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PubMed2003

Influence on dimensional accuracy of volume of wash material introduced into pre-spaced putty/wash impressions.

This study compared the accuracy of stone models obtained from two-stage, pre-spaced putty/wash impressions under conditions in which known volumes of wash material were introduced during the second stage of the impression: Group I, a quantity of wash material corresponding to the space provided; Group II, double the quantity of wash material as the space provided; Group III, double the quantity of wash material, but with V-shaped vents in the putty for escape of excess material. Percentage deviations of the vertical dimensions of stone dies with respect to the master model were significantly different between Groups I and II (the latter being shorter) (p < 0.05). For horizontal dimensions, differences were less consistent, although the deviations for Groups I and II and Groups II and III, with respect to the master model, were significantly different from each other for two of the three dimensions measured (Group II inter-abutment distances were generally larger) (p < 0001 and p < 0.05, respectively). It is concluded that putty recoil, resulting from compression by excess wash material, plays a significant role in the undersizing of working dies, although the level of clinical relevance is less clear.

Dental Impression Materials↗

PubMed2003

[Microbiological quality and effect of washing and disinfection of pre-cut Chilean vegetables].

Actually it is possible to find a great offer of pre-cut vegetables in the Chilean market. These products present certain advantages, such as saving time in their preparation at home. The microbiological quality of some of these vegetables, pre-cut celery and pre-cut cabbage was assayed. Two different types of the products were studied. The traditional pre-cut vegetable and another one, which is also pre-cut but it is labeled as "ready-to-eat" (minimally processed). The last one could be consumed without previous washing or disinfecting. The assayed microbiological parameters were: total plate count, Enterobacteriaceae count, total coliforms and fecal coliforms most probable number, investigation of Escherichia coli and absence or presence of Salmonella. The effect of washing and washing and disinfecting on the natural microflora was also carried out. A disinfectant product for home use was obtained from the market. When comparing the obtained results for the two vegetables from both types, a high level of total plate count, Enterobacteriaceae count and total coliforms most probable number was observed. Fecal coliforms were detected only in samples of the traditional type in both vegetables. In each case E. coli was identified. No samples showed presence of Salmonella. Washing and washing and disinfecting effect was low. The maximum reduction of the present microflora of both vegetables was only up to 2 logarithm cycles.

Apium↗

PubMed1992

Are Papanicolaou smears enough? Acetic acid washes of the cervix as adjunctive therapy: a HARNET study. Harrisburg Area Research Network.

BACKGROUND: The Papanicolaou smear has a false-negative rate ranging from 10% to 50%. Adjunctive screening methods for detecting cervical disease are thus of interest. We studied an adjunctive acetic acid wash of the cervix to detect additional cases of cervical disease not found by the Papanicolaou smear. METHODS: All women attending six family practice offices for health maintenance during the period August 1989 through April 1990 were examined (N = 2827). Papanicolaou smears were obtained using a Cytobrush and wooden spatula. Each subject's cervix was also visually examined 1 minute after application of 5% acetic acid. Women with abnormal Papanicolaou smear results or abnormal acetowhite areas on visual inspection of the cervix underwent colposcopy. RESULTS: Ninety-three cases of biopsy-proven condyloma or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were found on the basis of abnormal Papanicolaou smear results alone, 33 on the basis of abnormal acetic acid wash results alone, and 14 on the basis of abnormal results from both a Papanicolaou smear and an acetic acid wash. The prevalence of CIN was 3%. The overall positive predictive value for abnormal results obtained by acetic acid wash was .55 (95% CI = .43 to .63). CONCLUSIONS: Using a 1-minute 5% acetic acid wash improves the detection of cervical disease by 30%. Consideration should be given to augmenting the Papanicolaou smear with this safe, simple, and effective technique on premenopausal women during regular health maintenance examinations.

Acetates↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparison of antibacterial effects of different antiseptics after hand washing].

The aim of this study was to compare 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, 7.5% povidone iodine and liquid soap, which are used as hand washing solutions for the immediate, cumulative and residual effects in bacterial growth. For this purpose, 18 volunteers washed their hands with 7.5% povidone iodine, 4% chlorhexidine gluconate and liquid soap by applying standard hygienic hand washing technique. In order to find out the bacterial amount in the hands of study group, glove liquid test was used. For the evaluation of immediate effects, samples were collected just after the washing procedure, for the residual effects samples were collected from gloved hands after 3 hours, and for the cumulative effects, samples were collected after 5 days with daily hand washings. It is found that the immediate effects of 4% chlorhexidine gluconate was superior than others, and 7.5% povidone iodine was superior to liquid soap. There was no difference between 4% chlorhexidine gluconate and 7.5% povidone iodine for residual effects. The cumulative effects were observed for 4% chlorhexidine gluconate and 7.5% povidone iodine, while there was no cumulative effect for liquid soap. According to these results, it can be suggested that 4% chlorhexidine gluconate can be used as a reliable antiseptic agent in the hospitals, especially for laboratories, intensive care units and operating rooms, owing to its favourable immediate, residual and cumulative effects.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed1992

Two-dimensional electrophoretic analyses of cod (Gadus morhua, L.) whole muscle proteins, water-soluble fraction and surimi. Effect of the addition of CaCl2 and MgCl2 during the washing procedure.

Samples from pre- and post-rigor cod mince, surimi (a concentrate of fish myofibrillar proteins obtained after washing and dewatering the fish mince) and water from the first wash in the surimi manufacture, processed with and without the addition of 7.5 mM CaCl2 and 15 mM MgCl2, were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The results showed that the main myofibrillar proteins, including myosin, actin and tropomyosin, remained in the surimi. Several other proteins were selectively removed during the washing procedure. Some additional major spots were detected in the two-dimensional gels containing samples of the wash water and surimi processed with the addition of Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts. These spots were either absent or present in minor amounts in the samples of post-rigor cod mince, wash water and surimi processed without Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts and in all the pre-rigor samples. This induced us to suggest that the new additional spots may constitute fragments of proteins originated by increased proteolytic activity during the surimi manufacture upon the addition of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts. Two-dimensional electrophoresis has proved to be a valuable tool to quickly and easily assess the effect of different processing conditions on the protein content of the products.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Filter elution assays for DNA damage: practical and mechanistic significance of the DNA in the filter support wash.

The alkaline and neutral (or nondenaturing) filter elution assays are popular methods for the measurement of DNA strand breakage and its repair in eukaryotic cells. In both alkaline and neutral elution, it is recommended practice to wash the filter support after removal of the filter and to analyze the DNA recovered by this procedure together with that remaining on the filter as uneluted DNA, although it is not obvious why the DNA in the filter support wash should be so interpreted. We have observed that the sum of the DNA on the filter and that recovered in the filter support wash is approximately constant when the pH of the alkaline filter elution assay for total strand breaks is increased from 12.1 to 12.6, whereas the fraction on the filter itself is markedly smaller at the higher pH. This behavior characterized DNA elution from undamaged cells, as well as from cells treated with various DNA-damaging agents. These findings are consistent with the "tug-of-war" mechanism that has been proposed for alkaline elution, but are inconsistent with the simplest mechanism of the "sieve" class. In the neutral filter elution assay for double-strand breaks, by contrast, the distribution of DNA between the filter and the filter support wash is pH-independent. This suggests that single- and double-stranded DNA segments traverse a filter by different physical mechanisms. Our observations underscore the importance of carrying out the filter support wash and the analysis of the DNA it contains as uneluted DNA in alkaline elution, while indicating that a different analysis of this DNA might be appropriate for neutral elution.

DNA Damage↗

PubMed1991

[Dynamics of the cytologic and bacterioscopic changes in bronchoalveolar washings in acute focal pneumonia].

The authors analyze cytologic and bacterioscopic changes in bronchoalveolar washings in 37 patients with acute focal pneumonia on days 4 through 44 of the disease. Bronchoalveolar washings obtained from 11 subjects without pulmonary conditions were examined for control. Immunofluorescent examination of brush biopsy specimens of the bronchial epithelium from 4 patients, taken at the peak of pneumonia, has revealed respiratory viruses antigens. The highest numbers of free bacterial colonies and intracellular bacteria were detectable also at the peak of pneumonia. In contrast to reference specimens, patients' bronchoalveolar washings were characterized by elevated absolute counts of the neutrophils, bronchoepitheliocytes, and destroyed cells during the peak and regress of the disease. During convalescence these cell counts were essentially reducing though persisting significantly elevated as against the control. Absolute counts of alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar washings were virtually unchanged over the course of the disease. The authors claim that the cytologic and bacterioscopic characteristics of bronchoalveolar washings objectively and fully reflect the activity of the inflammatory reaction in the lungs.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Peritoneal washing cytology at second-look laparotomy in cisplatin-treated ovarian cancer patients.

The use of peritoneal washing cytology during second-look laparotomy in 58 cisplatin-treated ovarian cancer patients was evaluated. Washing was performed for the 41 patients who showed no gross evidence of persistent disease. Peritoneal washing cytology was positive in 8 of 18 cases with histologically identified residual disease and in 4 of 23 cases without residual disease. However, three of the four cytologically positive patients without other evidence of disease later died of recurrences. The five-year survival rate of the 23 patients who showed no residual carcinomas macroscopically was 60.9%; when their washing cytologies were negative, there was a 73.7% five-year survival rate. These findings indicate that, despite its limitations, a peritoneal washing cytology at the time of second-look laparotomy is important to assess the response to treatment and to evaluate the prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer.

Cisplatin↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The sensitivity of detection of asbestos bodies in sputa and bronchial washings.

While asbestos bodies (ABs) in sputum and/or bronchial washings are highly specific markers for significant asbestos exposure, comparison of the sensitivity between sputum cytology and bronchial washing cytology for the detection of ABs had not been documented. Review of the files of the Cytopathology Laboratory, Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, for the period 1973 to 1984 identified 11 patients with slides available for review who (1) had been examined by both sputum cytology and bronchial washing cytology and (2) had at least one specimen positive for ABs. Of the 11 evaluable cases, all had ABs in the bronchial washings but ony 6 had ABs in the sputum. In addition, iron stain (e.g., the Prussian blue stain) was found to be more sensitive than the Papanicolaou stain for the detection of ABs in these cases. These findings indicate that iron-stained bronchial washing specimens should be preferred for the cytologic detection of asbestos exposure.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Optimal system of operating the MPU-D-02 machine for washing and disinfection of nursing care equipment].

The authors review different designs of the nozzles for washing assemblies and the possibilities of their use in a washing machine during the washing of bedpans, child pots and urinals. Define optimal variants of the nozzles and their distribution relative to a bedpan and a urinal. Delineate the effect of tap water pressure and temperature on the quality of contamination wash-out from medical appliances as well as tap water consumption required for different designs of the nozzles at varying water pressures and temperatures. Provide the technical characteristics and describe the mode of operation of the machine for washing and disinfection of nursing appliances.

Disinfection↗

PubMed1989

Efficient continuous flow washing of red blood cells for exogenous agent loading using a hollow fiber plasma separator.

Red blood cells (RBCs) are naturally occurring and biodegradable and are therefore ideal in vivo exogeneous agent (EA) carriers. Before being loaded with the EAs, the RBCs are washed, a process that normally involves repeated centrifugation with an iso-osmotic solution. Washing the RBCs can be achieved more efficiently and rapidly using a capillary hollow fiber plasma separator until the blood is 99.5% protein free. Here, a separator area of 0.25 m2 was preferentially selected over a 0.5 m2 device because the reduction in RBC washing time associated with the latter was considered insufficient to justify the use of the more costly (0.5 m2) separator. Mathematical modelling of this continuous flow system indicates that washing time is mainly dependent on the volume of blood to be processed and the filtration rate. Using the separator, 300 ml of blood can be washed in less than 15 min.

Buffers↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of adenocarcinoma in peritoneal washings by staining with monoclonal antibody B72.3.

Peritoneal washings are routinely performed in the staging evaluation of carcinomas of the ovary and in "second-look" explorations; major problems in the evaluation of these specimens continue to be the distinction between atypical mesothelium and adenocarcinoma and the identification in an otherwise inflammatory specimen of rare cells of adenocarcinoma, which may be undetected by the most trained individual. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) B72.3, reactive with an oncofetal, tumor-associated glycoprotein (termed TAG-72; MW greater than 1000 kd) expressed in a variety of epithelial malignancies but not generally expressed in benign or malignant mesothelium, was reacted with sections from the paraffin-embedded cell blocks of 185 peritoneal washings from 180 patients with extant cancer or a prior history of malignancy. One hundred four of the washings were initially interpreted as atypical mesothelium, with no evidence of malignancy; when reacted with MAb B72.3, 6 of these specimens demonstrated groups of metastatic adenocarcinoma cells not appreciated by the usual cytologic criteria. Of the 81 washings interpreted as showing cells of adenocarcinoma, 73 demonstrated expression of TAG-72 from both gynecologic and nongynecologic malignancies. In the remaining 49 cases without an associated malignant process, MAb B72.3 did not stain atypical mesothelium, but did react, however, with benign endometrial cells and müllerian inclusions in two cases. MAb B72.3 may be used as a diagnostic adjunct to the routine cytologic evaluation of malignancy in peritoneal washings; reactivity with MAb B72.3 may indicate the need for further evaluation to define the presence of a malignancy or an advanced cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1987

Ventilation and organic solvent exposure during car washing.

Spray finishing operations often involve cleaning with solvents. White spirit is widely used as a solvent in car washes in Finland. The purpose of the present study was to determine the levels of solvent exposure of car washers and to evaluate the effectiveness of ventilation systems in car washing facilities. The study covered 11 car washes. Airborne solvent concentrations were measured both in workers' breathing zones and at stationary sampling sites. The solvent concentration in the breathing zones ranged from 5 to 465 mg/m3 during the washing of automobiles and from 45 to 685 mg/m3 during the washing of heavy vehicles. Brief concentration peaks up to 4,500 mg/m3 were detected. The flow rate of ventilation air ranged from 0.3 to 3.9 m3/s. The greatest reduction in solvent concentration in the workers' breathing zones was attained with a ventilation design where the supply air jets blew directly into the work zone.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed1986

Washing with or without chloramphenicol in the treatment of peritonitis: a prospective, clinical trial.

One hundred one suitable patients with peritonitis of diverse origin were randomized into two groups. In each patient in group 1 (50 patients), the abdomen was washed after the appropriate surgical procedure with normal saline solution, and 2 gm chloramphenicol was introduced before abdominal closure; in each patient in group 2 (51 patients), the abdomen was washed as in group 1, but chloramphenicol was not instilled. All patients were given 1 gm chloramphenicol intramuscularly either preoperatively or intraoperatively and 3 gm daily for 3 days. Chloramphenicol was selected on the basis of its activity against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and its demonstrated stimulating effect on peritoneal macrophages in vitro. All explorations were done through the midline, and the skin and subcutaneous tissues were closed secondarily 3 to 4 days after operation. No drains were used. The two groups were roughly comparable, but results were significantly better for all parameters studied in patients receiving chloramphenicol locally. Blood dyscrasias were not observed. It is suggested that the combination of washing and local antibiotics is superior to washing alone; in addition to its parenteral administration, chloramphenicol is of considerable value if instilled in the area of peritonitis after washing; and besides its bacteriostatic action, chloramphenicol may have a local stimulating effect on peritoneal defenses and may therefore be the drug of choice for local use in generalized peritonitis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Effect of peritoneal washings from women with endometriosis on sperm velocity.

In a prospective study the author measured the "before" and "after" effects of in vitro washing and capacitation on sperm characteristics in 25 normospermic men using a microcomputerized system for semen analysis. Each fresh semen sample was divided into aliquots and assigned to one of four groups: group I--untreated sperm; group II--sperm capacitated with Ham's F-10 medium enriched with 20% decomplemented human serum (HHS); group III--sperm capacitated with HHS to which had been added 10% peritoneal washings in 5% dextrose and lactated Ringer's injection obtained from women of proven fertility at the time of laparoscopic tubal ligation; and group IV--sperm capacitated with HHS to which had been added 10% peritoneal washings in D5RL obtained from women with endometriosis (American Fertility Society stages I and II) diagnosed at the time of diagnostic laparoscopy. Semen characteristics, including sperm velocity, percent motility and motility index, in group II were all significantly improved over those in group I. The addition of peritoneal washings to the capacitation medium (group III) did not further improve the indices except for percent motility, which was significantly increased over that in group II (P less than .01). The addition of peritoneal washings from women with proven endometriosis to the capacitation medium, however, had a marked and statistically significant (P less than .0001) detrimental effect. These results suggest that the adverse effect of endometriosis on fertility may be biochemically mediated.

Ascitic Fluid↗

PubMed1987

Comparison of three wash techniques for the removal of microorganisms from semen.

The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three sperm separation techniques for producing samples free of seminal fluid microbes. Each of 11 semen samples were separated by the following techniques: wash, with centrifugation only; swim-up, with undiluted semen layered beneath medium; and wash and swim-up, with centrifuged sperm cells overlain with medium. Microbiology for both aerobic and anaerobic organisms of semen and washes was determined by standard methods. The microbes isolated from semen were similar to those found in previous reports. However, the swim-up technique proved more successful than either the wash or the wash and swim-up methods for the recovery of sterile spermatozoa (ten of 11 versus four of 11, P less than .05). It is recommended that the swim-up technique, with medium supplemented with penicillin and streptomycin, be used when preparing sperm samples for placement into the female reproductive tract.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1985

Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by cytologic examination of bronchial washings.

During the last three years, bronchial washings from patients in whom Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was clinically suspected were cytologically examined. These were predominantly cases of suspected or confirmed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. To determine the effectiveness of cytologic diagnosis by means of a bronchial wash, retrospective analysis of bronchial washings with available simultaneous transbronchial biopsy specimens was carried out in 181 cases. Comparison of the results of both methods revealed an excellent correlation. Pneumocystis carinii was identified in 108 specimens of washes and in 103 specimens of biopsies. Our data indicate that P carinii can be consistently and reliably identified in the smears from bronchial washes, without lung tissue biopsy, thus sparing the patient the latter procedure if contraindications exist.

Biopsy↗

PubMed1985

Effect of washing on motility and acrosome morphology of frozen-thawed goat spermatozoa.

Semen from 4 bucks was collected using an artificial vagina and was pooled and divided into 6 aliquots. Three aliquots were washed twice, 15 minutes each time, with Ringer's solution, and the fluid was removed by centrifugation at 950 X g between washes. All 6 aliquots (3 washed and 3 unwashed) were extended with skim milk-glycerol, lactose-egg yolk-glycerol, or tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane-citric acid-egg yolk-glycerol and were frozen in straws to -196 C. The semen was then thawed and kept at 37 C for 8 hours. Percentage of sperm motility was estimated, and the percentage of normal acrosomes (NA) was determined at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after thawing. The experiment was repeated 7 times. The data indicated a significant positive effect (P = 0.0009) of washing on motility, but no effect (P = 0.5347) of extender. There was also a significantly higher percentage of NA in washed semen (P less than 0.0001). Sperm extended in tris aminomethane-citric acid-egg yolk-glycerol had more NA than those extended in lactose-egg yolk-glycerol. Sperm motility and acrosome morphology were depressed also in the presence of seminal plasma for the milk extender, which did not contain egg yolk. Removal of seminal plasma from goat semen was beneficial in preserving the integrity of the spermatozoa after freezing, regardless of the extender used.

Acrosome↗