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PubMed2002

Acute high-intensity interval training improves Tvent and peak power output in highly trained males.

This study examined the effects of four high-intensity interval-training (HIT) sessions performed over 2 weeks on peak volume of oxygen uptake (VO2peak), the first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1, VT2) and peak power output (PPO) in highly trained cyclists. Fourteen highly trained male cyclists (VO2peak = 67.5 +/- 3.7 ml.kg-1.min-1) performed a ramped cycle test to determine VO2peak, VT1, VT2, and PPO. Subjects were divided equally into a HIT group and a control group. The HIT group performed four HIT sessions (20 x 60 s at PPO, 120 s recovery); the VO2peak test was repeated < 1 wk after the HIT program. Control subjects maintained their regular training program and were reassessed under the same timeline. There was no change in VO2peak for either group; however, the HIT group showed a significantly greater increase in VT1 (+22% vs. -3%), VT2 (+15% vs. -1%), and PPO (+4.3 vs. -.4%) compared to controls (all P < .05). This study has demonstrated that HIT can improve VT1, VT2, and PPO, following only four HIT sessions in already highly trained cyclists.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

"Living high-training low" altitude training improves sea level performance in male and female elite runners.

Acclimatization to moderate high altitude accompanied by training at low altitude (living high-training low) has been shown to improve sea level endurance performance in accomplished, but not elite, runners. Whether elite athletes, who may be closer to the maximal structural and functional adaptive capacity of the respiratory (i.e., oxygen transport from environment to mitochondria) system, may achieve similar performance gains is unclear. To answer this question, we studied 14 elite men and 8 elite women before and after 27 days of living at 2,500 m while performing high-intensity training at 1,250 m. The altitude sojourn began 1 wk after the USA Track and Field National Championships, when the athletes were close to their season's fitness peak. Sea level 3,000-m time trial performance was significantly improved by 1.1% (95% confidence limits 0.3-1.9%). One-third of the athletes achieved personal best times for the distance after the altitude training camp. The improvement in running performance was accompanied by a 3% improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (72.1 +/- 1.5 to 74.4 +/- 1.5 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)). Circulating erythropoietin levels were near double initial sea level values 20 h after ascent (8.5 +/- 0.5 to 16.2 +/- 1.0 IU/ml). Soluble transferrin receptor levels were significantly elevated on the 19th day at altitude, confirming a stimulation of erythropoiesis (2.1 +/- 0.7 to 2.5 +/- 0.6 microg/ml). Hb concentration measured at sea level increased 1 g/dl over the course of the camp (13.3 +/- 0.2 to 14.3 +/- 0.2 g/dl). We conclude that 4 wk of acclimatization to moderate altitude, accompanied by high-intensity training at low altitude, improves sea level endurance performance even in elite runners. Both the mechanism and magnitude of the effect appear similar to that observed in less accomplished runners, even for athletes who may have achieved near maximal oxygen transport capacity for humans.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed2001

Effects of endurance exercise training on plasma HDL cholesterol levels depend on levels of triglycerides: evidence from men of the Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training and Genetics (HERITAGE) Family Study.

High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations have been shown to increase with regular endurance exercise and, therefore, can contribute to a lower risk of coronary heart disease in physically active individuals compared with sedentary subjects. Although low HDL cholesterol levels are frequently observed in combination with hypertriglyceridemia, some individuals may be characterized by isolated hypoalphalipoproteinemia, ie, low HDL cholesterol levels in the absence of elevated triglyceride (TG) concentrations. The present study compared the responses of numerous lipoprotein-lipid variables to a 20-week endurance exercise training program in men categorized on the basis of baseline TG and HDL cholesterol concentrations: (1) low TG and high HDL cholesterol (normolipidemia), (2) low TG and low HDL cholesterol (isolated low HDL cholesterol), (3) high TG and high HDL cholesterol (isolated high TGs), and (4) high TGs and low HDL cholesterol (high TG/low HDL cholesterol). A series of physical and metabolic variables was measured before and after the training program in a sample of 200 men enrolled in the Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training and Genetics (HERITAGE) Family Study. At baseline, men with high TG/low HDL cholesterol had more visceral adipose tissue than did men with isolated low HDL cholesterol and men with normolipidemia. The 0.4% (not significant) exercise-induced increase in HDL cholesterol levels in men with isolated low HDL cholesterol suggests that they did not benefit from the "HDL-raising" effect of exercise. In contrast, men with high TG/low HDL cholesterol showed a significant increase in HDL cholesterol levels (4.9%, P<0.005). Whereas both subgroups of men with elevated TG levels showed reductions in plasma TGs ( approximately -15.0%, P<0.005), only those with high TG/low HDL cholesterol showed significantly reduced apolipoprotein B levels at the end of the study (-6.0%, P<0.005). Multiple regression analyses revealed that the exercise-induced change in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (10.6%, P<0.01) was the only significant correlate of the increase in plasma HDL cholesterol with training in men with high TG/low HDL cholesterol. Results of the present study suggest that regular endurance exercise training may be particularly helpful in men with low HDL cholesterol, elevated TGs, and abdominal obesity.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Neuropsychiatric training in American psychiatric residency training programs.

Psychiatric residency training directors are faced with the daunting challenge of incorporating an avalanche of neuroscientific advance into their programs. This survey of U.S. psychiatric residency training directors reveals that 1) the majority of residency directors consider that neuropsychiatry should fall under the purview of psychiatry and 2) many programs fail to provide adequate training in the evaluation and treatment of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders associated with problems such as developmental disabilities, movement disorders, and head injuries. Residency directors cite lack of faculty with subspecialty training in neuropsychiatry as the major hurdle to improving resident training in this area.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2006

A nonnatural head-neck position (Rollkur) during training results in less acute stress in elite, trained, dressage horses.

This study measured parameters of stress in recreational, trained horses (REC; n = 7) and elite (International Grand Prix level) trained, dressage horses (DRES; n = 5). The training of the DRES horses uses an unnatural head-neck position (Rollkur), whereas in the REC horses such training techniques are not common. The study measured stress by using heart rate variability analysis for 30 min postfeeding in the morning and 30 min postexercise after a morning training session. The study found no significant difference at rest between the REC and DRES horses. During the posttraining measurements, however, the DRES horses showed, among others, a less sympathetic and increased parasympathetic dominance. These results suggest that DRES horses tend to have less acute stress than do REC horses postexercise. The findings of this study suggest maintaining the health and well-being of DRES horses despite nonnatural, biomechanical positions.

Animal Welfare↗

PubMed1985

Myoelectric training methods for the preschool child with congenital below-elbow amputation. A comparison of two training programmes.

The Ontario Crippled Children's Centre has completed a two-year research project designed to develop effective strategies for training the preschool child to use a myoelectric prosthesis. Two programmes were developed: one home-based with the parent as primary trainer, and the other Centre-based with a therapist as trainer. Seventeen children were successfully trained and fitted with myoelectric prostheses. Both training programmes appear to be equally effective, proving that informed parents can assume responsibility for the training of their children. Economic implications are self-evident. The functional assessment of the children's skill with the myoelectric prosthesis is very encouraging so far. However, long-term studies are indicated for adequate assessment of the cost-effectiveness of early myoelectric fitting. As a result of this study, effective training methods can now be used in routine clinical service; a manual is available to provide guidelines.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1977

Correspondence training, prior verbal training, and control of nonverbal behavior via control of verbal behavior.

The role of prior verbal training in correspondence training and later verbal control of nonverbal behavior was examined in two groups of Head Start children. One group received correspondence training without prior verbal training, the other with. Essentially no differences were found between the two sequences; thus it seems appropriate to consider the content phases (reinforcement contingent on target verbalization alone) of previous research as control procedures and not a necessary precursor to correspondence training.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1986

Trained, generalized, and collateral behavior changes of preschool children receiving gross-motor skills training.

Three preschool children participated in a behavioral training program to improve their gross-motor skills. Ten target behaviors were measured in the training setting to assess direct effects of the program. Generalization probes for two gross-motor behaviors, one fine-motor skill, and two social behaviors were conducted in other settings. Results indicated that the training program improved the gross-motor skills trained and that improvements sometimes generalized to other settings. Contrary to suggestions in educational literature, the gross-motor training program did not produce changes in fine-motor skills or social behaviors. Implications for educators and for the development of the technology of generalization are outlined.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed1979

Effects of training versus non-training in identification of infant cry-signals: a longitudinal study.

The effects of training on the ability to identify 4 infants' cry-signals (birth, hunger, pain, and pleasure) were studied in 60 college students (aged 18 to 30 yr.). Subjects with training scored significantly higher than those without in identifying all but the pleasure cry-signal. In a follow-up retest 10 wk. later, scores for the birth and hunger cry-signals improved significantly (p less than .05) for subjects without training, while scores for subjects with training remained about the same. The suggestion that repeated exposure to cry-signals may serve as training was discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

Assertion training and human relations training in the treatment of chronic alcoholics.

The effects of milieu therapy plus assertion training were compared to those of milieu therapy plus human relations training in reducing drinking behavior and increasing interpersonal skills, of skill-deficient, chronic alcoholics in an alcoholic rehabilitation center. Although both treatments led to comparable sobriety rates at a 6-week follow-up, the treatment group which contained assertion training demonstrated significant gains in interpersonal skills as compared to the treatment group which contained human relations training. A 2-year sobriety significantly longer than the human relations training group.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Increasing the physical fitness of low-fit recruits before basic combat training: an evaluation of fitness, injuries, and training outcomes.

Recruits arriving for basic combat training (BCT) between October 1999 and May 2004 were administered an entry-level physical fitness test at the reception station. If they failed the test, then they entered the Fitness Assessment Program (FAP), where they physically trained until they passed the test and subsequently entered BCT. The effectiveness of the FAP was evaluated by examining fitness, injury, and training outcomes. Recruits who failed the test, trained in the FAP, and entered BCT after passing the test were designated the preconditioning (PC) group (64 men and 94 women). Recruits who failed the test but were allowed to enter BCT without going into the FAP were called the no preconditioning (NPC) group (32 men and 73 women). Recruits who passed the test and directly entered BCT were designated the no need of preconditioning (NNPC) group (1,078 men and 731 women). Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) scores and training outcomes were obtained from a company-level database, and injured recruits were identified from cases documented in medical records. The proportions of NPC, PC, and NNPC recruits who completed the 9-week BCT cycle were 59%, 83%, and 87% for men (p < 0.01) and 52%, 69%, and 78% for women (p < 0.01), respectively. Because of attrition, only 63% of the NPC group took the week 7 APFT, compared with 84% and 86% of the PC and NNPC groups, respectively. The proportions of NPC, PC, and NNPC recruits who passed the final APFT after all retakes were 88%, 92%, and 98% for men (p < 0.01) and 89%, 92%, and 97% for women (p < 0.01), respectively. Compared with NNPC men, injury risk was 1.5 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-2.2) and 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-3.1) times higher for PC and NPC men, respectively. Compared with NNPC women, injury risk was 1.2 (95% confidence interval, 0.9-1.6) and 1.5 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.1) times higher for PC and NPC women, respectively. This program evaluation showed that low-fit recruits who preconditioned before BCT had reduced attrition and tended to have lower injury risk, compared with recruits of similar low fitness who did not precondition.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

A training project helps the poor. A rural healthcare facility offers job training, gains employees.

As poor Americans look for work, healthcare facilities face a shortage of workers. One facility, Saint Francis Medical Center in Grand Island, NE, found a way to help some of the area's financially disadvantaged persons receive technical training and employment as it eased its own personnel shortage. Saint Francis leaders assembled a team of representatives from the hospital's staff, the Greater Nebraska Job Training Program, Lincoln, and Central Community College, Grand Island, to establish the Rural Allied Medical Business Occupations program. The team reviewed several job descriptions to help it decide which jobs to include in the program and surveyed area hospitals to ensure the positions selected were experiencing shortages. The program received a grant as a demonstration project from the U.S. Department of Education. After identifying participants who had the aptitudes and interests for the jobs, the Rural Medical Allied Medical Business Occupations program arranged for participants' training and assistance with items such as tuition, child care, and transportation. Participants received training at Central Community College and at Saint Francis Hospital. Saint Francis Medical Center deemed the program a success. The hospital has hired seven healthcare workers who would not have been available if they had not been trained through this program. Moreover, the program provides yet another way for the hospital to help fulfill a major portion of its mission: to help the poor.

Allied Health Occupations↗

PubMed2001

The physical training and rehabilitation program: duration of rehabilitation and final outcome of injuries in basic combat training.

During calendar year 1998, 6% (N = 2,010: men [m] = 670, 3%, women [w] = 1,340, 12%) of soldiers in basic combat training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina (N = 32,251), were unable to continue training as a result of a training-related injury. These soldiers were recommended for the Physical Training and Rehabilitation Program (PTRP) for recovery and rehabilitation. Forty-two percent of recommended soldiers were discharged from the Army rather than assigned to PTRP. The 1,164 (m = 356, w = 808) soldiers assigned to PTRP sustained 1,673 injuries (m = 444, w = 1229). Eighty-three percent of the injuries in PTRP were in the overuse (44%) and stress fracture (39%) categories. Of the 1,164 soldiers assigned to PTRP, 52% (m = 214, w = 386) returned to training. The average (+/- SD) length of stay in PTRP for soldiers returning to duty was 62 +/- 42 days (m = 57 +/- 39, w = 65 +/- 43). Rehabilitation challenges and significant motivational issues presumably contributed to the 52% return to duty incidence for PTRP soldiers.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Training future pharmacists at a minority educational institution: evaluation of the Rx for change tobacco cessation training program.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the impact of Rx for Change, an 8-h tobacco cessation training program on pharmacy students' perceived counseling skills, confidence for counseling, and future counseling of patients for tobacco cessation. METHODS: Unlinked, pre- and post-training surveys were administered to 142 pharmacy students enrolled at Texas Southern University, a primarily minority and historically black educational institution. RESULTS: Post-training counseling abilities were significantly improved over pretraining values for each of the five key components of tobacco cessation counseling (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, and Arrange), overall counseling abilities, and confidence for counseling (P < 0.001). Racial/ethnic differences in self-reported overall counseling was observed (P = 0.01). Ninety-one percent of participants believed that the training would increase the number of patients whom they counsel for cessation, and 95% believed that it would improve the quality of counseling that they provide. At least 95% of participants believed that the pharmacy profession should be more active in preventing patients from starting smoking and helping patients to stop smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The Rx for Change program had a positive impact on perceived abilities and confidence for providing tobacco cessation counseling to patients. While it is important that all current and future health care providers receive specialized tobacco cessation training, it is particularly important for clinicians of racial/ethnic minority backgrounds, who are more likely to practice in geographic areas with a high density of population subgroups at an elevated risk for tobacco-related mortality. In particular, pharmacists, who are uniquely positioned within the community to provide care to all patients, including the medically underserved, must be equipped with the necessary skills to assist patients with quitting.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The impact of anti-stalking training on front line service providers: using the anti-stalking training evaluation protocol (ASTEP).

The Anti-Stalking Training Evaluation Protocol (ASTEP) was developed to provide Safe Horizon, a large victim service provider, with an opportunity to evaluate and improve its anti-stalking training program. This report presents the results of this effort to measure Safe Horizon staff's knowledge and general perceptions about stalking, and to assess the impact of anti-stalking training on knowledge about the anti-stalking law, and stalking in general. Although these trainees appeared familiar with stalking issues, they were able to benefit from information about different types of stalkers and stalking, and about the legal options available to victims. The implication of the findings is that, if relatively well-informed staff members of a large victim services agency can benefit from training about stalking behavior, anti-stalking legislation and the needs of stalking victims, there is almost certainly a need for such training among a wider population of victim service providers, law enforcement professionals, and the general public.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Patient safety and training in human factor--challenge for anaesthesia training].

Patient safety is a central issue for every hospital. Prerequisites are reliable routine processes, avoidance of accidents, and flexible management of incidents. In anaesthesia, ca. 80% of all incidents can be assigned to human factors (e.g. communication, management of workload, decision-making). Deficits in these non-technical skills affect directly or indirectly the patient safety. Therefore, training of anaesthesia personnel in human factors and development of non-technical skills contribute to enhancement of patient safety. The question is how non-technical skills can be taught and learned. In this paper, we discuss an integrated strategy for training in non-technical skills in medicine. In a first step (analysis of demand), data were acquired as to which non-technical skills required training. These data led to the development of a comprehensive training concept for physicians based on learning psychology-derived modules. The individual modules and their methodological implementation are briefly presented here. Besides the communication of knowledge about human factors, we discuss the employment of computer-simulated low-fidelity scenarios and full-scale patient simulators. In principle, this integrative training strategy can be easily adapted to other related medical branches.

Anesthesia↗

PubMed2004

[Training children in event recall: benefits of a brief narrative elaboration training].

The present study evaluates a training designed to enhance children's free reports about an observed event. A total of 64 children aged 6 and 9 years was included. All participants watched a short video and were individually questioned about it one week later. Half of the children were trained previous to the interview to use picture cards as retrieval cues. There were 4 picture cards to help remembering setting, persons, actions and dialogues and emotions of the persons. Results revealed a clear age effect and a significant increase in the amount of correctly remembered information in the training group, while the amount of incorrectly remembered information was equal in both groups. Therefore, the easy-to-use training has been shown to improve children's event reports. Results are discussed with regard to earlier training studies.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1987

[Experience with the postgraduate training of pathologo-anatomists at the Novokuznets Institute for the Advanced Training of Physicians].

The authors report the experience in training clinical anatomists gained at the Chair of General Clinical Pathology (Pathoanatomy) in the Novokuznetsk Institute for Advanced Medical Training. Altogether 366 specialists in clinical pathology have been trained for the 10-year period (1976-1985). Problems of composing the curricula for the training cycles and their contents are discussed. The significance of such institutes for advanced training of those who specialize in pathoanatomy is emphasized.

Curriculum↗