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Results for “anger expression”

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PubMed2006

Effect of coping on endocrinoimmune functions in different stress situations.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of coping strategies on the endocrine and immune functions in different stress situations. Thirty-eight medical students were enrolled in this study. Cell-mediated immune function was measured using the lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production during the nonexamination period and during the preexamination period. Endocrine functions were assessed by measuring the plasma levels of norepinephrine, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol. The Global Assessment of Recent Stress (GARS) scale, the Stress Response Inventory, the anxiety, depression, and somatization subscales of the Symptom Checklist-90-revised, the Way of Coping-revised, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Anger Expression Scale were used as psychometric measures. The subjects with higher levels of total GARS scores showed significantly higher IL-2 production during the nonexam period than those with lower levels of total GARS scores. During the same period, IL-2 production in the less positive reappraisal group was significantly higher than in the more positive reappraisal group. Lymphocyte proliferation in the group seeking less social support was also significantly higher than in the group seeking more social support. However, no significant association was found between the coping strategies and each of the hormone levels. These results suggest that positive reappraisal and seeking social support can be associated with the alteration of immune function during a chronic stress period. In particular, positive reappraisal is likely to reverse the stress-induced immune responses. This study did not find that neuroendocrine function such as the sympathetic-adrenal medullary axis or the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is playing a mediating role in the relationship between coping and immunity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Patterns of cortisol reactivity to laboratory stress.

Cortisol responses to a laboratory stress protocol were investigated in 82 male firefighters. Saliva samples were collected during an adaptation period beginning between 9 and 10 am, and then at the end of each of six 10-min trials (a mental arithmetic task, an inter-task recovery period, a speech task, and three recovery periods). Individual differences in the mean cortisol response to the stress tasks were characterized by variation in the direction of the response, as well as the size of the response. Neither pre-stress cortisol levels nor responses were correlated with cardiovascular and mood responses. Cortisol levels before stress task presentation were negatively correlated with recent stress severity. Larger mean cortisol responses were associated with lower reports of recent stress exposure, lower negative affect scores, and a coping style characterized less experience of anger, more control over anger expression, and a tendency to screen out threatening information in stressful situations. Thus, increased cortisol activity was associated with less recent stress exposure and a more adaptive behavioral style than for those whose cortisol levels fell or were largely unchanged in response to a laboratory stressor.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Impulsivity in self-mutilative behavior: psychometric and biological findings.

This paper examines impulsivity as a central factor in moderate/superficial self-mutilation such as skin-cutting and burning. A sample of 165 subjects were divided into four groups, namely self-mutilators, patients with any modes of impulsive behavior other than self-mutilation, patients without any impulsive behavior, and normal probands. All were administered the 10th version of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, and the Inventory for the Assessment of Factors of Aggressiveness. They also were interviewed carefully in regards to both impulsive and self-mutilative behavior. A d-fenfluramine challenge test was administered to 36 females and prolactin levels were measured. On the whole results implicate impulsive personality functioning as a major factor in subjects with moderate/superficial self-mutilative behavior whose trait pathology is similar to personality disordered patients with other modes of self-harming impulsive behavior.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Moods in everyday situations: effects of menstrual cycle, work, and personality.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined women's moods on work and off days during different phases of the menstrual cycle. METHOD: Self-reports of the moods angry, happy, sad, stressed, tired, and anxious were obtained on two work and two off days during the luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle in 203 nurses. Individual differences in anger expression, anxiety, and hostility were assessed. RESULTS: Ratings of anxious, stressed, and tired were higher and happy and sad were lower on the workday than the off day. Menstrual cycle phase was associated with mood differences depending on the day (work, off work) and individual differences in personality traits. CONCLUSIONS: The experience of moods in everyday life is affected by overall levels of stress and phase of the menstrual cycle. The findings suggest the need to refine sociopsychobiological and clinical models of mood regulation and of risk for disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Race affects the decline in blood pressure with hospitalization.

Hospitalization routinely lowers blood pressure (BP). This study examined the effects of race and psychologic characteristics on this phenomenon. Data are reported from two separate cohorts of hypertensive and normotensive black and white men and women who were studied following a stay at a clinical research center where sodium intake was held constant. Blacks (N = 88), as compared to whites (N = 77), showed consistently smaller declines in systolic BP (P < .01) following hospitalization (-11.6 mm Hg SBP v -19.5 mm Hg SBP, respectively). A multiple regression model that treated BP as a function of physiologic and psychologic attributes indicated that preadmission BP level, body mass index, stress level, and anger expression were related to the drop in systolic (r2 = 65%) and diastolic (r2 = 45%) BP brought about by hospitalization (P < .0001). In blacks, high environmental stress ratings were unrelated to the change in BP with hospitalization. In contrast, whites with high environmental stress ratings lowered their BP noticeably with hospitalization. Given that the reduction in BP with hospitalization can be similar to that attained with pharmacologic therapy, these findings may have a bearing on studies examining BP in the hospital.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Evaluation of a peaceful conflict resolution and violence prevention curriculum for sixth-grade students.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a Social Cognitive Theory-based violence prevention curriculum among sixth-grade students. METHODS: The evaluation was conducted using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design. Students were pretested 2 weeks before the intervention started and were posttested 2 weeks after it ended. The study was conducted in four middle schools serving children and adolescents living in or around public housing in a southeastern city. The participants included all sixth-grade students who were predominantly African-American (88.7%), 41% lived in public housing, and 80% lived in homes with an employed head of household. The intervention schools had 292 students, and the control schools 412 students. The Peaceful Conflict Resolution and Violence Prevention Curriculum is a 13-module skills-building curriculum based on Social Cognitive Theory. It taught identification of situations that could result in violence; avoidance, confrontation, problem-solving, and communication skills; conflict resolution skills; the conflict cycle; the dynamics of a fight; and how to express anger without fighting. MAIN MEASURES: The primary outcome variable was a five-item scale assessing the frequency of fighting and weapon carrying behaviors (alpha =.72) and a scale measuring intentions to use violence in 11 hypothetical situations (alpha = .81). Levels of exposure to violence and victimization (alpha = .82) and depression (alpha = .86) were also assessed. The data were analyzed with general linear modeling with repeated measures. RESULTS: At pretest, the intervention and control groups did not differ in gender, age, depression, exposure to violence, or any other demographic variable. A group x time interaction effect (p = .029) was found in the use of violence scale. From pretest to posttest there was a decrease in the use of violence by students in the intervention group and an increase in the use of violence in the control group. Most of the changes were accounted for by changes in the frequencies of carrying concealed guns and fighting resulting in injuries requiring medical treatment. A group x time interaction effect (p = .002) was also found for the intention to use violence scale. Students in the intervention group did not change their mean scores from pretest to posttest, whereas students in the control group increased in their mean intention to use violence scale scores. Neither interaction effect was influenced by gender, exposure to violence, or level of depression. CONCLUSION: The Peaceful Conflict Resolution and Violence Prevention curriculum appears to have positive short-term effects on self-reported use of violence and intentions to use violence by these middle-school students.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Developmental themes in women's emotional experiences of motherhood.

In this study, women's levels of ego development and their psychological difficulties were examined in relation to feelings in the maternal role. The sample consisted of 91 mothers from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Ego development was assessed by the Washington University Sentence Completion Test, and psychological difficulties were operationalized by self-reported global symptomatology, maternal substance abuse, and expressed anger. Outcome variables included feelings of satisfaction, distress, and support in the maternal role, as well as the degree to which negative and positive emotions were integrated in response to hypothetical vignettes of challenging everyday child-rearing experiences. Hypotheses were that women at high levels of ego development would show greater deterioration in the presence versus absence of self-reported adjustment problems than would those at lower levels. A series of interaction effects each indicated trends consistent with the hypotheses. These results add to accumulating evidence that tendencies toward self-examination, characteristic of high developmental levels, do not inevitably serve protective functions but may be linked with heightened reactivity to negative intrapsychic forces.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Emotional blunting associated with SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. Do SSRIs inhibit emotional responses?

Anecdotal and published case reports suggest that some patients taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) experience diminution in emotional responsiveness. This study aims to define the individual components of emotion disturbed in these patients. Fifteen patients reporting SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction completed the Laukes Emotional Intensity Scale (LEIS), a questionnaire about various emotions. Compared to controls, patients reported significantly (p<0.05) less ability to cry, irritation, care about others' feelings, sadness, erotic dreaming, creativity, surprise, anger, expression of their feelings, worry over things or situations, sexual pleasure, and interest in sex. Total score on the LEIS did not correlate with total score on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. In our sample, 80% of patients with SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction also describe clinically significant blunting of several emotions. Emotional blunting may be an under-appreciated side-effect of SSRIs that may contribute to treatment non-compliance and/or reduced quality of life.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Reasons for suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in women with borderline personality disorder.

Self-reported reasons for suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury were examined using the Parasuicide History Interview within a sample of chronically suicidal women meeting criteria for borderline personality disorder (N = 75). Overall, reasons given for suicide attempts differed from reasons for nonsuicidal self-injury. Nonsuicidal acts were more often reported as intended to express anger, punish oneself, generate normal feelings, and distract oneself, whereas suicide attempts were more often reported as intended to make others better off. Almost all participants reported that both types of parasuicide were intended to relieve negative emotions. It is likely that suicidal and nonsuicidal parasuicide have multiple intents and functions.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Sex differences in social support, self-deception, hostility, and ambulatory cardiovascular activity.

The quality of the social network, ambulatory cardiovascular indices, and other health risks were assessed in 129 students. Ss carried an ambulatory monitor for a working day and completed a social support scale, an index of daily stress, and measures of anger expression, hostility, depression, and self-deception. Alcohol intake and skinfold thickness were assessed. Results indicated that quality of social support was related in an inverse manner to ambulatory systolic pressure in women only. Stepwise multiple regression confirmed that social support was an independent predictor of daily systolic pressure for women and was not confounded with subjective stress. For men, tendencies to self-deception and high hostility were independently related to elevated blood pressure and heart rate.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Psychosocial factors and the development of breast cancer: a meta-analysis.

A meta-analysis examined the relationship between psychosocial factors and the development of breast cancer. Average effect sizes (Hedges's g) were calculated from 46 studies for 8 major construct categories: anxiety/depression, childhood family environment, conflict-avoidant personality, denial/repression coping, anger expression, extraversion-introversion, stressful life events, and separation/loss. Significant effect sizes were found for denial/repression coping (g = .38), separation/loss experiences (g = .29), and stressful life events (g = .25). Although conflict-avoidant personality style was also significant (g = .19), the effect size was less robust, and a moderate number of future studies with null results would reduce the significance. Results overall support only a modest association between specific psychosocial factors and breast cancer and are contrary to the conventional wisdom that personality and stress influence the development of breast cancer.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

The developmental origins of cognitive vulnerability to depression: temperament, parenting, and negative life events in childhood as contributors to negative cognitive style.

Cognitive models of depression have been well supported with adults, but the developmental origins of cognitive vulnerability are not well understood. The authors hypothesized that temperament, parenting, and negative life events in childhood would contribute to the development of cognitive style, with withdrawal negativity and negative parental feedback moderating the effects of negative life events to predict more depressogenic cognitive styles. These constructs were assessed in 289 children and their parents followed longitudinally from infancy to 5th grade; a subsample (n = 120) also participated in a behavioral task in which maternal feedback to child failure was observed. Results indicated that greater withdrawal negativity in interaction with negative life events was associated with more negative cognitive styles. Self-reported maternal anger expression and observed negative maternal feedback to child's failure significantly interacted with child's negative events to predict greater cognitive vulnerability. There was little evidence of paternal parenting predicting child negative cognitive style.

Child↗

PubMed1994

Psychopathology in individuals with post-traumatic headaches and other pain types.

In this study, the psychological functioning of patients with chronic post-traumatic headache (PTH), chronic combination headache and chronic low back pain without headache, whose time of onset was similar, and a matched group of controls was investigated. The Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Form Y (STAI-Y), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to assess the degree of psychopathology. A MANOVA test indicated highly significant differences between groups. In general, the pain groups fell along a continuum with PTH subjects demonstrating the highest elevations, back pain subjects demonstrating the next highest elevations, and combination subjects demonstrating fewer elevations. A cluster analysis indicated that findings were best classified into four clusters, but no one pain diagnosis predominated in any cluster. Eighty-nine percent of controls were assigned to clusters 1 or 2, which revealed essentially normal scores on all tests. It is suggested that while chronic pain patients demonstrate more psychopathology than non-pain controls, a variety of coping styles exists within each pain group independent of diagnostic categorization.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Posttraumatic headache: biopsychosocial comparisons with multiple control groups.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined somatic, psychological, and cognitive functioning of subjects with posttraumatic headache in comparison with multiple control groups. BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic headache is not as widely studied as other forms of headache (eg, tension-type, migraine). Previous research has suggested poor psychological functioning in patients with posttraumatic headache in comparison with other groups of patients with pain; however, this group has yet to be compared with a group of persons who have experienced trauma but are headache-free. DESIGN AND METHODS: Nineteen subjects with posttraumatic headache were studied, with full assessments available for 14 participants. Comparison groups, containing 16 participants each, included another headache group, a nonheadache group, and a trauma (motor vehicle accident) survivor nonheadache group. Participants completed several measures assessing somatic, psychological, and cognitive functioning. RESULTS: Findings revealed that the posttraumatic headache group exhibited significantly poorer functioning than the comparison groups on several measures including the Psychosomatic Symptom Checklist, Postconcussion Syndrome Checklist, axis II psychiatric diagnoses, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and the Daily Hassles Scale (frequency and total). Additionally, they scored higher on the following: number of axis I psychiatric diagnoses, the Daily Hassles Scale (intensity), Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. The posttraumatic headache group was similar to the other trauma group on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Checklist and the Life-Trauma Checklist. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the distress seen in this understudied population of persons with headache and highlights areas of focus for proper assessment and treatment of those with headache and who have had an accident.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[What are the physical complaints without pathological clinical signs in patients with diabetes mellitus?].

UNLABELLED: In previous research it was found that patients with diabetes mellitus suffer from multiple physical symptoms even early in their disease course. Such complaints may relate to blood glucose levels or can be understood as a sign of distress in respect to the diagnosis of a chronic disease. PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate in a cross-sectional analysis all the symptoms that patients may complain of and to relate these symptoms to a possible dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. METHOD: We assessed the complaints of 66 patients with diabetes mellitus and compared these variables with those of patients with psychological disturbances (n = 794) or somatic disease (n = 162). The symptoms were recorded by means of several questionnaires such as the "Giessener Beschwerdebogen" (GBB), "the Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar" (FPI), the German version of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the German version of the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). The autonomic nervous system was assessed using resting and mental stress conditions in a subset of patients with diabetes mellitus (n = 29) and psychological disturbances (n = 44). RESULTS: Patients suffering from diabetes mellitus and psychological disturbances showed a tendency to higher scores in GBB, STAI and STAXI. As far as psychological disturbances are concerned, the complaints experienced by patients with diabetes mellitus were found to be similar to those with somatic diseases. Both groups, however, rate clearly below those with psychological disturbances. The results of autonomic testing showed a significant disturbance in patients with diabetes mellitus with reduced sensitivity of the baroreceptor indicating autonomic neuropathy. CONCLUSION: Some of the physical complaints of patients with diabetes mellitus can be understood in connection with autonomic dysfunction. Moreover, an explicitly psychological view of these complaints may not be correct.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fathers' perspectives on the treatment for pediatric hematology: extending the findings.

There is scant research available about how fathers cope with their children receiving difficult treatment protocols for diseases such as childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The present discussion contributes to this area with findings on the paternal experience of treatment for pediatric ALL collected from the families in a longitudinal study conducted at Royal Children's Hospital and the Mater Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland. These findings emphasize the emotional shock and pain fathers experience in the early stages of the treatment process for children with leukemia. Their emotional responses run the gamut from engagement in the treatment process to withdrawal, from crying to taking "time out" to experiencing and expressing anger at their (and their child's) fate. In dealing with their child's illness over time fathers struggle with accepting the situation and attempting to restore some semblance of normality to their own and their families' lives.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

From silencing the self to action: experiences of women living with HIV/AIDS.

Feminist literature has demonstrated that women often maintain behaviors that support silencing of their voices. The critical issue is whether the silencing experience is (a) a destructive process of burying feelings and needs, (b) a protective strategy to preserve personal and professional relationships which they value, (c) a coping mechanism to divorce themselves from an androcentric/ethnocentric health care culture, or all of these. The transition from silence to action may be a process of reacting to a threat to self (i.e., HIV/AIDS diagnosis) where gender normative behaviors become irrelevant and self-advocacy becomes paramount for survival. Alternatively, the transition may be a conscious process of gaining insight into past behaviors that have been learned and culturally supported and making purposeful changes. Data for this study were extracted for secondary analysis from data from a larger study on experiences and needs of persons living with HIV/AIDS. Data were obtained from transcripts from three focus groups (N = 14 women) and six individual interviews. Women ranged in age from 21 to 55; 9 were European American, 7 were African American, and 4 were Latina American. Data were content analyzed and organized using four categories proposed by Jack (1991): (a) externalized self-perception, (b) care as self-sacrifice, (c) silencing the self, and (d) the divided self. Data supported that women with HIV/AIDS reported all four categories of silencing behaviors, particularly early in the HIV trajectory. For some women, an HIV/AIDS diagnosis ignited them to speak for themselves and to shape their own lives based on feelings and needs. For others, peer or professional support or both was the catalyst for the transition from silence to action. Findings suggest interventions that would assist women in judging themselves by internal versus external standards, putting their own needs before the perceived needs of others, expressing themselves toward action rather than avoidance, and feeling comfortable expressing anger.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Predictors of quality of life in newly diagnosed melanoma and breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Quality of life (QoL) is a multidimensional construct, and several psychosocial and medical factors can predict a patient's QoL. We investigated the impact of factors in the psychological stress processes on QoL 3 months after diagnosis of melanoma or breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In consecutive melanoma and breast cancer patients with localized disease, cancer-specific social support, coping with cancer, personality trait anger expression, non-cancer stress, sociodemographic variables, cancer and treatment variables, and QoL (evaluated as self-reported psychological and physical symptoms, self-perceived QoL, and depression) were assessed with validated quantitative questionnaires. The associations between QoL and the other factors were investigated with multivariate methods. RESULTS: Only a few factors differed between melanoma and breast cancer, in terms of treatment modalities and gender. The amount of received social support was higher among breast cancer patients. The predicting power of psychological stress factors on all the QoL measures was strong, but differed between the treatment groups (surgery only versus adjuvant treatment). Psychosocial factors were the strongest predictors of QoL, not cancer type or treatment. Behavioral Escape-Avoidance coping was associated with worse QoL. However, non-cancer life stresses showed the strongest QoL-decreasing influence. QoL-enhancing factors, including social support, were seen clearly only within the breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant treatment. CONCLUSIONS: QoL of newly diagnosed cancer patients is highly associated with psychosocial factors. Non-cancer life stresses seem to be very important in the QoL of newly diagnosed cancer patients. Adjuvant treatment may comprise supportive psychosocial factors that enhance QoL in cancer.

Adaptation, Psychological↗