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PubMedDate not supplied

Poisoning : pattern and profile of admitted cases in a hospital in central Nepal.

An analysis of all poisoning cases admitted in medical and pediatric wards of Patan Hospital for one year (1st Jan to 31st Dec 2004) was carried out. A total of 154 cases were admitted which was 0.8% of total hospital admissions. Females outnumbered males and almost two-thirds patients were young adults (15-34 years). Seasonal variation in poisoning was observed with more cases in the summer months. Organophosphorus compounds (42%), drugs (25%), and zinc phosphide (6.5%) were common poisonings in total and in adult populations, whereas kerosene was the most frequent poisoning in pediatric age group. Paracetamol, benzodiazepines, and tricyclic antidepressants were the most frequently used drugs. The circumstances of poisoning were intentional (75%) and accidental (20%); most of the childhood poisonings were accidental in nature. The mean hospital stay for all type of poisoning was 7.5 days; whereas it was 10.2 days for organophosphorus, 2.5 days for paracetamol, and 1.5 days each for zinc phosphide and kerosene ingestion. Intensive care unit (ICU) service was required in 17% of patients; and almost 25% developed complications. Aspiration pneumonia and respiratory failure were the most frequently observed complications. Ninety four percent of admitted patients recovered completely; leaving a mortality rate of 5%.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1993

Interaction of metals in nickel-sensitive patients.

Nickel (Ni) dermatitis is thought to involve the formation of complexes between Ni ions and suitable proteins. 4 groups of 30 subjects who gave positive patch test responses to NiSO4 2.9% aq. were each retested to 1 of 4 different solutions containing equimolar (0.1 M) amounts of NiSO4 plus MgSO4, NiSO4 plus CuSO4, NiSO4 plus ZnSO4, and NiSO4 plus Li2SO4, respectively. The results, evaluated at 2 days by visual scoring only, demonstrated that the 4 metals exerted a different influence on the nickel reactions, perhaps interfering with one or more factors affecting the formation of Ni+ + complexes.

Copper↗
PubMed1994

Quinacrine and copper, compounds with anticonceptive and antineoplastic activity.

Changes in the evolution of a malignant transplantable tumor in mice to whom quinacrine, copper and zinc were supplied in drinking water are reported. Male AJ mice were inoculated in the right thigh with 1,000,000 TA3 or TA3 MTXR tumoral cells. Three experiments were designed with different types of tumors and different schedules of quinacrine and cations administered in drinking water. The animals that received quinacrine or quinacrine plus copper in drinking water had significantly smaller tumors, and some groups had a high rate of complete tumor regression (up to 60%). Quinacrine and copper have synergistic antineoplastic activity. Zinc salts do not improve the antitumoral effect of quinacrine. The relevant fact of this experiment lies in the fact that a large number of women using IUDs with copper could occasionally be treated with quinacrine.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Selenium redox biochemistry of zinc-sulfur coordination sites in proteins and enzymes.

Selenium has been increasingly recognized as an essential element in biology and medicine. Its biochemistry resembles that of sulfur, yet differs from it by virtue of both redox potentials and stabilities of its oxidation states. Selenium can substitute for the more ubiquitous sulfur of cysteine and as such plays an important role in more than a dozen selenoproteins. We have chosen to examine zinc-sulfur centers as possible targets of selenium redox biochemistry. Selenium compounds release zinc from zinc/thiolate-coordination environments, thereby affecting the cellular thiol redox state and the distribution of zinc and likely of other metal ions. Aromatic selenium compounds are excellent spectroscopic probes of the otherwise relatively unstable functional selenium groups. Zinc-coordinated thiolates, e.g., metallothionein (MT), and uncoordinated thiolates, e.g., glutathione, react with benzeneseleninic acid (oxidation state +2), benzeneselenenyl chloride (oxidation state 0) and selenocystamine (oxidation state -1). Benzeneseleninic acid and benzeneselenenyl chloride react very rapidly with MT and titrate substoichiometrically and with a 1:1 stoichiometry, respectively. Selenium compounds also catalyze the release of zinc from MT in peroxidation and thiol/disulfide-interchange reactions. The selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase catalytically oxidizes MT and releases zinc in the presence of t-butyl hydroperoxide, suggesting that this type of redox chemistry may be employed in biology for the control of metal metabolism. Moreover, selenium compounds are likely targets for zinc/thiolate coordination centers in vivo, because the reactions are only partially suppressed by excess glutathione. This specificity and the potential to undergo catalytic reactions at low concentrations suggests that zinc release is a significant aspect of the therapeutic antioxidant actions of selenium compounds in antiinflammatory and anticarcinogenic agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Zinc and mechanical prowess in the jaws of Nereis, a marine worm.

Higher animals typically rely on calcification to harden certain tissues such as bones and teeth. Some notable exceptions can be found in invertebrates: The fangs, teeth, and mandibles of diverse arthropod species have been reported to contain high levels of zinc. Considerable quantities of zinc also occur in the jaws of the marine polychaete worm Nereis sp. High copper levels in the polychaete worm Glycera dibranchiata recently were attributed to a copper-based biomineral reinforcing the jaws. In the present article, we attempt to unravel the role of zinc in Nereis limbata jaws, using a combination of position-resolved state-of-the-art techniques. It is shown that the local hardness and stiffness of the jaws correlate with the local zinc concentration, pointing toward a structural role for zinc. Zinc always is detected in tight correlation with chlorine, suggesting the presence of a zinc-chlorine compound. No crystalline inorganic phase was found, however, and results from x-ray absorption spectroscopy further exclude the presence of simple inorganic zinc-chlorine compounds in amorphous form. The correlation of local histidine levels in the protein matrix and zinc concentration leads us to hypothesize a direct coordination of zinc and chlorine to the protein. A comparison of the role of the transition metals zinc and copper in the jaws of two polychaete worm species Nereis and Glycera, respectively, is presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The influence of chemical form of zinc on the effects of toxic intraruminal doses of zinc to sheep.

The EDTA, sulphate and oxide compounds of zinc were administered to sheep as a single intraruminal dose (480, 240 or 120 mg Zn per kg body weight) or as thrice-weekly doses (240 mg Zn per kg body weight per dose) for 4 weeks. In the single-dose experiment, serum zinc concentrations rose most rapidly, were highest and fell most rapidly in those animals receiving zinc EDTA. In the sheep receiving the sulphate, serum zinc concentrations were high and stayed high for 2 or 3 days. Zinc oxide caused slight, but prolonged, elevation of serum zinc. High concentrations of zinc were present in urine after administration of zinc EDTA. In the multiple-dose experiments, the sheep dosed with zinc sulphate showed progressively higher elevations of serum zinc (first dose, 5-10 micrograms Zn ml-1; day 13, 30-60 micrograms Zn ml-1) and six of the seven sheep so dosed died before the final dose. At post mortem examination, many of these had lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract and showed evidence of haemolytic crises. Sheep dosed with zinc oxide also had progressively higher peak serum zinc concentrations. In contrast, the peak serum concentrations for the zinc EDTA-dosed sheep declined as the experiment progressed. No deaths occurred in the sheep dosed with zinc oxide or EDTA. Major pancreatic injury occurred in sheep dosed with the sulphate or oxide, but was only mild in the sheep dosed with the zinc EDTA. Diarrhoea was mild and transitory in the EDTA-dosed sheep, but more severe and persistent in those dosed with the sulphate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effects of acrylamide and other sulfhydryl compounds in vivo and in vitro on staining of motor nerve terminals by the zinc iodide-osmium technique.

The zinc iodide-osmium technique blackens motor nerve terminals by selectively staining synaptic vesicles. Intraperitoneal injections of acrylamide (30 mg/kg/day, 5 times each week) cause inhibition of staining by this technique so that approximately one third of the end-plates in rat sternocostalis muscle are unstained after 24 hours, and by 17 days more than 70% are unstained. This is not associated with nerve fiber degeneration. A similar inhibition of staining can also be shown after prior incubation of the sternocostalis muscle in 4 mM acrylamide in oxygenated Ringer's solution. Intraperitoneal injection of the thiol group blocker N-ethylmaleimide also causes marked inhibition of staining of motor end-plates by this method. Dithiothreitol, which prevents the oxidation of thiol groups, will partly prevent the inhibition of staining by both acrylamide and N-ethylmaleimide, when given in vivo.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed2006

Treatment of imported fire ant stings with mitigator sting and bite treatment--a randomized control study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of the commercially available product Mitigator Sting and Bite Treatment in reducing the pain after imported fire ant stings. METHODS: Twenty-four volunteer subjects were exposed to imported fire ant stings on both fore-arms. The subjects received Mitigator paste on 1 arm and calamine lotion on the opposite arm, in a blinded manner, from 90 seconds to 10 minutes after exposure. Subjects recorded pain on a 100-mm visual analog scale 60 seconds, 20 minutes, and 3 days after exposure. A 2-tailed paired t test was used to compare the difference in reduction of pain over time between the Mitigator-treated arms and the calamine-treated arms. RESULTS: At 60 seconds, the mean visual analog scale pain score was 23.9 mm for the Mitigator group and 24.5 mm for the calamine group. At 20 minutes, the mean score was 7.6 mm (delta = 16.3) for the Mitigator group and 12.7 mm (delta = 11.8) for the calamine group. At 3 days, the mean score was 2.4 mm (delta = 21.5) for the Mitigator group and 2.9 mm (delta = 21.6) for the calamine group. There was no significant difference between groups for change in visual analog scale pain score at 60 seconds, 20 minutes (P = .256), or 3 days (P = .64). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in pain relief between calamine and Mitigator for imported fire ant stings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Study on the analysis of zinc 5-aminosalicylate and related compounds by high performance liquid chromatography].

In this paper, the separation and determination conditions of zinc 5-aminosalicylate (ZASA) and related compounds by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) have been studied systematically. The baseline separation was achieved at 20 degrees C on a CLC-ODS column(150 mm x 6.0 mm i.d., 10 microns) within 10 minutes by using 1% (V/V) HAc-MeOH(4:6) as mobile phase at a flow-rate of 1 mL/min. The RSDs of rention time within day and between days were less than 2% and 5% respectively. The injection volume was 20 microL, and relationships between the peak area with 280 nm detection and the analyte concentration were linear within certain ranges. This method was used for determination of ZASA, impurities and thermal decomposition compounds. The results showed that the impurities in the crude ZASA were 5-aminosalicylic acid and salicylic acid. The thermal decomposition compounds in acid medium were 5-aminosalicylic acid, 5-aminophenol and 5-benzeneazosalicylic acid.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed1998

Ebselen, a selenium-containing redox drug, releases zinc from metallothionein.

Selenium compounds oxidize the thiolate ligands in the zinc clusters of metallothionein and release zinc. This chemistry defines new cellular targets for biological forms of selenium and suggests important interactions between zinc and selenium, two biologically essential elements. In the course of delineating the redox chemistry of biological zinc complexes with thiolate ligands, we have found that the non-toxic experimental drug ebselen (2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one) releases zinc from metallothionein. The reaction follows a 1:1 stoichiometry for thiols, is very rapid (t1/2 < 1 min), and proceeds through the opening of the isoselenazol ring and formation of a selenodisulfide with metallothionein. Despite the fast reaction of ebselen with glutathione (t1/2 < 1 s), which proceeds past the stage of the selenodisulfide adduct to the selenol and diselenide derivatives, ebselen reacts with MT even in the presence of glutathione, suggesting that it can also react with MT in vivo. These findings reveal a new mode of action for ebselen and therefore suggest therapeutic applications in zinc-related medical disorders as well as a possible role of biological selenium compounds in zinc metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Catalytic asymmetric mannich-type reactions activated by ZnF2 chiral diamine in aqueous media.

Catalytic asymmetric Mannich-type reactions of an alpha-hydrazono ester with silicon enolates in aqueous media have been developed by using ZnF2 and chiral diamines as catalysts. In these reactions, both Zn2+ and a fluoride anion were necessary to achieve high yields and enantioselectivities, suggesting a double activation mechanism, in which Zn2+ activates the alpha-hydrazono ester and the fluoride anion simultaneously activates the silicon enolate. When chiral diamine ligands bearing methoxy-substituted aromatic rings were employed, the reactions in aqueous THF were markedly accelerated. Furthermore, the use of these diamines facilitated the asymmetric Mannich-type reactions in water without any organic cosolvents. It is noteworthy that either syn or anti adducts were stereospecifically obtained from (E)- or (Z)-silicon enolates, respectively. Interestingly, these reactions proceeded smoothly only in the presence of water. On the basis of several experimental results, it can be concluded that the reaction mechanism is likely to be a fluoride-catalyzed one, in which the ZnF2 chiral diamine complex is regenerated from the Me3SiF formed during the reaction.

Catalysis↗