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PubMed1981

Diet and teeth. Dietary hypotheses and human evolution.

Hypotheses concerning the diet of early hominids have played an important role in discussions on human evolution. Three investigations have helped define the extent to which dietary hypotheses may be taken and still be testable. Comparative anatomy is a fairly coarse approach, which despite convergences allows only the most specialized diets to be ruled out. A biomechanical analysis makes it clear that the changes in jaw and tooth form are subtle and outside the resolution given by present understanding of cranial function. Analysis of the microscopic tooth wear of extant species has been carried out. Major dietary types can be distinguished by their microwear. The microwear on fossil hominids appears to rule out certain diets that have been proposed for them.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

An epidemiologic study of mandibular dysfunction dependence on different variables.

Age and sex characteristics of different signs and symptoms of mandibular dysfunction were studied in 600 randomly selected urban persons. With regard to mandibular mobility marked differences were observed between the sexes, and a steady decrease parallel with ageing. Against this, the percentages of the objective dysfunction signs of impaired mobility and TMJ-sounds, as well as those of the pooled percentages of all the objective signs (Di-I + II + III), increased parallel with ageing. The percentages of headache occurrence peaked in different age groups for men and women. Statistically significant correlations were found between headache, parafunctions, stress, age, the existence of a preferred chewing side, as well as several dental-occlusal factors, and the prevalence of mandibular dysfunction; between Ai and Di according to Helkimo, and between excessive tooth wear and parafunctions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The prevalence of dental erosion in Nigerian patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

BACKGROUND: In various people of the Western world, gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) has been reported to be a common problem. Various studies have also assessed the relationship between GOR and dental erosion. The authors are not aware of such studies in Nigerians. It is therefore the aims of the present study to estimate the prevalence of GOR; to estimate the prevalence of dental erosion in patients with GORD; to document the oral findings in patients diagnosed with GORD and to compare these findings with previous studies elsewhere. METHODS: A total of 225 subjects comprising of 100 volunteers and 125 patients diagnosed with GORD were involved in this study. History of gastric juice regurgitation and heartburn were recorded. Oral examination to quantify loss of tooth structure was done using the tooth wear index (TWI) designed by Smith and Knight (1984). RESULTS: Twenty patients with GORD presented with dental erosion in the maxillary anterior teeth with TWI scores ranging from 1-3. The prevalence of erosion was found to be statistically significant between GORD patients (16%) and control (5%) (p < 0.05), but not significant between endoscopic diagnostic groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study supports the consideration of dental erosion as the extra-oesophageal manifestation of GORD. However the association between GORD and burning mouth sensation needs more investigation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Clinical anatomy of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis).

Published anatomic studies of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) include only comparative reviews of single anatomic systems, but this paper includes multiple clinically relevant anatomic features. Both captive and free-ranging North American river otters were studied by gross dissection of nine specimens, radiography of 18 live otters, and physical examination of 170 otters. Body fat in North American river otters is stored primarily subcutaneously at the base of the tail and in the axillae, so lack of visceral detail on abdominal radiographs is due to a lack of coelomic fat. The heart and great vessels are oriented as in the dog. The cardiac radiographic silhouette measures three intercostal spaces laterally between the fourth and sixth ribs and 4-4.5 intercostal spaces between the seventh through 11th ribs on the ventrodorsal projection. Subjective estimation of age by evaluation of tooth wear is confirmed by histologic examination of cementum annuli. Structures of the feet were imaged by high-resolution mammographic technique. The adult thymus was prominent, but the gland was small in the one juvenile animal studied. The spleen was unexpectedly large but consistent with findings in European otters (Lutra lutra). As in other otters and mammals, kidneys are reniculated.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Bruxism and orofacial movements during sleep.

Several issues remain to be clarified in the future research and management of SB. It is important to differentiate SB from other normal sleep orofacial activities and concomitant sleep disorders. Other orofacial activities may obscure the diagnosis of SB and may give an ambiguous clinical picture when evaluating treatment efficacy. Laboratory recordings provide a more specific diagnosis. Most of the clinical signs (e.g., tooth wear, masseter hypertrophy) are not exclusive to SB but could be concomitant with other habits or activities during wakefulness. No pathologic features in the central nervous system, such as a dysfunction of the dopaminergic system, have been observed in SB patients. Recent neurophysiologic studies have suggested that SB is a powerful microarousal event associated with central and autonomic nervous system activity during sleep. The additive contribution of psychosocial stress cannot be overlooked. There have been no recent major breakthroughs in SB management. Cognitive and behavioral managements, which include stress management, lifestyle changes, or improved coping mechanisms, may be beneficial. Oral splint appliances are useful to protect teeth from damage. A few medications (e.g., benzodiazepines, muscle relaxants) may be helpful for a short-term period, particularly when there is secondary pain, but controlled studies are needed to assess their efficacy, safety, and patient acceptance and tolerance.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2003

[Restoring the occlusion by direct techniques].

Today, extensive and generalized tooth wear is often a reason for restoring the occlusion. Adhesive techniques and direct composite restorations can reduce the need for more expensive indirect restorations. In this article the advantages and disadvantages of the direct and indirect techniques are discussed. Furthermore, the treatment sequence for direct restorations is described and illustrated by some case-reports.

Adhesives↗
PubMed2005

The profile of patients referred to an outreach restorative dentistry clinic over the last 10 years has changed.

The aim of the study was to compare the profile of the patients referred to a Restorative Dentistry consultant clinic at Scarborough General Hospital (SGH) in 1991 and 2001. The clinical records from 80% of a cohort of the new patients referred for consultation and who attended in 1991 and 2001 were examined. In total 55 clinical records were examined from 1991 and 84 from 2001. Data on reason for referral, time of wait before assessment and outcome of the consultation was recorded. The number of patients seen for consultation increased considerably between 1991 and 2001. Mean waiting times from the date of referral to the date when assessed trebled (p = 0.016). Referral for denture problems (notably complete dentures) was the main reason for referral in 2001 (25%). Tooth wear was the most common reason for referral in 1991 (22%). It was concluded that the demand for the services of a Restorative Dentistry consultant at Scarborough General Hospital increased considerably between 1991 and 2001. This resulted in considerably longer waiting times for a consultation. In 2001 there was a greater percentage of referrals for appearance, complete dentures and implants. A higher percentage of patients in this study were referred back to their GDP for treatment as compared to other studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bruxism and voluntary maximal bite force in young dentate adults.

PURPOSE: Bruxism may increase the activity and volume of the masticatory muscles, yet its resulting effect on bite force is controversial. This study evaluated the relationship between voluntary maximal bite force (MBF) and presence of bruxism in 80 dentate young adults (40 men, 40 women, 20 to 38 years old), controlling for sex, body mass index (BMI), and presence of orofacial muscular pain during the MBF measurement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MBF was measured with a compressive load transducer at the first molar region. Information about the presence of bruxism was collected by means of self-report of centric or eccentric bruxism during the day or night and/or presence of tooth wear. Data on MBF were analyzed by analysis of covariance, with bruxism and sex as fixed factors, and BMI and orofacial muscular pain as covariates (.05 level of significance). RESULTS: The mean +/- standard deviation values of MBF were 859 +/- 304 N for nonbruxers (n = 49) and 806 +/- 282 N for bruxers (n = 31), with no significant difference between groups (P = .842). BMI was not a significant covariate for MBF (P = .237), and neither was the presence of orofacial muscular pain (P = .560). Sex was statistically significant for MBF (P < .001), and men (1,009 +/- 290 N) had higher MBF than women (668 +/- 179), but there was no interaction between sex and bruxism in relation to the MBF (P = .861). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that bruxers and nonbruxers did not have different voluntary MBF in this sample of young dentate adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Jaws of Japanese].

Some of main morphological differences among ancient and modern Japanese are seen in the regions of masticatory apparatus; for example, in temporal line, mandibular notch, angle of mandible, occlusion, and tooth wear. Here I review the secular trend in morphology of masticatory apparatus from the Pleistocene age to the early modern period.

Asian People↗
PubMed1994

Radiographic morphology of the temporomandibular joint related to occlusal characteristics.

The radiographic image of the temporomandibular joints of 52 individuals obtained by oblique lateral transcranial exposure was studied in terms of the appearance of the articular components (depth of the mandibular fossa, inclination of the posterior slope of the articular eminence, and condyle shape) and correlated with occlusal characteristics (overbite, tooth wear or attrition, and Spee curve). This investigation did not permit us to demonstrate a definite correlation between dental occlusion and articular morphology based on the radiographic image of the temporomandibular joint.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Oral and dental health in alcohol misusing patients.

Dental and oral health and their relationship to nutritional status among a group of alcohol misusers (n = 107) from south London is reported. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire was validated as an accurate and reliable screening questionnaire for use in alcohol misuse detection by a dentist. Half of the study population consumed >200 units of alcohol/week, and 80% were heavy smokers. A high incidence of tooth wear and trauma to the dentition was recorded. Eight subjects had oral mucosal lesions, including two previously treated carcinomas. The dental health in alcoholics overall was not compromised, but nutritional impairment (body mass index and reduced midarm muscle circumference) was associated with periodontal lesions. Oral mucosal health of alcoholics is of concern, particularly in heavy smokers. The interrelationships between dental-oral health and alcohol-tobacco usage have implications for preventative counseling in this patient group.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Changes in abutment tooth mobility by wearing parital denture: a continued report.

Follow-up measurements of the abutment tooth mobility were carried out to examine the mobility changes for a long period of 12 to 14 years. The subjects were 6 patients, having 12 abutments and they were wearing mandibular unilateral distal extension partial dentures of the same design. These results were as follows: The tooth mobility of the abutment hadn't increased exclusively by the wearing of the distal extension denture over a 10-year period. Among the 12 abutments, 7 abutments showed nearly the same degree of mobility as the initial level, and the mobility of the other 4 abutments increased slightly. However, one abutment alone was extracted because of severe increased mobility. There was an extremely slight difference in the mobility between both abutments and the mobility of each abutment presented nearly the same amount. Also the tendency in the mobility change indicated a similar pattern. The long-term prognosis of mandibular unilateral distal extension partial denture, of the most common clasp design, presented a favourable state during the 12 to 14 years, judging from the changes in the abutment mobility.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessing the tooth-restoration interface wear resistance of two cementation techniques: effect of a surface sealant.

This study compared (1) the tooth-restoration interface width of conventional and "resin coating" cementation techniques, (2) the toothbrushing wear resistance of the two interfaces and (3) this study evaluated the influence of a restoration surface sealing on toothbrush wear resistance on both cementation technique interfaces. Mid-coronal buccal surfaces of 40 bovine teeth were ground to obtain a flat enamel surface. For each specimen, a 3 mm x 4 mm x 3 mm dimension rectangular cavity was prepared. The teeth were divided into four groups. Two groups (RC) received a "resin coating" (ED Primer + Tetric Flow) prior to cementation. The remaining two groups (NC) served as non-coated groups. All teeth were restored with composite inlays (Z250) fabricated by the indirect method and were cemented with dual cure resin cement (Panavia F). After finishing the margins, one group from each of the cementation techniques (RC+S and NC+S) had the tooth-restoration interface protected with a restoration surface sealant (Biscover). The specimens were subjected to 100,000 brushing abrasion cycles. The tooth-restoration width was obtained using a Hommel Tester T 1000-basic profilometer and Turbo Datawin NT 1.34 Software (microm). The interface wear (vertical loss/microm and area/microm2) was calculated with Image Tool 3.0 Software. Data were analyzed with Student t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (alpha=0.05). Mean interface width for the NC group was 67 microm and 72 microm for the RC group. The student t-test showed no significant differences between groups (p=0.53). ANOVA showed significant differences (p<0.01) in vertical loss among groups (NC: 49.30 microm; NC+S: 7.90 microm; RC: 27.15 microm; RC+S: 4.74 microm). Also, ANOVA showed significant differences (p<0.01) in worn areas among groups (NC: 2,008 microm2; NC+S: 128 microm2; RC: 1,580 microm2 and RC+S: 88 microm2). No differences were found in tooth-restoration interface width and worn area between conventional and "resin coating" techniques. "Resin coating" interface presented reduced vertical loss. Restoration surface sealing provided reduced wear in tooth-restoration interface for both techniques.

Acrylates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Proximal wear rates by tooth position of resin composite restorations.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate restorations, previously placed in clinical trials, for the rate of wear of the proximal surfaces, by tooth position. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy resin composite restorations were evaluated in bicuspids and molars. Fifty restorations were direct placement restorations and 20 were indirect placement restorations. Thirty-five bicuspids and 35 molars were evaluated for proximal wear rate. All restorations were opposing unrestored enamel proximal surfaces. Ten enamel to enamel proximal surfaces were chosen as controls. At baseline, contacts were judged to be closed visually and with thin, unwaxed dental floss. Impressions were taken at baseline and after 6, 12 and 24 months for the fabrication of models. Measurements for proximal wear, as determined by a loss of space between indexed transfer copings, were made under a zoom stereomicroscope by two independent evaluators. A parametric ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls, and log curve fit were applied to the data. RESULTS: When all data were pooled regardless of material, there were no significant differences (P < 0.05) in wear values for 1st and 2nd bicuspids and 1st and 2nd molars. Wear rates showed a high correlation (log curve fit R2 > 0.950) regardless of actual amount of wear. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of composites examined, there were no differences in the amount of proximal wear with regard to tooth position in the arch.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Erosion of tooth enamel surfaces among battery chargers and automobile mechanics in Ibadan: a comparative study.

A cross sectional comparative survey was conducted among battery chargers and automobile mechanics in Ibadan to determine the effect of exposure of acid in form of solution or fumes on tooth enamel wear one hundred and five subjects were recruited and examined for erosion. This number comprised 67 automechanics and apprentices and 38 battery chargers and their apprentices. Other groups of automobile workers sharing the workshops were excluded from the study. All respondents aged between 11 and 68 years of age. Verbal informed consent was taken from all the subjects. One thousand and one hundred teeth were examined using the upper and lower central sextants. One hundred and sixty teeth were found to be missing. The teeth examined comprised 712 teeth of automechanics (88.55%) and 388 teeth of battery chargers (85.08%). Out of the 712 teeth of automechanics, only 23 teeth (3.2%) showed evidence of tooth wear whereas in the battery chargers group, 159 teeth out of 388 teeth (41%) had tooth wear. (P < 0.05). The battery charger group also showed a higher percentage of missing teeth, (14.9%) as against 11.44% of the automechanic group (P > 0.05). This study has shown that battery chargers are subjected to occupational hazard of exposure to highly erosive acids and fumes. Prevention through oral health education targeted at this group of subjects and early diagnosis are very important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Excessive wear of natural tooth structure by opposing composite restorations.

Extreme care must be taken to evaluate the probable effect of using certain restorative materials to oppose existing tooth structure, particularly when dentin is exposed. In addition, frequent recall examination, every one or two months, is necessary to catch any problems in their beginning stages and to solve them before greater damage can be caused. It is also suggested that evaluation of any occlusal habits be made before deciding on a plan to alter vertical dimension and to carefully consider the effects of the materials used in a restoration on the opposing arch.

Aged↗