Utilization of Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory: primary nursing as a method of increasing job satisfaction for nurses.
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Humans↗
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Results for “Utility Theory”
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A multi-disciplinary curriculum for 11- to 13-year-olds: immunization, plus!
A sixth grade curriculum entitled "Immunization, Plus!" Was developed to promote adolescent immunization. This targeted immunization curriculum utilized contemporary learning theory and innovative teaching approaches and styles to maximize acceptability among educators. Because instructional time in school was limited, a thematic curriculum was created to embed immunization and communicable disease content within mathematics, science/health, and language arts units. The curriculum, which reflected the theory of multiple intelligences among students, offered an array of different learning formats, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, and bodily-kinesthetic. The curriculum was made available free of charge to school districts in California, and its evaluation was planned to track distribution, utilization, and changes in students' knowledge, attitude, and behavior.
Adolescent↗
Beyond abuse: Parse's theory in practice.
A nursing practice with abused women and their families based on Parse's theory of Man-Living-Health is described with emphasis on implementation of the practice processes flowing from the theory and common outcomes of the processes. A case study is presented to illustrate how the practice processes aided one couple in transforming from an abusive relationship to a new and valued way of coexisting. Information on the nursing practice and the case study are used to help demonstrate the utility of the theory of Man-Living-Health in enhancing the quality of life.
Adult↗
Adults with congenital heart disease: utilizing quality of life and Husted's nursing theory as a conceptual framework.
Adults with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) are a new and growing population of clients who pose a challenge to both medicine and nursing. An analysis of the literature has resulted in the development of a new conceptual framework utilizing the concept analysis of Quality of Life and Husted and Husted's ethical decision making in nursing in the care of the adult with CHD. Additionally, application of Husted and Husted's theory will be explored with a critical care case study.
Adult↗
Applying Decision-Making Approaches to Health Risk-Taking Behaviors: Progress and Remaining Challenges.
This paper critically examines how risk-taking behaviors can be modeled from a decision-making perspective. We first review several applications of a decision perspective to the study of risk-taking behaviors, including studies that investigate consequence generation and the components of the overall utility (i.e., consequence, desirability, and likelihood) of risk-taking and studies that investigate the validity of two decision-oriented models (subjective expected utility and the theory of reasoned action) in predicting risk-taking behaviors. We then discuss challenges in modeling risk-taking behaviors from a decision-making perspective. These challenges include (i) finding the factors that are necessary to improve the predictability of models, (ii) difficulties in eliciting the individual components of overall utility, and (iii) incorporating overall utility changes over time. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
Journal Article↗
Density functional theory study of the properties of N-H...N, non-cooperativities, and intermolecular interactions in linear trans-diazene clusters up to ten molecules.
We investigate aspects of N-H...N hydrogen bonding in the linear trans-diazene clusters (n=2-10) such as the N...H and N-H lengths, n(N) --> sigma(N-H) interactions, N...H strengths, and frequencies of the N-H stretching vibrations utilizing the DFT/B3LYP theory, the natural bond orbital (NBO) method, and the theory of atoms in molecules (AIM). Our calculations indicate that the structure and energetics are qualitatively different from the conventional H-bonded systems, which usually exhibit distinct cooperative effects, as cluster size increases. First, a shortening rather than lengthening of the N-H bond is found and thus a blue rather than red shift is predicted. Second, for the title clusters, any sizable cooperative changes in the N-H and N...H lengths, n(N) --> sigma(N-H) charge transfers, N...H strengths, and frequencies of the N-H stretching vibrations for the linear H-bonded trans-diazene clusters do not exist. Because the n(N) --> sigma(N-H) interaction hardly exhibits cooperative effects, the capability of the linear trans-diazene cluster to localize electrons at the N...H bond critical point is almost independent of cluster size and thereby leads to the noncooperative changes in the N...H lengths and strengths and the N-H stretching frequencies. Third, the dispersion energy is sizable and important; more than 30% of short-range dispersion energy not being reproduced by the DFT leads to the underestimation of the interaction energies by DFT/B3LYP. The calculated nonadditive interaction energies show that, unlike the conventional H-boned systems, the trans-diazene clusters indeed exhibit very weak nonadditive interactions.
Algorithms↗
Decision-making in palliative care: a reflective case study.
Critical examination of the processes by which we as nurses judge and reach clinical decisions is important. It facilitates the maintenance and refinement of good standards of nursing care and the pinpointing of areas where improvement is needed. In turn this potentially could support broader validation of nurse expertise and contribute to emancipation of the nursing profession. As pure theory, clinical decision-making may appear abstract and alien to nurses struggling in 'the swampy lowlands' (Schon 1983) of the realities of practice. This paper explores some of the key concepts in decision-making theory by introducing, then integrating, them in a reflective case study. The case study, which examines a 'snapshot' of the patient and practitioner's journey, interwoven with theory surrounding clinical decision-making, may aid understanding and utility of concepts and theories in practice.
Abdominal Neoplasms↗
Using the theory of reasoned action to predict organizational misbehavior.
A review of literature on organizational behavior and management on predicting work behavior indicated that most reported studies emphasize positive work outcomes, e.g., attachment, performance, and satisfaction, while job related misbehaviors have received relatively less systematic research attention. Yet, forms of employee misconduct in organizations are pervasive and quite costly for both individuals and organizations. We selected two conceptual frameworks for the present investigation: Vardi and Wiener's model of organizational misbehavior and Fishbein and Ajzen's Theory of Reasoned Action. The latter views individual behavior as intentional, a function of rationally based attitudes toward the behavior, and internalized normative pressures concerning such behavior. The former model posits that different (normative and instrumental) internal forces lead to the intention to engage in job-related misbehavior. In this paper we report a scenario based quasi-experimental study especially designed to test the utility of the Theory of Reasoned Action in predicting employee intentions to engage in self-benefitting (Type S), organization-benefitting (Type O, or damaging (Type D) organizational misbehavior. Results support the Theory of Reasoned Action in predicting negative workplace behaviors. Both attitude and subjective norm are useful in explaining organizational misbehavior. We discuss some theoretical and methodological implications for the study of misbehavior intentions in organizations.
Adult↗
Predicting intentions to use condoms among African-American adolescents: the theory of planned behavior as a model of HIV risk-associated behavior.
The relation of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control to intentions to use condoms was examined among 179 adolescents who completed a confidential self-administered questionnaire prior to participating in a minority youth health conference. Approximately 72% of the adolescents were African Americans. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that attitudes and subjective norms predicted intentions to use condoms and that, consistent with the theory of planned behavior, perceived behavioral control added a significant increment to the squared multiple correlation. Although adolescents' perceptions of their friends' approval of condom use was unrelated to their condom-use intentions, adolescents' behavioral beliefs about the effects of condoms on sexual enjoyment, normative beliefs regarding partners' and mothers' approval, and control beliefs regarding technical skill at using condoms were associated with such intentions. These results suggest the utility of the theory of planned behavior as a model of condom use among adolescents. Implications for HIV risk-reduction interventions are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Partnership caring: a theory of high blood pressure control in Iranian hypertensives.
This study uses grounded theory methodology to generate a substantive theory that describes and explains the problem of high blood pressure control among Iranian patients. High blood pressure control is a major world health problem on which many studies have been carried out. Most of these studies have been done by quantitative research methods. The main purpose of this qualitative research was to determine the essential structure of high blood pressure control in an Iranian hypertensive population and to identify a theoretical explanation for this problem. Four interrelated concepts: 'non-compliance', 'lack of knowledge', 'lack of effective caring relationship', and 'necessity of partnership' were identified. Based on these processes, a partnership care theory was developed that provides an appropriate context for the active participation of patients, nurses and physicians in the control of hypertensive disease. This theory can be utilized in the control of hypertension as well as other chronic diseases.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
A look at the possible mechanism and potential of magneto therapy.
A testable theoretical model for the mechanism of magneto-therapy is presented. The theory delineated is the equation mc2 = Bvl coulomb which sets in dual resonance gravitational and electromagnetic potentials. This proposed unification of Einstein's gravity and Maxwell's electromagnetism is designated Jacobson's resonance and is a general expression of Zeeman and cyclotron resonance. The application of this theory involves the utilization of exogenously sourced very weak magnetic fields on the order of magnitude 10(-8) gauss to reorient the atomic crystal lattice structures of genomic magnetic domains. Examples of genomic magnetic domains are homeoboxes and oncogenes and associated structures like peptide hormone trophic factors. Various phenomena are also analyzed in terms of how they may relate to biological systems such as solitons, phonons, cyclotron resonance, the piezoelectric effect, the fractional quantum Hall effect, string theory, and biologically closed electric circuits. The potential of magneto-therapy in the treatment of various genomic and associated disorders is explored. The ultimate question "Can an oncogene be electromagnetically induced into becoming a structurally homologous normal gene?" is posed.
Biophysical Phenomena↗
Signal detection methods for measurement of utility in animals.
Analytic methods of signal detection theory were employed to assess the utility of reinforcers. Four pigeons were trained to detect the presence or absence of a stimulus by pecking one of two side keys in a trial-by-trial choice paradigm. The relative rate of positive reinforcement for correct choices was varied to offset the biasing effects of electric shock for incorrect right side-key choices. The effects of relative rate of reinforcement on bias were similar at all shock intensities even though the subjects' sensitivity changed during the course of the experiment. The relative rate of reinforcement required to produce equal bias was calculated and plotted against shock intensity to generate utility functions. The relative rate of reinforcement necessary to offset the bias induced by shock was an increasing function of shock intensity.
Journal Article↗
FASTA-SWAP and FASTA-PAT: pattern database searches using combinations of aligned amino acids, and a novel scoring theory.
We introduce two new pattern database search tools that utilize statistical significance and information theory to improve protein function identification. Both the general pattern scoring theory with the specific matrices introduced here and the low redundancy of pattern databases increase search sensitivity and selectivity. Pattern scoring preferentially rewards matches at conserved positions in a pattern with higher scores than matches at variable positions, and assigns more negative scores to mismatches at conserved positions than to mismatches at variable positions. The theory of pattern scoring can be used to create log-odds pattern scores for patterns derived from any set of multiple alignments. This theoretical framework can be used to adapt existing sequence database search tools to pattern analysis. Our FASTA-SWAP and FASTA-PAT tools are extensions of the FASTA program that search a sequence query against a pattern database. In the first step, FASTA-SWAP searches the diagonals of the query sequence and the library pattern for high-scoring segments, while FASTA-PAT performs an extended version of hashing. In the second step, both methods refine the alignments and the scores using dynamic programming. The tools utilize an extremely compact binary representation of all possible combinations of amino acid residues in aligned positions. Our FASTA-SWAP and FASTA-PAT tools are well suited for functional identification of distant relatives that may be missed by sequence database search methods. FASTA-SWAP and FASTA-PAT searches can be performed using our World-Wide Web Server (http://dot.imgen.bcm.tmc.edu:9331/seq-search/Op tions/fastapat.html).
Algorithms↗
Performance asymptotes in schizophrenia: a further test of the Broen-Storms theory.
Broen and Storms have developed a theory that attributes schizophrenic cognitive deficit to the combination of high drive levels and low response strength ceiling. The authors tested four hypotheses drawn from the theory in a multiple-choice paired associates learning study (N = 90). The hypotheses were that schizophrenics would demonstrate faster acquisition of reinforced (dominant) responses, lower peak performances, and greater declines in post-peak performance than would two comparison groups. They also hypothesized that all three groups would manifest declines in number of dominant responses after peak performance levels were reached. None of the hypotheses was supported. These results, and the majority of the earlier research on the Broen-Storms hypothesis, cast doubt on the utility of the theory.
Achievement↗
Exploring discontinuity patterns in the transtheoretical model: An application of the theory of planned behaviour.
OBJECTIVES: The principal objective of the present paper was to investigate the utility of an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) for discriminating between stages of the transtheoretical model (TTM). DESIGN: Congruent with Sutton (2000) a cross-sectional design was employed. The study (N = 331) investigated the TPB and TTM in the domain of health-related food choice. METHOD: The study utilized a questionnaire methodology. The data were analysed using analyses of variance and polynomial contrast analyses. RESULTS: Results showed a significant linear trend for all TPB variables across TTM stages, although there were significant quadratic relationships between TTM stage and both subjective norm and behavioural intention. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that TTM stage might best be regarded as a proxy measure of behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides evidence to support the utility of the TPB but casts doubt on the TTM. Further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions targeted at individuals in certain stages with variables informed by the TPB, and to extend the present findings beyond the domain of health-related food choice.
Journal Article↗
What brings about change in psychoanalytic treatment?
The development of two general points of view regarding what brings about change in psychoanalytic treatment is traced in this article. One set of conceptions emphasizes interpretation, especially of the transference, and historical or narrative reconstruction. The other set emphasizes the experiential and transactional aspects of a new and better human relationship. Various current versions of this difference in emphasis are discussed. Future investigation is needed to distinguish the role of correction of expectations generated out of actual infantile experiences through the new relationship to the analyst, from the role of interpretation of early fantasy activity and reconstruction of how this was generated and congealed in the patient's childhood. The danger of avoiding the analysis of core infantile fantasy activity and its effect on the patient's current perception, thinking, and behavior, by a premature termination of the treatment when the relationships of the patient seem to be more successful, mature, and realistic, is stressed. One must be careful not to utilize self psychology or object relations theory beyond foundational repair in psychoanalytic therapy without considering the consequences. One must ask oneself always if one is utilizing such theories and practices and the interpretations based on them defensively, in a collusion to avoid facing the patient's core unique childhood oedipal and preoedipal fantasy activity and the reverberations of it in the analyst's core fantasy activity. Continuing self-analysis is required in each and every treatment process, which is why the analyst also learns and matures from every case. The openness of the analyst permits insight through interpretation, meliorative noninterpretive aspects of the new object relationship or experience, regression due to the analyst's reliability which gives the opportunity to undo developmental arrests through the analysis of core fantasies, a symbolic holding environment, and the collaborative creation of a narrative, all of which are known to have therapeutic effects and work together to produce change in psychoanalytic treatment.
Fantasy↗
Parental role strains, salience of parental identity and gender differences in psychological distress.
Although past research indicates that women's higher levels of psychological distress can be accounted for by their greater exposure and vulnerability to role-related stress, the social psychological factors contributing to female vulnerability have not been fully identified. This paper applies identity theory to the phenomenon of gender differences in distress among parents. From an identity perspective, I propose that salience of the parental identity in women's self-conceptions contributes to their vulnerability to parental role strains. Using 1988 survey data from a stratified random sample of married and divorced Indianapolis residents (N = 448), I find that gender differences in distress are explained by differences in exposure to parental role strains. Further analyses reveal, however, that salience of the parental identity contributes to both men's and women's vulnerability to parental role strains. These findings underscore the utility of identity theory for explaining psychological distress among women and men.
Adult↗
The rules and frames of the psychoanalytic situation.
Classical psychoanalytic theory and technique are still coherent, flexible, viable, and developing. But there is a need to develop an interactional theory which would be compatible with intrapsychic theory. One approach, utilizing a relativistic view of social realities, is "frame analysis," the study of the rules (which operate primarily outside of awareness) delimiting and governing specific social interactions. Applied to the analytic situation, it is a useful way to analyze the transactions. A clinical vignette is presented for purposes of illustration.
Adult↗