate several domestic kitchen risk factors. Measures of perception of risk, knowledge, and control associated with food poisoning in case and control respondents are reported here. It was found that perceived personal risk from food poisoning in the home was less than perceived risk to other people. In contrast, ratings of personal knowledge about food poisoning and personal control over food poisoning in the home were seen to be greater than other people's knowledge and control. There were no differences between the cases and the controls in their ratings of knowledge about food poisoning or their control over food poisoning. However, cases perceived their personal risk from food poisoning to be higher than controls. Both case and control samples exhibited optimistic bias but this was reduced in the case sample, suggesting that experience with food poisoning may reduce optimistic bias.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Factors influencing pregnant women's perceptions of risk.

PURPOSE: To explore factors women consider in determining their perceptions of pregnancy risk, and to compare and contrast factors considered by women with complicated and uncomplicated pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Descriptive qualitative study in which women described factors they considered in making personal risk assessments. Of the 205 women in the study, half (n = 103) had pregnancy complications, while the other half (n = 102) had no known complications. Written responses to three open-ended questions were used to determine factors women considered in assessing their risks. A qualitative content analysis approach was used to interpret the data. RESULTS: Four major themes emerged that influenced perception of risk for both groups: self image, history, healthcare, and "the unknown." Women with complications voiced greater risk perceptions and identified specific risks, while women with no complications mentioned potential risks that were diffuse and hypothetical.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Adolescents' perceptions of risk for HIV infection: implications for future research.

Few studies have investigated adolescents' perceptions of their risk for HIV infection. Findings from two studies of adolescents in Massachusetts indicate that there are differences in the knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, and perceptions of risk among adolescents and suggest the need for understanding the differences among adolescents from different racial or ethnic backgrounds. In both studies, white students were the most knowledgeable about casual, sexual, and drug use transmission of HIV followed by black, Hispanic, and Asian students. In both studies more black adolescents than other racial or ethnic groups were sexually active, and black and Hispanic adolescents began having sexual intercourse at an earlier age than white or Asian adolescents. Asian and Hispanic adolescents were most worried about getting AIDS. Although more Hispanics than other groups reported changing their behavior because of AIDS, fewer of them who had changed their sexual or contraceptive behavior were using effective methods. Despite clear differences in the perceived risk of getting AIDS among these adolescents, the underlying reasons remain to be explicated, using, among other data collection methods, ethnographic techniques to probe adolescents' risk perceptions, their understandings of sickness, and their explanatory models of AIDS. Life events affect risk taking behaviors and also shape perceptions of risk. To understand what it is that adolescents consider 'risky' requires seeing their life options as they do in the larger context of their aspirations and worries about how 'to fit in'.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2004

Perception of risks.

Health and environmental scientists, professional risk managers and the general public strongly disagree about the seriousness of many risks. Most members of the public are concerned about long-term effects of risks, equity and fairness issues, lack of personal control, and the pace of technological diffusion into their cultural environment, whereas professional toxicologists and risk managers focus on the task to minimize the probability of adverse effects caused by a potentially hazardous agent or activity. To bridge the gap between the professional mandate and the public perception of risk, two-way communication has to be initiated between scientists, risk managers, interest groups, and representatives of the affected public. This dialogue should serve three major functions:to facilitate understanding of different risk perspectives among scientists, regulators and stakeholders as well as groups of the public; to enlighten all these constituencies about different rationales for dealing with toxicological risks; to develop appropriate procedures for conflict resolution. A prerequisite for a successful communication is the willingness of each group to respect the perspective of all the other participating groups and to include their concerns into the decision making process. The conference paper reviews the literature on the three main functions of risk communication: message recognition, mutual understanding and respect as a prerequisite for trust building and resolution of risk-related conflicts. The paper discusses the structure of the communication process from a descriptive and a normative point of view and draws on empirical studies about risk perception and communication. The argument will be made that risk cannot be understood as a monolithic concept that penetrates different research disciplines and risk management camps. Risk should rather be seen as a mental instrument that allows prediction of future hazards and facilitates risk reduction measures. Due to the inherent ambiguity and uncertainty of conceptualizing risk, different concepts of risk compete with each other and rely on different rationales. The main goal of risk communication is, therefore, integration of different concepts of risks, in particular with respect to setting priorities in risk reduction and mitigation. The author will introduce a recent initiative by the OECD Chemical Risk Group to accomplish this goal.

Humans↗

PubMed2002

Determinants of condom use among young people in urban Cameroon.

To reduce the prevalence of reproductive health problems among adolescents, governmental and nongovernmental organizations in Cameroon are implementing youth-oriented reproductive health programs. To facilitate the design of effective programs to increase condom use, this study examines survey data on the determinants of having ever used condoms and on current condom use with regular and casual partners among unmarried young people in urban Cameroon. While most adolescents have tried condoms at least once, use remains inconsistent. Parental support, personal risk perception, and self-efficacy are found to be associated with higher levels of condom use. Youth-oriented programs seeking to increase the number of new condom users among the young should promote parental support for condom use and enhance young people's perceptions of personal risk. Programs that work to convince the young that their sexual history can put them at risk of HIV infection and that dispel the myth that HIV risk with regular partners is low may serve to increase personal risk perception. Finally, communications programs should aim to increase adolescents' self-efficacy, particularly in terms of their perceived ability to convince partners to use condoms and to use them correctly.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Perception of risk for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus].

Prevention of AIDS is very complex and requires, apart from basic knowledge about modes of transmission and protection, individual awareness of personal risk of infection and modification of one's risky behavior. Perception of risk has been suggested as an important element of sexual behavior change among people who engage in behaviors that place them at risk of HIV infection. This study investigates perceived risk of an HIV infection among inhabitants of municipality of Palilula. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative accuracy of risk assessment, especially for those with high-risk sexual behavior and to assess the factors related to self perception of developing AIDS. The survey was conducted as a household survey in Belgrade municipality "Palilula". The design of the survey was based on a two-stage stratified random sample. The population of Palilula municipality was divided in two stratums and 840 households were selected from each stratum. All members of selected households aged 15-49 years were interviewed. Total of 2659 persons was interviewed. Self administered questionnaire, developed by WHO and described in the Evaluation of National AIDS Programme: A Methods Package 1. Prevention of HIV infection, Geneva, 1994, was translated and adapted for local application. For analysis of findings methods of descriptive statistics, chi square test and logistic regression were used. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS/PC. The results showed that most of the respondents (1662, 62.5%) do not perceive themselves to be at risk of HIV infection. Interestingly, almost one quarter of the sample couldn't estimate personal chances of being HIV infected. Significantly larger proportion of respondents living in urban area than those living in rural area perceived themselves at risk (17.1% of urban vs. 7.7% from rural area, chi square = 54.06, Ir0.00). Significant differences between age groups were found for perception of personal risk. Respondents up to 19 and those older than 25 in more than 60 percent and only a half of those between 20 and 24 believed that there was no chance they could become HIV infected. Almost 16% of respondents between 20 and 24 believed that they had some chances of contracting HIV, also approximately one third of them couldn't estimate personal risk of contracting HIV infection (chi square = 2.10, p = 0.00)(Graphe 1). Those who engaged in sex with irregular partners were found to perceive themselves in higher risk then those who were engaged in sex only with regular partners in previous 12 months. One fifth of those with irregular partners estimated their chances as good versus only 10% of those with only regular partners. A logistic regression analysis found that those who believed they were personally at risk knew someone with HIV, had more irregular sexual partners in last 12 months, were younger, and lived in urban area (Table 1). People correctly perceived the risk of HIV infection as being minimal as most of them didn't engage in risk behavior. Risk perception was higher among those who had more irregular partners, younger and those from urban area. Most important predictor of risk perception was knowledge of HIV positive individual.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Public meetings and risk amplification: a longitudinal study.

This article offers longitudinal data tracking people who did and did not attend a series of public meetings in an upstate New York rural community grappling with the expansion of an existing solid waste landfill and remediation of an adjacent inactive hazardous waste site. Before and after the public meetings, mailed questionnaires measured risk perceptions and perceived credibility of risk managers (here, the state government agencies and the responsible industry) conducting the meetings. Respondents at each measurement point included meeting attendees and nonattendees, with some fluctuation over time when attendees at one measurement point were nonattendees at the next and vice versa. The results from the first survey indicate that following the first two public meetings, attendees perceived greater risks from the waste sites than did nonattendees; attendees also perceived the risk managers as less credible. After the third public meeting, the results showed that attendees' risk perceptions remained steady; however, perceptions of government agency credibility significantly decreased. After the fourth public meeting, the survey found that attendees' risk perceptions were again not significantly different, whereas perceptions of government agency credibility increased significantly. The industry's credibility also increased, though only among attendees who had attended the most recent public meeting, not among attendees who had attended both the third and fourth public meetings. For nonattendees, risk perceptions and credibility ratings did not change. The discussion examines how distinctive characteristics of communication at each public meeting may have resulted in different effects and proposes hypotheses for future research.

Journal Article↗