Facility access and self-reward as methods to promote physical activity among healthy sedentary adults.
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Adult↗
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Results for “Sedentary Behavior”
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The energy intake of sedentary men after moderate exercise.
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Adult↗
Children's perceptions of TV and health behavior effects.
PURPOSE: To understand and document children's stated experiences and beliefs about television and to elicit their suggestions for alternative activities. DESIGN AND METHODS: Eleven focus groups were conducted with 51 Anglo and Latino children, ages 7-10, in a large Northern California city. Philosophical underpinnings of developmental psychology were the basis for multiphase thematic analysis. Data were collected in 1998-1999. RESULTS: Themes were identified in five conceptual categories. Findings showed that children did not perceive many parental rules related to TV watching, rather daily routines are associated with TV viewing. Children revealed both covert and overt motivations for watching. Nearly all participants spoke of the deception of advertising, but they were unclear about the role of commercial sponsors in payment for TV shows. Children perceived both negative physical and behavioral health effects of TV and they had great difficulty imagining life without a TV. CONCLUSIONS: Children perceived television as providing educational and relational needs. Although they preferred alternatives to TV, they had difficulty articulating and getting those needs met. Clinicians and researchers can utilize these findings to design health interventions that attenuate the health-impairing effects of habitual sedentary activity in childhood.
Advertising↗
[Predictors of regular physical activity in participants in a Canadian health promotion program].
A series of predisposing and facilitating factors were examined to determine their contribution to the adoption of regular physical activity. The original longitudinal study Healthstyles was a comparative, before and after design, in which the participants (N = 640) were involved for 18 months in a multibehaviour health promotion program. The theoretical framework of Green, Kreuter, Deeps, and Partridge (1980) used for this study, the PRECEDE Model, reveals the role of three categories of factors at different levels of influence. In a correlational study, the sedentary subjects (N = 377) of a secondary analysis of data, were classified at the end of the program according to two behavioral status: adoption or non-adoption of regular physical activity. The nature of the study, the results of the preliminary analysis and the testing of the hypothesis, required a multivariate analysis approach. The logistic regression technique was used to differentiate between the adopters and the non-adopters. The results regarding the role of the combined predisposing and facilitating factors, show that only some of the predisposing factors predicts the adoption of regular physical activity. The adopters are relatively younger (OR = 0.48) males (OR = 1.7) with good or excellent self-evaluated health (OR = 0.51) and with a high score at the onset of the program, on the internal locus of control scale (OR = 1.8). Moreover, they are not different from the non-adopters in their need for external support in the change process. The impact of these results has been examined in terms of target groups and of content and approaches for future health promotion programs and research.
Adolescent↗
Risk factor management in stable, insulin-treated patients with Type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Outcomes in Veterans Study.
OBJECTIVES: Describe the methodologies and study population of the Diabetes Outcomes in Veterans Study (DOVES). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Prospective, multicenter, observational study of Southwestern veterans with stable, insulin-treated Type 2 diabetes. Subjects were randomly selected from pharmacy records and were required to be using at least one long-acting insulin preparation daily. Baseline psychosocial evaluations included psychological status, social and cultural barriers to care, self-care behaviors, and vascular disease risk factors. Clinical measurements included self-reported vascular disease, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood pressure, blood lipids, and body mass index (BMI). A subset of subjects completed a protocol of four times daily self-monitored blood glucose testing for 8 weeks. Subjects were followed for 12 months. Principal endpoints included glycemic control, the occurrence of hypoglycemia, and control of vascular disease risk factors. RESULTS: We enrolled 338 subjects. The mean (+/-S.D.) age was 65.1+/-9.7 years and 3.8% were women. At baseline, over two-thirds of subjects reported vascular disease complications. Nearly three-quarters had limited physical activity. Among subjects younger than 65 years, 53% considered themselves disabled for work. Despite the high prevalence of vascular disease, 43.8% had an HbA1c >/=8.0%. Many subjects were sedentary, 62.1% had a BMI of 30 kg/m(2) or above, and 22.2% were still smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Detailed measurements of psychological status, self-care behaviors, and risk factor control are feasible in this elderly, debilitated population. Although the prevalence of complications and self-rated disability was high, vascular disease risk factors were poorly controlled in a substantial proportion of subjects.
Aged↗
The effects of self-monitoring and reinforcement on exercise adherence.
Two behavioral techniques were assessed to determine their effects on subjects' adherence to unsupervised exercise. The subjects were 35 moderately fit persons who had just completed an adult fitness program (AF group) and 42 sedentary individuals who were recruited through the campus newspaper (NEWS group). Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (a) self-monitoring, (b) reinforcement supplied by another person, or (c) control. All subjects were given instructions on how to exercise and asked to exercise on their own for 18 weeks. Self-monitoring subjects kept written records of their exercise behavior, while reinforcement subjects verbally reported their exercise behavior to another person who periodically administered rewards. Pre- and posttreatment tests on the NEWS group revealed no significant treatment or interaction effects. However, the reinforcement group had an 11% improvement in predicted max VO2 and a 9 bpm improvement in exercise heart rate compared to 7.8%, 5 bpm for the self-monitoring (SM) group and 5.3%, 6 bpm for the control group. T-tests indicated that reward and SM groups improved significantly on these variables, whereas the control group did not. SM (M = 2.07) and reinforcement (M = 2.29) groups reported a significantly higher frequency of exercise per week than the control (M = 1.36) group. The AF subjects were able to maintain their fitness level (with the exception of a small increase in body fat) over the 18-week period. The behavioral interventions had little differential effect on adherence by AF subjects who were already regular exercisers.
Adult↗
Risk factors for lack of recent exercise in adults with self-reported, professionally diagnosed arthritis.
BACKGROUND: It is important to identify predictors of exercise/physical activity in adults with arthritis. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between selected factors and recent exercise/physical activity in adults with self-reported, professionally diagnosed arthritis. METHODS: Using population-based survey data from the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS), we classified respondents according to their arthritis status, race, age, general health, education, body mass index, limitations resulting from joint symptoms, whether or not they received weight management and/or exercise advice from health professionals, and whether or not they engaged in exercise/physical activity within the past month. RESULTS: Over one third (34.7%) of U.S. adults who completed the BRFSS Arthritis Burden Module reported having professionally diagnosed arthritis and 68% of those respondents reported engaging in exercise/physical activity within the past month. Respondents who were more likely to have engaged in recent exercise/physical activity were men, those with higher levels of education, those who were advised by a health professional that exercise/physical activity might benefit their arthritis, and those who have taken an arthritis education course. Older age, black race, overweight or obesity, poorer self-reported general health, and limitations resulting from joint symptoms were associated with not engaging in recent exercise/physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Several demographic, behavioral, and disease characteristics associate with whether or not adults with arthritis engaged in exercise/physical activity during the past month. These should be considered by clinicians to appropriately encourage continued activity among physically active patients while assessing and addressing barriers to activity for less active populations. Findings such as these might also inform efforts to develop targeted physical activity interventions to promote increased activity in subgroups that tend to be most sedentary.
Adolescent↗
Health-related quality of life in physically active and sedentary obese women.
The aim was to assess dimensions of health-related quality of life (HRQL) in women attending an obesity clinic, and to rate differences in HRQL in those with the highest and lowest levels of physical activity (PA). The sample included 113 sedentary and 101 physically active subjects from a total sample of 375 overweight women 16-65 years, with a body mass index (BMI) > or =27.5 kg/m(2) consulting at an outpatient Endocrinology Clinic, and 82 lean female volunteers who served as a reference. Weight, height, body composition, PA, physical medical conditions, depression, body image, cognitive-behavioral conceptualization of obesity, eating behavior, functional status, walking ability, exercise capacity, social functioning, and general health and perceived quality of life were assessed cross-sectionally. The prevalence of medical conditions and depression was not statistically different (P < 0.05) in sedentary and active women. In sedentary obese women, body attitude, walking ability, and aerobic fitness were poorer; the number of people to turn to for social support was smaller; physical attributions about the basis of the subjects obesity were less pronounced; and eating was more the consequence of external triggers or diffuse emotions than in physically active obese women (P < 0.05). The findings indicate that a higher level of PA in an obese female clinical population was positively associated with diverse dimensions of HRQL. However, it was not possible to determine if these favorable aspects of HRQL are the cause or the consequence of a higher PA level.
Adolescent↗
Obesity in older persons.
The prevalence of obesity among older persons is growing. This trend has adverse medical, functional, psychosocial, and health care resource consequences. Many obese older persons were obese middle-aged adults. A sedentary lifestyle may be the dominant contributing factor. Intervention should focus on moderate weight reduction through the modification of diet, exercise, and behavior. Improvements in health and quality of life can be achieved with moderate weight reduction. Strategies tailored to the older population will facilitate successful interventions. Dietitians must be key participants in the effort to raise awareness of obesity as a serious health concern for older persons. The focus must be on achieving a more healthful weight.
Aged↗
Physical activity social support and middle- and older-aged minority women: results from a US survey.
BACKGROUND: Many American adults remain sedentary despite many known health benefits. Research on the determinants of physical activity have indicated that social support is one of the strongest correlates, but little is known about this relation in important subgroups of middle and older-aged women. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the association of physical activity-related social support on several measures of physical activity in a national sample of minority women. A unique aspect of these measures is the inclusion of vigorous household tasks and occupational physical activities. METHODS: The US Women's Determinants Study was conducted in 1996-1997. The survey was a modified-random sample, telephone survey of 2912 Black, Hispanic, American Indian/Alaskan Native, and White women age 40 and older. A composite score of physical activity social support (PASS) was analyzed as the independent variable in logistic regression analyses. Four measures of physical activity levels served as the dependent variables. A separate analysis was done to distinguish PASS from friends versus PASS from relatives. The potential confounding effect of race/ethnicity, marital status, age, income and education were evaluated and adjusted in the models. RESULTS: Hispanic women were more likely to have high PASS scores than the other racial/ethnic groups. Odds ratios indicate that subjects with high levels of PASS were significantly less likely to be sedentary than those with low support, even after adjusting for race/ethnicity. While there were significant associations among levels of social support and physical activity, this was not true for the measure of "regular exercise." There was no significant difference between the contribution of "friend" support versus "family" support on all four measures on physical activity. DISCUSSION: Based on our results, enhancing social support may be an important aspect of interventions aimed at increasing physical activity in a population of sedentary women of various racial/ethnic backgrounds. Also, "regular exercisers" in this population appear to be less reliant social support to maintain their behavior.
Adult↗
Establishing the role of gene-environment interactions in the etiology of type 2 diabetes.
The descriptive epidemiology of type 2 diabetes and findings from cohort studies suggest that this disorder originates in large part from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Determining the details of these interactions using the nested case-control design may be optimal, but is a long-term and expensive strategy. Quicker and cheaper results may be obtained by studying interaction on the quantitative traits that underlie diabetes; however, the power of such studies to detect interaction is highly dependent on the precision with which non-genetic exposures are measured. Unraveling these interactions will undoubtedly shed light on the etiology of diabetes and will, we hope, lead to opportunities for targeted prevention. Recent studies in high-risk groups such as people with impaired glucose tolerance suggest that the incidence of diabetes can be reduced by more than 50% by interventions aimed at changing dietary and physical activity behavior [39,40]; however, it may be that individuals with a particular genotype are particularly susceptible to the negative metabolic consequences of sedentary living, and that they conversely, therefore, would have most to gain from a targeted preventive intervention program. Understanding how to detect these individuals and which environmental factors a program should attempt to manipulate is a major goal of studies that attempt to unravel gene-environment interaction.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2↗
The cardiovascular health of residents in selected metropolitan cities in China.
BACKGROUND: To better understand the cardiovascular health and leisure-time physical activity of residents in major metropolitan cities in China, 2196 subjects (39.0 +/- 10.7 years) who lived in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong were investigated. METHODS: During the months of January to June 2001, residents of the three cities who went through annual medical examinations at participating hospitals and exercise physiology laboratories were recruited as subjects, with a target of 800-900 subjects per city. Data on their behavior and health-related cardiovascular heart disease (CHD) risk factors were assessed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: It was found that over 80% of the subjects were sedentary (participating less than 90 min/week in leisure physical activity). The percentages of subjects having three or more cardiovascular heart disease risk factors were highest in Beijing (72.2%), followed by Shanghai (53.5%) and then Hong Kong (29.3%), suggesting that the cardiovascular health of Hong Kong residents was the best. It was noted that while all cities have similar health problems, there were significant differences in CHD risk factor due to geographical differences: Beijing residents smoked, drank, had high serum cholesterol and did not exercise; Shanghai residents had high blood pressure and drank; and Hong Kong residents were overweight and had lower HDL level. It was found that as subjects grew older, their cardiovascular health became worse. Gender differences were also observed-female subjects have generally fewer CHD risk factors and thus better health than male subjects. A model to examine the effects of age and behavior-related factors on health was developed for each city. Implications on planning strategies and primary prevention programs of CHD were discussed, in light of intervening identified risk factors.
Adult↗
An objective measure of reinforcement and its implications for exercise promotion in sedentary Hispanic and Anglo women.
An objective measure for the assessment of exercise and sedentary activity choices was evaluated for reliability in 38 sedentary women, aged 18-45, in El Paso, TX. Twenty-two Hispanic women and 16 Anglo women participated. An equal number of obese and nonobese women comprised each group of participants. Using five computer-generated slot machine games, participants were allowed to earn points for access to a bicycle/stair stepper or videos/magazines. Exercise alternatives remained easily accessible while the sedentary choices became progressively difficult to access. Two sessions were completed at least 2 weeks apart for reliability. Reliability for choosing to be physically active from session to session was rI = .83 for all participants, rI = .90 for Hispanics, and rI = .74 for Anglos. Hispanic women earned twice the number of points for access to exercise (m = 20 +/- 2; 40% of the available points) as Anglo women (m = 10 +/- 3; 20% of the available points), independent of body mass index (BMI) or socioeconomic status (SES). Hispanic women's choices to exercise were independent of acculturation level; however, Hispanic women of higher SES and lower BMI chose to exercise more than Hispanic women of lower SES and higher BMI. Hispanic women may find exercise more reinforcing than Anglo women, which has important implications for exercise interventions. In addition, results indicated that self-reported liking and enjoyment of exercise were not related to the choice to actually engage in exercise. The behavioral economic methods presented in this study provide preliminary results to support the use of an objective, reliable method to assess the determinants of exercise and sedentary activity choices in sedentary, Hispanic and Anglo women.
Acculturation↗
Comparisons of psychosomatic health and unhealthy behaviors between cleanroom workers in a 12-hour shift and those in an 8-hour shift.
The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) and physical fitness tests were administered to 338 workers in clean rooms producing electronic parts in 12-h shifts. The results were compared to those in 95 workers in 8-h shifts and 284 daytime management, clerical and engineering workers. The 12-h shift workers complained of poor health, dissatisfaction with life and poor recuperation from fatigue more than the 8-h shift workers although the rates of complaints were highest in the daytime workers. The GHQ scores were similar in the two shift groups, and much better than those in the daytime workers. However, the 12-h shift workers showed significantly lower fitness levels than the 8-h shift workers, and the levels were even worse than the daytime workers who had higher mean age and BMI levels compared with the shift workers. The tendency to have sedentary freetime activities and larger alcohol and cigarette consumption were observed in the 12-h shift workers. The 12-h shift work may have contributed to the unhealthy behaviors resulting in lower physical fitness levels. Health promotion services at the workplace should devote greater attention to long-hour shift workers, together with devising the ways to improve working conditions and environments for reducing fatigue at work.
Adult↗
Selected chronic disease risk factors in Missouri: 10-year trends and predictions for the year 2000.
INTRODUCTION: A study was undertaken to determine the prevalence rates of three chronic disease risk factors among adult Missourians from 1986 to 1995, to predict rates, and to compare them with national and Missouri's goals for the year 2000. METHODS: Using data from Missouri Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Surveys (BRFSS) 1986-1995, prevalence rates of smoking, physical inactivity, and obesity were calculated across age, gender, race, and educational levels. Linear regression was used to predict rates for year 2000, for the adults of Missouri as a whole and for particular subgroups. RESULTS: There was a 0.9% annual decrease in smoking prevalence and a 4.6% annual increase in obesity over the 10 years, controlling for age and gender. The trend in rates of physical inactivity was nonsignificant. Continuation of these rates will give smoking rates of 23.6%, obesity rates of 35.5%, and sedentary rates of 36.3% by the year 2000. Those with less than a high school education had higher rates for each of the risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: This rate of decrease in rates of cigarette smoking is not sufficient to enable the year 2000 goal to be reached until year 2040, and the rates of obesity and sedentary lifestyle are increasing. The BRFSS, which has now been implemented in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, is a useful tool for monitoring progress towards health behavior targets.
Adult↗
Factor analysis on the Sensory Profile from a national sample of children without disabilities.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify relationships in the 125 items of the revised Sensory Profile, a tool designed to assess children's responses to commonly occurring sensory events. METHOD: Parents of 1,115 children ages 3 to 10 years and without disabilities completed the Sensory Profile. The parents reported the percentage of time their children engaged in each of the 125 behaviors listed on the profile. RESULTS: Factor analysis revealed nine discreet factors that indicate sensory modulation and responsiveness: sensory seeking, emotionally reactive, low endurance/tone, oral sensory sensitivity, inattention/distractibility, poor registration, sensory sensitivity, sedentary, and fine motor/perceptual. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the traditional method of organizing sensory history information by sensory system, we may need to consider a person's thresholds to sensory events as well as his or her responsiveness to sensation. Because the Sensory Profile factors in these children without disabilities are similar to patterns observed in children with various disabilities, it may be that some sensory processing problems are related to intensity or duration of behaviors as they begin to interfere with functional performance in daily life.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
Fast food and sedentary lifestyle: a combination that leads to obesity.
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Carbonated Beverages↗
Changes in obesity, sedentary behaviours and Perth children's television viewing from 1960 to 2003.
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Adolescent↗