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Law No. 99 amending Law No. 49 of 7 April 1947 on working conditions, as amended, 26 December 1987.

This Law includes substantive provisions dealing with occupational health aspects of work by minors and women in Japan. Section 65 lays down, in particular, that an employer must not employ a woman for six weeks (or 10 weeks, in the case of a multiple pregnancy) before childbirth, if she requests leave during this period. An employer must not, except as indicated, employ a woman within a period of eight weeks following childbirth. A woman nursing an infant under one year of age is entitled to two nursing breaks a day, each for a period of at least 30 minutes. Under Section 68, an employer may not require a woman to work if she suffers from dysmenorrhea and requests leave for that reason.

Asia↗

Coping with anger-provoking situations, psychosocial working conditions, and ECG-detected signs of coronary heart disease.

This study explored the association among coping, psychosocial work factors, and signs of coronary heart disease (CHD) among prison staff (777 men, 345 women). Electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings at rest, health examinations, and a questionnaire were used. A high level of covert coping in men and a low level of open coping in women showed the strongest association with signs of CHD. Among several traditional biological and lifestyle risk factors, only age and systolic blood pressure in men and none in the case of women were significantly associated with CHD signs in the final multivariate regression analyses. A coping style of repressed emotions and actions in anger-provoking situations, independent of traditional risk factors, seems to be associated with a prevalence of ECG signs in male and female prison staff.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

[Physiological and hygienic characteristics of working conditions of bus drivers in the Tadzhik SSR].

In warm seasons of the year, the major unfavourable factors in the labour conditions of bus-drivers engaged in local and transrepublican bus routes were heating microclimate, neuropsychic and physical overload, excessive noise levels. The unsatisfactory labour conditions resulted into strain and overstrain of the thermoregulatory function and cardio-vascular system, decreased working capacity and increased fatiguability, as well as in development of nonspecific pathology in the drivers. Improving of the labour conditions should include measures towards optimization of the microclimate and modernization of the cabin's design, rationalization of the labour regimen and improvement of services on the roads.

Automobile Driving↗

[Physiological and hygienic characteristics of working conditions in the copper and nickel-processing industry].

Basing on complex physiological and hygienic studies, the contributors propose an assessment of the work load of those engaged in the major professions in copper and nickel metallurgy. The results of the study revealed a significant functional overstrain in workers, which resulted from manual labour overload, unfavourable microclimate conditions (hot in summer and cold in winter), along with a set of hazardous factors (dusts, toxic gases, etc). A set of health-related measures was proposed.

Adult↗

[Clinical testing of hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions].

Occupational morbidity in railway transport is discussed. The rates of occupational morbidity are compared with that due to temporary working incapacity. There were no direct correlations between the incidence of major nosological entities of occupational diseases, the magnitude and rate of influence of industrial factors, which provides evidence for their further testing and correction.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

Effect of heart work and insulin on the incorporation of [14C]glucose into hexose phosphates, uridine diphosphate glucose and glycogen in the normal and insulin-deficient perfused rat heart under working and non-working conditions.

1. The specific radioactivities of glucose 1-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, UDP-glucose and glycogen, derived from [14C]gluocose, were determined in the normal and insulin-deficient (streptozotocin-diabetic and anti-insulin-serum-treated) perfused non-working and working rat heart. 2. The specific radioactivities of all glucose metabolities reached a plateau after about 10 min, except that for glycogen, which increased slightly but steadily over the whole observation period of 30min. 3. The specific radio-activities of fructose 6-phosphate, UDP-glucose and glycogen were slignificantly lower in the streptozotocin-diabetic heart than in the normal heart. 4. Mechanical work in the normal rat heart increased the specific radioactivities of glucose 1-phosphate, UDP-glucose and glycogen, but had little or no effect on those of gluose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. 5. In the normal heart insulin strongly increased the specific radioactivities of all gluocse metabolites under all conditions tested. The maximum values achieved in the normal working heart in the presence of insulin were only about 15-20% above those in the normal non-working heart in the presence of insulin for the phosphorylated intermediates and about 40% above for glycogen. 6. In the streptozotocin-diabetic heart, work restored the specific radioactivities of all glucose metabolities to about normal values. 7. In the streptozotocin-diabetic heart insulin strongly increased the specific radioactivities of the direct glycogen precursors glucose 1-phosphate and UDP-glucose; the effect of insulin on glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate was less marked. These results confirm previous findings that the primary metabolic lesion in diabetic heart muscle is a defect of glycogen synthesis. The specific radioactivity of glycogen itself was increased sixfold. 8. Under all conditions tested the specific radioactivity of glucose 1-phosphate was always found to be higher than that of glucose 6-phosphate. This indicated either compartmentation of a small but metabolically very active pool of glucose 6-phosphate, or the existence of a hitherto unknown pathway of metabolism in which glucose 1-phosphate is the primary reaction product. For a number of reasons the authors prefer the first explanation, which could also account for the observation that in the perfused normal working and non-working heart the specific radioactivity of fructose 6-phosphate was always found to be higher than that of glucose 6-phosphate. This difference disappeared or was reversed in the rat hearts rendered insulin-insufficent by either streptozotocin or anti-insulin treatment.

Animals↗

[Questionnaire survey of the actual working conditions of care-managers].

In order to clarify the present status of care-managers, a questionnaire was sent to 1,714 care-managers working in Kanagawa Prefecture in June 2002. The aspects Investigated included their background, amount of care-management and degree of achievement, conditions of employment, opinion poll and training system. The response rate was 45.6% (782 out of 1,714). Concerning the total number of users in care at present, 37% of care-managers had less than 30 people, 24% from 31 to 50 and, surprisingly, 39% had more than 51 people. However, 42% answered that less than 30 was an appropriate number of users, 52% said 31 to 50 and only 6% answered that more than 51 people was an appropriate number. The conferences of users service representative were held only 8%. Concerning the burden of care-management, 87% of them answered the evaluation of every month and 86% did the conferences of users service representative. The cases requiring much time for the support, had problems not only the users but also in the household, who lacked the understanding and judgment for long-term care insurance. Most care-managers needed information on the available services and newly open care-service institutions. 27% of care-managers satisfied their care-management, 25% dissatisfied and the remainder were neither off nor on. The satisfaction to the care-management correlated well with the intelligibility of the management leader, motivation regarding care-management and the degree of satisfaction with their income. It is concluded that the number of users per care-manager is too large, and that unfortunately it might further increase in the future. The conferences of users service representative were extremely held too low. It is also showed that information of the other service office and informal service with the exception of long-term care insurance are required.

Caregivers↗

[Questionnaire survey of the actual working conditions of care-managers].

In order to clarify the present status of care-managers, a questionnaire was sent to 1,714 care-managers working in Kanagawa Prefecture in June 2002. The aspects investigated included their background, amount of care-management and degree of achievement, conditions of employment, opinion poll and training system. The response rate was 45.6% (782 out of 1,714). Concerning the total number of users in care at present, 37% of care-managers had less than 30 people, 24% from 31 to 50 and, surprisingly, 39% had more than 51 people. However, 42% answered that less than 30 was an appropriate number of users, 52% said 31 to 50 and only 6% answered that more than 51 people was an appropriate number. The conferences of users service representative were held only 8%. Concerning the burden of care-management, 87% of them answered the evaluation of every month and 86% did the conferences of users service representative. The cases requiring much time for the support, had problems not only the users but also in the household, who lacked the understanding and judgment for long-term care insurance. Most care-managers needed information on the available services and newly open care-service institutions. 27% of care-managers satisfied their care-management, 25% dissatisfied and the remainder were neither off nor on. The satisfaction to the care-management correlated well with the intelligibility of the management leader, motivation regarding care management and the degree of satisfaction with their income. It is concluded that the number of users per care-manager is too large, and that unfortunately it might further increase in the future. The conferences of users service representative were extremely held too low. It is also showed that information of the other service office and informal service with the exception of long-term care insurance are required.

Aged↗