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PubMed1993

[The skin microflora of the upper extremities as the source of suppurative diseases of the hand and fingers].

The parallel bacteriologic studies of microflora of skin of the upper extremities and pus in purulent diseases of the hands and digits in workers of the combine plant was carried out. It was established that besides Staphylococcus aureus, the haemolytic forms of coagulase-negative species, in particular S. hyicus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. warneri, were the agents of purulent-inflammatory processes both in monocultures and in associations. Incidence of isolation of staphylococci and density of bacterial populations depend on the use of oils and emulsions in the manufacturing process.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Restriction fragment fingerprint and genome sizes of Staphylococcus species using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and infrequent cleaving enzymes.

Large restriction fragments of genomic DNA from Staphylococcus species were separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Five different strains of S. aureus (ISP8, SAU3A, PS96, ATCC 6538, ATCC 15564) and three representative strains of S. haemolyticus SM102, S. warneri MCS4, S. cohnii LK478 from human hosts, and one strain of S. aureus (ATCC 8432) from an avian host were used in this study. Since Staphylococcus is A + T rich (approximately 67%), restriction fragments were obtained by digesting chromosomal DNA with endonucleases that recognize GC-rich sequences. Five enzymes Csp I, Sma I, Ecl XI, Ksp I, or Sac II were used for generation of few (7 to 16) distinctly separated fragments, with average sizes in the range of 200-300 kb. The size distribution of restriction fragments for each enzyme for each strain produced a strain-identifying fingerprint, and the genome size of each strain was determined from such restriction fragments separated by PFGE.

DNA Fingerprinting↗

PubMed1990

Treatment of bone and soft tissue infections with teicoplanin.

The use of teicoplanin was evaluated in a group of 33 patients, which included 18 prosthetic infections, seven with osteomyelitis, five skin and soft tissue infections, and three cases of septic arthritis. The bacterial pathogens isolated were 27 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin sensitive 18; methicillin resistant 9), Staph. hominis (2), Staph. epidermidis (1), Staph. haemolyticus (2), Enterococcus faecalis (1), Streptococcus pyogenes (1), Peptococcus spp. (1). Eleven patients had polymicrobial infections (Gram-positive plus Gram-negative and/or anaerobic bacteria). In ten cases (nine polymicrobial infections) teicoplanin was used in combination with other antibiotics. Teicoplanin was administered intravenously 400 mg every 24 h in 26 cases, 200 mg every 24 h in six cases and 600 mg every 24 h in one case. The duration of the treatment ranged from 9 to 73 days with a mean of 27.3. Efficacy was evaluable in 30 patients, because in three patients treatment was stopped because of adverse reactions. Cure or improvement was noted in 28 patients (93%). Bacteriological cure occurred in 25 patients (83.3%).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Species identification and antibiotic sensitivity of coagulase-negative staphylococci from CAPD peritonitis.

Forty-three strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci were obtained from dialysis effluent during 41 episodes of CAPD peritonitis. Eighty per cent of these were found to be Staphylococcus epidermidis but several other species also occurred. A recurrent infection lasting 15 weeks was caused by Staph. haemolyticus. Multiple antibiotic resistance was found to be common. Of 13 antibiotics tested, only vancomycin was active against all strains although most strains were also sensitive to rifampicin, netilmicin and cefamandole. Vancomycin was chosen for the initial treatment of CAPD peritonitis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci and eradicated the organism in 29 of 30 episodes.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1976

Preliminary studies on the characterization and distribution of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus species on animal skin.

A total of 221 strains of staphylococci and 98 strains of micrococci isolated from the skins of Eastern gray squirrels, Southern flying squirrels, raccoons, opossums, squirrel monkeys, swine, sheep, horses, cattle, and dogs were characterized in a preliminary attempt to resolve their natural relationships and distribution in nature. Staphylococci demonstrating the widest host range included Staphylococcus xylosus and unnamed Staphylococcus sp. 3. Unnamed Staphylococcus sp. 2 was isolated only from sheep, Staphylococcus sp. 4 only from opossums, Staphylococcus sp. 5 only from squirrel monkeys, and Staphylococcus sp. 6 only from swine. The predominant species isolated from human skin, including S. epidermidis, S. hominis, S. haemolyticus, and S. capitis, were either not isolated or only rarely isolated from animal skin. Micrococcus varians was the predominant Micrococcus species isolated from animal skin. M. luteus was only occasionally isolated. M. lylae, M. sedentarius, M. roseus, M. kristinae, and M. nishinomiyaensis, species occasionally isolated from human skin, were not isolated from animal skin.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[Coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from cow milk].

The species composition was determined in the set of 52 randomly selected strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci, which were isolated from the milk of dairy cows in 1989. Of this set of strains, the following species were identified: Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. chromogenes (26.9% strains of the set), S. hyicus subsp. hyicus (10.3%), S. xylosus (19.3%), S. saprophyticus (11.5%), S. warneri (9.6%), S. haemolyticus (9.6%), S. hominis (3.8%). Attention is drawn to the increasing occurrence and significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci from the point of view of mastitis in dairy cows.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Consensus PCR and microarray for diagnosis of the genus Staphylococcus, species, and methicillin resistance.

We propose the use of DNA microarray for the discrimination of homologous products after a single PCR amplification with consensus primers. The method was applied to Staphylococcus identification. The femA nucleotide sequences, which are phylogenetically conserved among the staphylococci, were first amplified using a consensus primer pair together with the mecA sequence, a molecular marker for methicillin resistance. Products were then identified on a glass array. The microarray contained five selective DNA capture probes for the simultaneous and differential identification of the five most clinically relevant staphylococcal species (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, and S. saprophyticus), while a consensus capture probe could detect all femA sequences, allowing the identification of the genus Staphylococcus. The mecA sequence hybridized to a specific capture probe. The identification was univocal because only a single capture probe had to be present for each sequence to be identified. The hybridization and identification processes were completed in less than 2 h. Current results demonstrate that low-density microarrays are powerful multigenotypic post-PCR analyzers and could compete with conventional bacteria identification.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed1992

Dynamics of coagulase-negative staphylococcal colonization in patients and employees in a surgical intensive care unit.

Because there is little information about the frequency of carriage of various species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) in hospital staff, we prospectively investigated nasal CNS in patients and personnel in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU). The majority of CNS from personnel were Staphylococcus epidermiditis. The CNS species from patients on admission were more diverse and included multiply antibiotic-resistant S. haemolyticus. Patients' CNS became more like CNS colonizing personnel after admission with respect to both antimicrobial susceptibility and speciation. Plasmid and antibiotic sensitivity profiles of S. epidermidis resistant to multiple antibiotics from five patients were identified as those from one employee, but there was no evidence that this was of clinical significance. A variety of factors influence nasal colonization by CNS in SICUs. The nasal CNS of patients change after admission and may become more resistant and less diverse. The factors influencing changes in the antibiotic susceptibility and the aetiology of CNS infection require further study.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2003

Combining denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA V3 region and 16S-23S rDNA spacer region polymorphism analyses for the identification of staphylococci from Italian fermented sausages.

Separation of amplified V3 region from 16S rDNA by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region polymorphism (ISR-PCR) analyses were tested as tool for differentiation of staphylococcal strains commonly isolated from fermented sausages. Variable V3 regions of 25 staphylococcal reference strains and 96 wild strains of species belonging to the genera Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Kocuria were analyzed. PCR-DGGE profiles obtained were species-specific for S. sciuri, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. auricularis, S. condimenti, S. kloosi, S. vitulus, S. succinus, S. pasteuri, S. capitis and S. (Macrococcus) caseolyticus. Moreover, 7 groups could be distinguished gathering the remaining species as result of the separation of the V3 rDNA amplicons in DGGE. Furthermore, the combination of the results obtained by PCR-DGGE and ISR-PCR analyses allowed a clear differentiation of all the staphylococcal species analysed, with exception of the pairs S. equorum-S. cohnii and S. carnosus-S. schleiferi. The suitability of both molecular techniques and of the combination their results for the identification of staphylococci was validated analysing partial nucleotide sequence of the 16S rDNA of a representative number of wild strains.

DNA, Bacterial↗

PubMed1985

Species dependent variability in the susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci to various antimicrobial agents.

The in-vitro activity of 20 beta-lactam antibiotics and vancomycin was determined against three different species of coagulase-negative-staphylococci. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin (MIC90 3.12-6.25 mg/l) although occasional tolerance was seen. Most isolates (85%) of Staphylococcus hominis were susceptible to methicillin and other beta-lactams including cephalothin, cefapirin, cefamandole, imipenem and BMY28142, while 90% of Staph. haemolyticus isolates were resistant to these agents. Staph. epidermidis was intermediate in susceptibility with 50% of isolates being methicillin resistant (MR). These MR isolates exhibited cross-resistance or tolerance to the other beta-lactam agents except cefamandole.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1986

In vitro activity of flurithromycin, a novel macrolide antibiotic.

Flurithromycin is an (8,S)-8-fluoroerythromycin isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces erythraeus ATCC 31772, a blocked mutant of a strain producer of erythromycin. Its in vitro antibacterial activity has been determined on recent clinical isolates of respiratory pathogens. The range of MIC for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus beta-haemolyticus group A is from 0.0015 to 0.006 microgram/ml, for Haemophilus influenzae from 0.012 to 0.4 microgram/ml, for Staphylococcus aureus from 0.1 to 3.1 micrograms/ml. Its action is bacteriostatic and increases at alkaline pH. Among anaerobes Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroides fragilis, other species of Bacteroides and Peptostreptococcus are particularly susceptible. Flurithromycin also showed some activity on Mycobacterium bovis, M. scrofulaceum and M. phley. The determination of killing curves indicated that in most cases a killing effect was obtained at 4 X MIC. A combination of flurithromycin with ampicillin or doxycycline sometimes was synergic, but more often additive and never antagonistic. The possible interference of flurithromycin on some parameters of the natural system of defense was determined. At concentrations equal to therapeutic levels in blood and tissues, flurithromycin did not influence chemotaxis, phagocytosis, metabolic activation and the killing activity of neutrophils.

Ampicillin↗

PubMed1993

Species distribution of coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates at a community hospital and implications for selection of staphylococcal identification procedures.

A total of 499 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were isolated from a variety of clinical specimens at a community hospital. Ten different species and many strains of CoNS were identified. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common isolate. The species distribution suggests that S. saprophyticus and, to a lesser extent, S. haemolyticus may be important in urinary tract infections. S. lugdunensis may be a significant isolate from wound infections. Frequently, mixed cultures were found with either multiple species or multiple strains of the same species of CoNS. These mixed cultures could not be detected by colony morphology upon initial overnight incubation of the cultures but could be distinguished following colony development for several days. In addition, sequential positive cultures from an individual patient often yielded different species or different strains of the same species which again could not be detected upon initial observations of colony morphology. Procedures for the identification of the CoNS need to be improved, and microbiology laboratories should consider the use of more definitive identification procedures for the CoNS.

Bacteremia↗

PubMed1985

Characterization of Micrococcaceae strains isolated from the human urogenital tract by the conventional scheme and a micromethod.

Two hundred and twelve Micrococcaceae isolates were obtained from 82 men with nongonococcal urethritis, 24 women with vaginitis, and 54 girls with vulvovaginitis. Identification and biotyping of these strains were carried out by using the simplified scheme of Kloos and Schleifer (W. E. Kloos and K. H. Schleifer, J. Clin. Microbiol. 1:82-88, 1975) and the commercially available API Staph test (DMS Staph Trac). Staphylococcus epidermidis occurred in about half of these isolates. There was no statistical difference between the urethral and vaginal specimens, except for S. haemolyticus found primarily in males and for S. simulans and S. aureus found primarily in girls between the ages of 1 and 12 years. S. saprophyticus, a major cause of urinary tract infections in young women, was never isolated from the vagina, suggesting the probability of another reservoir.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1989

Clinical occurrence and virulence testing of coagulase-negative staphylococci.

A total of 650 coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains of miscellaneous clinical origin were isolated and identified during a 7-year-period. In all kinds of samples Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most frequently found species. In wounds the incidence of haemolytic species (S. cohnii, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. simulans, S. warneri) was 79.3%. Among strains derived from male genitals (urethra, semen, etc.) S. epidermidis and S. simulans predominated. Only 8.2% of the strains were found not to harbour resistance determinants, while 63% proved to be multiply resistant. Only the incidence of resistance to oxacillin and first and second generation cephalosporins was low (12.8, 14.9 and 4.5%, respectively). Vancomycin was the only drug effective against all strains. Extracellular slime was produced by 42.2% of the strains. The frequency of slime-positivity among isolates causing clinical infection was twice as high as among contaminations. Slime production seems to be a stable characteristic of the isolates. The comparison of two methods used for detection of slime factor showed that incubation in test tube in Tryptone Soya Broth, or its application to microtiter plates evaluated by photometry are of equal diagnostic value.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Species composition and antibiotic sensitivity of staphylococci isolated from patients with furunculosis].

Biological properties and sensitivity to modern antibacterial drugs 54 strains of staphylococci isolated under furunculosis have been studied with the aim to optimize this disease treatment. Staphylococcus aureus was revealed with frequency 35.2 +/- 6.50%, S. epidermidis (31.5 +/- 6.32%), S. warneri (16.7 +/- 5.08%), S. hominis (7.4 +/- 3.56%), S. haemolyticus and S. saprophyticus (3.7 +/- 2.57%) as well as S. lentus (1.9 +/- 1.86%) were identified among coagulase-negative staphylococci. Methycillin-resistant staphylococci were isolated from 25.92% of patients with furunculosis. High level of resistance of furunculosis agents to erythromycin, clarythromycine, cephtriaxon, pephloxacyne, tetracycline, doxycycline, levomycetine and phosphomycine has been registered. Basing on the study of isolates antibioticograms, cephasoline is recommended as the selected drug under furunculosis, and tobramycin as the reserve antibiotic. Autovaccine was also made for the patients treatment.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1991

Staphylococci isolated from healthy goats.

A study was made of the staphylococcal population on the skin and on the nasal mucosa and in the milk of 133 healthy goats. Of a total of 346 strains isolated and characterised as belonging to the genus Staphylococcus, 74 (21.4%) were coagulase-positive (68 S. aureus and 6 S. hyicus), and 272 (78.6%) coagulase-negative. The novobiocin-sensitive species S. haemolyticus (23.5%), S. warneri (16.5%), S. epidermidis (11.8%), S. chromogenes (8.5%), S. caprae (6.6%) and S. hyicus (2.6%), and the novobiocin-resistant species S. xylosus (8.5%), S. sciuri (7.4%), S. saprophyticus (4.8%), S. cohnii (2.2%), S. lentus (1.1%), S. equorum (1.1%) and S. kloosii (1.1%) were identified. Twelve (4.4%) of coagulase-negative strains remained unidentified. Strains isolated in the skin of the udder and teats of the 133 goats were mainly novobiocin-sensitive coagulase-negative staphylococci, the most prevalent species being S. haemolyticus, S. warneri and S. epidermidis. Staphylococci indicative of subclinical infection were determined in the milk of 47 (35.3%) of the 133 goats sampled.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Evaluation of staphylococci isolated from a blood culture system (Colorbact).

During a one-year period, all blood cultures positive for staphylococci from two of the smaller Danish counties with non-university hospitals only were evaluated. The isolates were speciated and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were biotyped. Furthermore, antibiogram, phage typing and lectin typing were performed for all isolates. Clinical information was obtained by telephone, and before any bacteriological identification was performed, a preliminary judgment was made as to whether the positive blood culture was of clinical significance. A total of 3,500 blood cultures were evaluated and 426 (12.2%) were positive. One hundred and sixty blood cultures from 137 patients contained staphylococci; 36 of these patients had a pure culture of Staphylococcus aureus. One hundred and twenty-four CoNS were found and identified as S. epidermidis (81), S. hominis (19), S. haemolyticus (8), S. simulans (1), and Micrococcus species (3), and another 12 staphylococcal isolates which could not be identified to species level. A total of 35 patients had mixed cultures, including 6 with S. aureus as one of the isolates and 15 with mixed CoNS. Clinical relevance was estimated in 90% of cases where the later bacterial identification showed S. aureus, whereas clinical relevance was absent in the majority of cases including CoNS. Methicillin and gentamicin resistance was absent among S. aureus, but frequent among CoNS, especially S. epidermidis, where 40% were resistant to methicillin and 30% to gentamicin.

Bacteremia↗

PubMed2005

Use of genotypic identification by sodA sequencing in a prospective study to examine the distribution of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species among strains recovered during septic orthopedic surgery and evaluate their significance.

A total of 212 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains recovered prospectively during 119 surgeries for proven or suspected bone and joint infection (BJI) were identified by sodA sequencing. These strains were identified as 151 Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates, 15 S. warneri isolates, 14 S. capitis isolates, 9 S. hominis isolates, 6 S. lugdunensis isolates, 5 S. haemolyticus isolates, 4 S. caprae isolates, 4 S. pasteuri isolates, 3 S. simulans isolates, and 1 S. cohnii isolate. Only S. epidermidis, S. lugdunensis, S. capitis, and S. caprae were found to be infecting organisms and were involved, respectively, in 35 (81.4%), 3 (7.0%), 3 (7.0%), and 2 (4.6%) cases of BJI.

Adult↗