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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Effects of enterostatin in non-food-deprived rats with limited or continuous access to oil or sucrose.

The peptide enterostatin has been proposed to function as a selective signal for fat-induced satiety. In the majority of enterostatin studies, however, rats were food-deprived, and the test food was also the maintenance diet. The present study sought to determine if enterostatin would selectively reduce consumption of oil that was provided in addition to a standard diet in non-food-deprived rats. Rats had either continuous (24-h/day) or limited access (120-min/day) to either a 32% sucrose solution or 100% corn oil. In addition to the sucrose and the oil, rats also had 22-h access to a standard pelleted rodent diet. Control rats had unlimited access to the standard diet but no access to oil or sucrose. Rats were maintained on their respective diets for 3 weeks before enterostatin testing. Food intake and body weight were monitored. Rats with continuous access to oil or sucrose consumed more calories and gained more weight than control rats. Caloric intake and body weight of the rats with limited access to oil or sucrose did not differ significantly from controls. Enterostatin, administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at doses of 0 (vehicle), 89, 178, and 356 microg/kg, had no effect on consumption of oil, sucrose, or standard diet in these non-food-deprivation paradigms; however, 356 microg/kg reduced standard-diet intake when rats were overnight food-deprived, thus verifying peptide activity. These results do not support a role for enterostatin in the regulation of fat intake when optional high-fat foods are provided in addition to a readily available standard diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Toxicology of selected pesticides, drugs, and chemicals. Anticoagulant, cholecalciferol, and bromethalin-based rodenticides.

The control of rodent pests is a continuing goal of mankind. To this end, a multitude of rodenticides have been produced, each designed to kill rodents by exerting their toxic effects on various body systems. As examples, veterinarians have had to manage companion animal poisonings due to anticoagulant, sodium fluoroacetate (compound 1080), thallium, barium carbonate, and zinc phosphide-based rodenticides. Many of these rodenticides were introduced because of their anticipated safety in relation to nontarget species; unfortunately, this has not been the case. Veterinarians must attempt to identify the specific rodenticide involved in poisoning cases. Therapeutic success in these poisonings is often more dependent upon symptomatic and supportive care rather than the use of antidotal therapy.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antispermatogenic and antifertility effects of 20,25-diazacholesterol dihydrochloride in mice.

The effect of intraperitoneal administration for 28 days of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg body weight per day of 20,25-diazacholesterol dihydrochloride (SC 12937), a hypocholesterolemic agent, on the testis of Parkes (P) strain mice was investigated. Histologically, testes in mice treated with 10 or 20 mg/kg body weight of SC 12937 showed non-uniform degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules as both affected and normal tubules were observed in the same section; the affected tubules showed intraepithelial vacuolation, occurrence of giant cells, exfoliation of germ cells, and marginal condensation of chromatin in round spermatids. In both dosage groups, only 11-12% of the seminiferous tubules were affected, and no significant differences were found in the frequency of affected tubules between the two groups. By contrast, testes in mice treated with 30 mg/kg body weight of the drug exhibited a degenerated appearance of germ cells in all seminiferous tubules. The treatment also had adverse effects on motility, viability, morphology, and number of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymidis, and on fertility. Even 56 days after drug withdrawal, the above parameters remained markedly affected. Our results thus suggest that SC 12937 treatment causes antispermatogenic and antifertility effects in P mice and that the effects are not reversible up to 56 days after drug withdrawal. This compound may prove useful in the control of rodent populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Anticoagulant resistance in wild Norway rats in New York.

Wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from several habitats were tested for their susceptibility and resistance to warfarin. Animals were fed 0.005% warfarin in ground oatmeal for periods varying from 1 to 12 days. Rats having no prior exposure to anticoagulants were shown to be susceptible, none having survived a 6-day feeding period. Resistant rats were found on two farms where anticoagulant materials had been used intensively for about 20 years.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The development and use of a test to identify resistance to the anticoagulant difenacoum in the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus).

Feeding tests were carried out in the laboratory to obtain basic data on the susceptibility of wild Norway rats to difenacoum. The results were used to derive a standard test procedure for the identification of difenacoum resistance in warfarin-susceptible and resistant rats. Details are given of tests on rats from suspected difenacoum-resistant infestations on farms.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMed1974

An analysis of the susceptibilities of several populations of Rattus norvegicus to warfarin.

An analysis was made of the dose-response of several populations of Rattus norvegicus fed upon baits containing 0.005% warfarin for various numbers of days. Warfarin-susceptible populations fell within a narrow range, with LFP 50s and LFP 98s (lethal feeding periods in days to obtain 50% and 98% mortalities respectively) of up to 3.0 and 5.0 days respectively. The probability of an individual rat from these populations surviving a six-day feeding period was estimated at 0.003 or less. Populations with responses falling beyond these limits were regarded as warfarin-resistant.Six of nine populations of R. norvegicus, from England, Germany and the United States, were determined to be warfarin-susceptible within the narrow limits given above. In all six cases, no animals survived the six-day WHO feeding test for anticoagulant susceptibility. In three populations from the United States, where rats survived six days feeding, their population responses clearly fell outside the measures given above. It is suggested, tentatively, that anticoagulant-resistant Norway rat populations be defined as those whose LFP 50 and LFP 98 exceeds 3.0 and 5.0 days respectively, and in which the probability of an individual animal surviving a six-day feeding upon 0.005% warfarin is 0.01 or more.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

A comparative field trial, conducted without pre-treatment census baiting, of the rodenticides zinc phosphide, thallium sulphate and gophacide against Rattus norvegicus.

The effectiveness of the single-dose poison treatments of farm rat infestations, analysed by comparing the weights of the post-treatment census bait takes in covariance with the weights of the prebait takes, showed that treatments with 2-5% zinc phosphide, 0-3% thallium sulphate or 0-3% gophacide were equally effective and significantly better than were treatments with 1% zinc phosphide or 0-1% thallium sulphate. The methodology and sensitivity of different analyses are also considered.

Amidines↗
PubMed1980

Laboratory evaluation of scilliroside used as a rodenticide against the lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis.

The toxicity and efficacy of the acute rodenticide scilliroside was evaluated in the laboratory against the lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis. The acute oral LD50 and LD95 doses for males were 0 . 8 mg/kg and 2 . 5 mg/kg respectively, and for females were 0 . 5 mg/kg and 1 . 6 mg/kg, respectively. When caged bandicoots were given a choice between plain and poison baits, the optimum concentration of scilliroside was found to be 0 . 05%. Symptoms of poisoning appear from 22 to 34 min after feeding starts and the latency pattern indicated an abrupt ceasing to feed at these points. Death occurred from 2 h to as long as 6 days after poisoning, following prolonged convulsive seizures. There appears to be aversion to scilliroside at all concentrations in food baits. Maximum mortality attained on free-choice feeding on scilliroside was 90%. Despite these disadvantages, the material may have merit as an alternative rodenticide to zinc phosphide where acute toxicants are to be used.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The susceptibility of Rattus rattus and Bandicota bengalensis to a new anticoagulant rodenticide, flocoumafen.

The anticoagulant rodenticide flocoumafen was evaluated against Rattus rattus and Bandicota bengalensis. In no-choice 24 h feeding tests 100% mortality occurred at 0.00125% concentration of the poison in the bait in the case of B. bengalensis and at 0.00375% in R. rattus. Feeding of 0.0025% poison bait in 1-day, no-choice and 2-day choice tests resulted in 60% and 75% mortality of R. rattus, respectively, and 100% of B. bengalensis. The differences between the consumption of plain food in the pretreatment period and of poison bait in no-choice tests were non-significant, except in one case. The rodents consumed significantly more (P less than 0.01) poison bait than the plain alternative in the choice trials. Median period of survival and its 95% confidence limits of R. rattus and B. bengalensis, at the 100% mortality dose levels of the poison, were 6.3 (5.04-7.88) and 6.2 (4.92-7.81) days respectively.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMed1981

Evaluation of brodifacoum against T. indica, M. hurrianae and R. rattus.

Brodifacoum was evaluated in the laboratory against the two gerbils, Tatera indica and Meriones hurrianae and the house rat, Rattus rattus. The acute oral LD50 for these rodents was found to be 0.10 mg/kg, 0.083 mg/kg and 0.77 mg/kg respectively. Feeding tests with 0.002% and 0.005% brodifacoum produced a 100% mortality after a 3-day feeding period in the gerbils and after a 4-day period in R. rattus. The anticoagulant is toxic at both the concentrations to all three species but is less palatable in comparison to plain baits. Results of this laboratory evaluation indicates that 0.002% brodifacoum-treated bait can be effectively used against T. indica, M. hurrianae and R. rattus.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMed1992

A "pennurth of arsenic for rat poison": the Arsenic Act, 1851 and the prevention of secret poisoning.

In this country any chemist or druggist can furnish the means of self-destruction or murder for a few pence, and in too many instances have done so with the utmost indifference. The sale of a poison is regarded as a mere act of commercial intercourse; tant pis for the unfortunate victim of error or passion; he has the benefit of a coroner's inquest; the vendor of the poison receives a reprimand, and things resume their natural course--that is, arsenic and oxalic acid are retailed without compunction, and men are hurried from time to time into eternity.

Animals↗