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PubMed2003

['Reverse' variant of follicular lymphoma with monoclonality of the immunoglobulin heavy chain and T cell receptor gamma chain genes].

We report an unusual case of the 'reverse' variant of follicular lymphoma in which the nodules had central parts that stained dark and cuffs that stained pale. Because diagnosis was difficult relying only on formalin-fixed histopathology, we examined the cell surface markers and karyotype. The patient, a 65-year-old man, presented with multiple lymphadenopathy, low-grade fever, night sweats, anorexia, dry cough and sense of chest oppression. Cell surface marker analysis showed that pathologic lymphocytes were positive for CD 10, CD 19, CD 20, HLA-DR, IgM/IgD and kappa, and t (14; 18) (q 32; q 21) was detected by karyotypic analysis. The 'reverse' variant of follicular lymphoma, clinical stage IVB was diagnosed the rearrangement band was detected with PCR-based clonality analysis in not only the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene but also the T cell receptor gamma chain gene, thus confirming monoclonal proliferation of both B cells and T cells.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

[The use of noninvasive biological means in assessing lipids in children].

Gas chromatographic analysis of the lipid fatty acid spectrum of blood (serum and plasma), sweat, and exhaled air condensate in children with acute pneumonia and dermatitis caused by alimentary allergies showed good correlation of the results. Therefore, biological objects obtained by noninvasive methods can be used for studies of lipid metabolism in children.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

The effect of nicardipine, a calcium channel blocker, on the sweat test in adult patients with cystic fibrosis.

In vitro studies have suggested a potential role for calcium channel blockers in manipulating the basic ionic defect of cystic fibrosis. In 17 adult patients with cystic fibrosis nicardipine was administered either intravenously or topically using iontophoresis or occlusive dressings. Sweat tests were performed before and after drug administration and examined using two way analysis of variance. No statistically significant difference was observed. We conclude that nicardipine used in vivo does not exert the easily demonstrable effect on the chloride ion defect that has been observed with other agents in vitro.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Clinical features and prognostic factors in primary myelofibrosis patients under 45 years old].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical and hematological features and identify the prognostic factors associated with short-term survival in primary myelofibrosis (PMF) patients under 45 years old. METHODS: The clinical manifestations, laboratory parameters, and survival were retrospectively analyzed in 56 PMF patients under 45 years old. Univariate analysis of prognostic factors was performed using Logrank test and multivariate analysis using COX model. RESULTS: Of the 56 patients, 27 were males and 29 females. The range of age was from 20 to 45 years (median 38 years). 84% of the patients were anemic and 66% Hb < 100 g/L. 32% of the patients had constitutional symptoms including fever, night sweats and weight loss. The median survival was 69 months (95% CI 11-127). By univariate analysis, Hb < 100 g/L, platelet count < 100 x 10(9)/L, WBC < 10 x 10(9)/L, constitutional symptoms and the duration from first signs to diagnosis < or = 6 months were associated with poor prognosis. By multivariate analysis, only Hb < 100 g/L and constitutional symptoms were independently associated with short survival. With these two adverse prognostic factors, the patients could be separated into a high risk and a low risk groups, and the median survivals were 16 and 88 months, respectively (P < 0.001). Using these two factors to predict the less than 3-years survival for individual patient, the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were 67%, 100% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Hb < 100 g/L and constitutional symptoms in PMF patients under 45 years old were significantly associated with short survival and poor prognosis. These two prognostic factors enabled to separate patients into a high and a low risk groups. The survival of high-risk patients was less than three years.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Monitoring cocaine use in substance-abuse-treatment patients by sweat and urine testing.

Sweat and urine specimens were collected from 44 methadone-maintenance patients to evaluate the use of sweat testing to monitor cocaine use. Paired sweat patches that were applied and removed weekly (on Tuesdays) were compared with 3-5 consecutive urine specimens collected Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. All patches (N = 930) were extracted in 2.5 mL of solvent and analyzed by ELISA immunoassay (cutoff concentration 10 ng/mL); a subset of patches (N = 591) was also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for cocaine, benzoylecgonine (BZE), and ecgonine methyl ester (EME) (cutoff concentration 5 ng/mL). Urine specimens were subjected to qualitative analysis by EMIT (cutoff 300 ng/mL) and subsets were analyzed by TDx (semiquantitative, LOD 30 ng/mL) and by GC-MS for cocaine (LOD 5 ng/mL). Results were evaluated to (1) determine the relative amounts of cocaine and its metabolites in sweat; (2) assess replicability in duplicate patches; (3) compare ELISA and GC-MS results for cocaine in sweat; and (4) compare the detection of cocaine use by sweat and urine testing. Cocaine was detected by GC-MS in 99% of ELISA-positive sweat patches; median concentrations of cocaine, BZE, and EME were 378, 78.7, and 74 ng/mL, respectively. Agreement in duplicate patches was approximately 90% by ELISA analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of sweat ELISA cocaine results as compared with sweat GC-MS results were 93.6%, 91.3%, and 93.2%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency between ELISA sweat patch and EMIT urine results were 97.6%, 60.5%, and 77.7%, respectively. These results support the use of sweat patches for monitoring cocaine use, though further evaluation is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1970

A method for the calculation of the relative contributions of recruitment and enhancement to human eccrine sweating.

The rate of eccrine sweating has been studied by collecting samples in unventilated capsules from human subjects following subdermal or intradermal injections of acetyl-beta-methylcholine and under moderate total body heat exposure. The rate of sweating in a given area of skin could increase by recruitment of fresh glands, enhanced output of the already active glands, or some combination of both.A theoretical analysis shows how recruitment and enhancement can be calculated separately, assuming the existence of a maximal rate of sodium reabsorption by eccrine sweat glands, a sodium concentration of 145 muEq/ml in the precursor fluid, the absence of significant water reabsorption, and the absence of back-diffusion of sodium. The results indicate that, depending on the experimental conditions, an increased rate of sweating can be attributed mainly to recruitment, to enhancement, or to a combination of both.

Absorption↗
PubMed2000

Novel Cystic Fibrosis mutation L1093P: functional analysis and possible Native American origin.

A novel mutation was detected using single-strand conformation polymorphism and heteroduplex analysis in a cystic fibrosis subject of mixed ancestry. Mutation 3410T-->C in exon 17b caused the novel missense mutation L1093P; the other chromosome has mutation N1303K. The 31-year-old subject is pancreatic insufficient, had an FEV(1) score that was 33% of normal prior to a heart/lung transplant, and sweat chloride values of 116 and 95 mM when tested at ages 1 and 11. Functional analysis using forskolin-stimulated efflux of (125)I in HEK cells transfected with an ABCC7 construct harboring the L1093P mutation confirmed that cAMP-mediated anion efflux was abnormal, but some function was preserved. Analysis of parental DNA established that N1303K was of English origin, while L1093P was of Greek, Irish or Native American (Cherokee) origin. Given the intensive screening for CF mutations in European populations, we hypothesize that L1093P is of Native American origin. Hum Mutat 15:208, 2000.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Survival and prognostic factors after initiation of treatment in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.

BACKGROUND: Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) is an unusual lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma characterized by the presence of a serum monoclonal immunoglobulin M. Although several studies have evaluated possible prognostic factors of this disease, few have focused on the survival and prognosis of symptomatic patients after the initiation of treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Our study included 122 previously untreated patients with a median age of 67 years who required systemic treatment. Multiple variables were analyzed for their prognostic value on survival after initiation of treatment using univariate and Cox regression multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The median overall survival was 106 months. Pretreatment factors associated with shorter survival were age >/=65 years, splenomegaly, B-symptoms (weight loss, fever or night sweats), hemoglobin <10 g/dl, platelets <100 x 10(6)/dl, albumin <3.5 g/dl and bone marrow lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate >/=50%. In the multivariate analysis, the two variables with independent prognostic value were age >/=65 years and hemoglobin <10 g/dl. Furthermore, we were able to divide our patients into three risk groups based on the presence of two, one or none of these two adverse prognostic factors. The median survival times in the high-, intermediate- and low-risk groups were 46 months, 107 months and 172 months, respectively (P <0.0001). DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that advanced age and anemia appear to be the two dominant prognostic factors for survival after initiation of treatment in patients with WM. These two readily available parameters can stratify the patients into three distinct subgroups and may help the selection of appropriate treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Misuse of hair analysis for nutritional assessment.

The analysis of hair for nutritional assessment has a number of potential pitfalls, which include: (1) contamination by sweat, (2) environmental contamination, (3) influence of previous beauty treatments, (4) critical dependence upon location of the hair sample, (5) paradoxic values depending upon the rate of hair growth, and (6) lack of clear definition of a normal range. The results of measuring metal concentrations in hair even under ideal circumstances may not correlate with those obtained in blood and urine. Long-term exposure to heavy metals, including lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury, can be readily identified by hair analysis. Little if any value is derived from a random examination of hair as the sole procedure for nutritional assessment. Nutritional recommendations should not be based on the results of hair analysis alone.

Copper↗
PubMed1991

Strategy of analysis and interpretation of thermal working conditions.

This paper proposes a strategy for the management of heat problems at the workplace. This includes three steps of analysis: the first aims at recognizing the problem and classifying it under one of the categories--comfort, discomfort but no health risk, or health risk either in the long term or in the short term. The second is designed to evaluate the magnitude of the problem and to optimize the choice of solutions. The interpretation of the data is based on analytical indices: the PMV-PPD indices for heat discomfort conditions and the Required Sweat Rate index for heat stress conditions. The third step involves an in-depth analysis of the situation: this will be undertaken only if a major problem of heat stress has been detected at the previous stage and providing technical solutions cannot be immediately implemented. The advantages and possible limitations of this step-by-step approach are outlined and its cost effectiveness is discussed in the perspective of a true management of health and safety at work.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Mild cystic fibrosis disease in three Mexican delta-F508/G551S compound heterozygous siblings.

We describe three delta-F508/G551S compound heterozygous siblings with a mild CF phenotype, characterized by mild chronic pulmonary disease, pancreatic sufficiency and increased sweat chloride levels. PCR-mediated site-directed mutagenesis detected the delta-F508 mutation on one allele, and the G551S mutation was detected by SSCP and sequence analysis of exon 11. Two previously described sisters who were homozygous for the G551S mutation had a very mild phenotype with normal sweat chloride concentrations. In our patients the mild phenotype resulted from the combined effect of the mild G551S allele with the severe delta-F508 allele.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Drug testing in addicts: a comparison between urine, sweat, and hair.

The standard in drug testing is the immunoassay screen, followed by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry confirmation conducted on a urine sample. Recently sweat and hair analyses were proposed for identifying drug abusers. Specimens can be collected under close supervision without embarrassment and are not subject to evasive maneuvers. In contrast with urine, hair analysis has a wide window of detection, ranging from months to years, and provides information concerning the severity and pattern of an individual's drug abuse. Testing individuals for illicit drugs with sweat patches worn continually would provide effective coverage for a week. Studies conducted in a detoxification center have shown that hair analysis is more sensitive for detecting illicit drug use than is urine screening. My experience in drug testing is discussed in the light of the existing literature.

Hair↗
PubMed2004

3-Methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol as a major descriptor for the human axilla-sweat odour profile.

This study sets out to redress the lack of knowledge in the area of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in axillary sweat malodour. Sterile odourless underarm sweat (500 ml) was collected from 30 male volunteers after excessive sweating. Five strains of bacteria, Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum, Corynebacterium minutissimum, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Bacillus licheniformis, were isolated and characterised for their ability to generate an authentic axillary odour from the sweat material collected. As expected, all of the five bacterial strains produced strong sweat odours. Surprisingly, after extensive olfactive evaluation, the strain of Staphylococcus haemolyticus produced the most sulfury sweat character. This strain was then chosen as the change agent for the 500 ml of odourless underarm sweat collected. After bacterial incubation, the 500-ml sample was further processed for GC-olfactometry (GC-O), GC/MS analysis. GC-O of an extract free of organic acids provided three zones of interest. The first was chicken-sulfury, the second zone was onion-like, and the third zone was sweat, clary sage-like. From the third zone, a new impact molecule, (R)- or (S)-3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, was isolated and identified by GC/MS, MD-GC, and GC AED (atomic emission detector). (S)-3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol was sniff-evaluated upon elution from a chiral GC column and was described as sweat and onion-like; its opposite enantiomer, (R)-3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, was described as fruity and grapefruit-like. The (S)-form was found to be the major enantiomer (75%).

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Characterisation of glycoproteins in the sweat of the horse (Equus caballus).

The two major polypeptides H (Mr 49,000) and L (Mr 33,000) of equine sweat have been purified by gel filtration and characterised by gel electrophoresis and compositional analysis. Both H and L are glycoproteins containing sialic acid, neutral sugars, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine, but the two polypeptides differ considerably in the extent of glycosylation. H and L also differ in amino acid composition, but both contain only low levels of sulphur containing amino acids and histidine. These glycoproteins may behave as surfactants.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1986

[Diagnosis of radionuclide uptake using samples and excretion measurements].

Diagnosis of internal contamination with radionuclides can be achieved by body or organ counting and by analysis of samples of intake or excretion. Sample counting from air, drinking water, food etc. is preferred in environmental contamination and may be used to estimate average body burden and internal dose. For complete monitoring of intake numerous samples have to be measured. Unknown internal contamination with alpha and low energy beta emitters is detected by excretion analysis. For determination of body or organ burden, based on standard man models, time and frequency of intake, physical, chemical and biological behaviour of radionuclides have to be taken into account. Sample sources are mainly urine, feces, exhaled air and in special cases sweat, blood and hair. The collection of excreta needs the cooperation of the contaminated individuals. The results of analysis is usually delayed because of time consuming radiochemical procedures. Repetition of measurement is necessary to increase precision of dose estimate and for detection of single, recurrent or continuous uptake.

Accidents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Incorporation of isotopically labeled cocaine and metabolites into human hair: 1. dose-response relationships.

Deuterium-labeled cocaine (cocaine-d5) was administered intravenously and/or intranasally in doses of 0.6-4.2 mg/kg to 25 human volunteers under laboratory clinical conditions. Sequential blood samples were collected for up to 3 days, and hair samples were collected for up to 10 months. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for cocaine-d5 and its major metabolite, benzoylecgonine-d5 (BZE-d5). The parent drug, cocaine-d5, was the predominant analyte in hair, whereas BZE-d5 was the major analyte in blood, especially at later time periods. The amount of cocaine-d5 incorporated into hair ranged from 0.1 to 5 ng/mg hair, whereas the amount of BZE-d5 was approximately one-sixth of that concentration. The threshold dose for detection was estimated to be 25-35 mg of drug administered intravenously. A single dose could be detected for 2-6 months. Subjects receiving the same dose differed (from two to 12 times as much depending upon how it was measured) in the amount of cocaine-d5 incorporated into their hair. Non-Caucasians, in particular, incorporated more cocaine-d5 in hair than did Caucasians. Also, segmental analysis of the samples revealed considerable intersubject variability in the time drug first appeared in hair and the rate at which the drug moved along the hair shaft with time. These interindividual differences could not be explained by differences in plasma pharmacokinetics. Considered together, these results suggest that cocaine incorporation into hair may occur by way of multiple mechanisms--by way of sweat and sebum, for example--and at various times during the hair growth cycle. Thus, hair analysis using GC-MS appears to be a very sensitive method for detecting cocaine ingestion. However, within the range of doses used in the present study, hair does not provide a particularly accurate record of either the amount, time, or duration of drug use.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2000

Serum lipase levels as a diagnostic marker in cystic fibrosis patients with normal or borderline sweat tests.

Patients with normal or borderline sweat test present a diagnostic challenge. In spite of the availability of different methods such as genetic analysis and measurements of nasal potential difference, uncertainty in diagnosing cystic fibrosis (CF) in some patients still exists. Neonates with CF have high serum lipase levels, which decline over time in pancreatic-insufficient patients, whereas pancreatic-sufficient patients demonstrate high serum lipase levels beyond infancy. Because patients with borderline or normal sweat test are almost always pancreatic sufficient, this study was aimed to assess whether serum lipase levels may be of help in establishing the diagnosis of CF in these patients. Serum lipase levels were measured in 100 CF patients and in 17 healthy individuals. Patients were grouped according to their genotype. Group A patients (n = 70) carried two mutations previously found to be associated with a pathologic sweat test and pancreatic insufficiency (delta F508, W1282X, G542X, N1303K, S549R). Group B (n = 30) were compound heterozygote patients who carried one mutation known to cause mild disease with borderline or normal sweat tests and pancreatic sufficiency (3849+10kb C-->T, 5T). Group C included 17 healthy controls. Serum lipase levels ranged between 2 and 104.4 U/L (mean +/- SD 16.9 +/- 14.7), 6.1-200 U/L (mean +/- SD 53.9 +/- 47.9), and 8.5-27.8 U/L (mean +/- SD 16.9 +/- 5.1) in Groups A, B, and C, respectively, with some overlapping between groups. The distribution of lipase levels was significantly different in Group B vs Groups A and C (P < 0.01). High lipase levels were found in 63.3% (19/30) of Group B patients, but in only 4.3% (3/70) and 0% (0/17) of Group A and C, respectively. Lipase levels were found to be inversely related to sweat chloride concentrations (r = -0.19, P < 0.05). Patients with borderline or normal sweat tests had high lipase levels, whereas low lipase levels were associated with pathologic sweat tests. Our findings indicate that the serum lipase level is genetically determined and that it has a useful role in the diagnosis of CF. Thus, in patients with borderline sweat tests and high lipase levels, the diagnosis of CF should be considered.

Adult↗