SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “ADE”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources

PubMed1992

Phase I/II study of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with advanced malignancy. The Multicenter Study Group.

The toxicity and hematologic effects of Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) were studied in 58 treatment cycles in Japanese patients with advanced malignancy as a phase I/II clinical trial. rhGM-CSF in doses from 30 to 250 micrograms/m2/day was administered by 24-hour continuous intravenous infusion, 8-hour intravenous, or a daily subcutaneous injection for 14 days. The most common adverse drug events (ADE) were fever, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, skin eruption, and phlebitis. The frequency of moderate and severe ADE was 2.9, 14.7, 35.3 and 47.1% at 30, 60, 125, 250 micrograms/m2/day, respectively. In terms of administration routes, the frequency of ADE was 69% with 24-hour continuous intravenous infusion, 39.1% with 8-hour intravenous infusion and 16.7% with subcutaneous injection. Regarding the hematologic effects of rhGM-CSF, leukopenia improved in a dose-dependent manner. The appropriate dose level to be used in the phase II study was estimated to be in the range between 60 and 250 micrograms/m2/day.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Parallel phase I studies of daunorubicin given with cytarabine and etoposide with or without the multidrug resistance modulator PSC-833 in previously untreated patients 60 years of age or older with acute myeloid leukemia: results of cancer and leukemia group B study 9420.

PURPOSE: The Cancer and Leukemia Group B conducted parallel phase I trials of cytarabine, daunorubicin, and etoposide (ADE) with or without PSC-833 (P), a modulator of p-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred ten newly diagnosed patients > or = 60 years of age with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were treated. All patients received cytarabine by continuous infusion for 7 days at 100 mg/m(2)/d. The starting dose of daunorubicin was 30 mg/m(2)/d for 3 days. Etoposide was administered at a dose of 100 mg/m(2)/d for 3 days, except in the last cohort administered ADEP, who received 60 mg/m(2). PSC-833 was given intravenously with a loading dose of 1.5 mg/kg over 2 hours and a simultaneous continuous infusion of 10 mg/kg/d continued until 24 hours after the last dose of daunorubicin or etoposide. RESULTS: There was no toxicity attributed to the PSC-833. Dose-limiting toxicity was primarily gastrointestinal (diarrhea, mucositis in the ADEP group). The estimated maximum-tolerated doses, calculated using a logistic regression model, were daunorubicin 40 mg/m(2)/d for 3 days with etoposide 60 mg/m(2) for 3 days in the ADEP group and daunorubicin 60 mg/m(2)/d for 3 days and etoposide 100 mg/m(2)/d for 3 days in the ADE group. Twenty-one (48%) of 44 patients achieved complete remission with ADE, compared with 29 (44%) of 66 patients treated with ADEP. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to decrease the doses of daunorubicin and etoposide when they are administered with PSC-833, presumably because of the effect of the modulator on the pharmacokinetics of these agents. A phase III trial comparing the regimens derived from this phase I trial has recently begun.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2004

Dose escalation studies of cytarabine, daunorubicin, and etoposide with and without multidrug resistance modulation with PSC-833 in untreated adults with acute myeloid leukemia younger than 60 years: final induction results of Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 9621.

PURPOSE: P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is strongly inhibited by PSC-833. A chemotherapy dose-escalation study was performed with PSC-833 in patients younger than 60 years with untreated acute myeloid leukemia. Clinical rather than pharmacokinetic end points were used to develop two induction therapies containing drugs susceptible to Pgp-mediated efflux and associated with comparable toxicities at the maximum-tolerated doses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 410 patients were enrolled. Fifteen induction regimens containing variable doses of daunorubicin (DNR) and etoposide (ETOP) and fixed doses of cytarabine were evaluated with (ADEP) or without (ADE) a fixed dose of PSC-833. RESULTS: Doses selected for phase III testing were DNR 90 mg/m(2) and ETOP 100 mg/m(2) in ADE, and DNR and ETOP each 40 mg/m(2) in ADEP. Intolerable mucosal toxicity occurred at higher doses of ADEP. Although the design of this study precludes direct comparisons, there was an apparent advantage for receiving ADEP with respect to disease-free and overall survival in patients < or = 45 years old, despite the significantly lower doses of DNR and ETOP given in ADEP compared with ADE. CONCLUSION: A large clinical data set was used to develop induction regimens containing two drugs susceptible to Pgp-mediated efflux, with and without an inhibitor of Pgp function. The chosen doses have comparable antileukemia activity and toxicity, making them suitable for use in a phase III comparative study of induction chemotherapy for patients with acute myeloid leukemia younger than 60 years. That trial will also clarify whether patients < or = 45 years old are especially likely to benefit from Pgp inhibition during induction therapy.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1994

Comparative effects of nitric oxide inhibition on the coronary vasomotor responses to etomidate, propofol, and thiopental in anesthetized dogs.

We examined the hypothesis that the coronary vasomotor responses to etomidate (ETO), propofol (PRO), and sodium thiopental (STP) are mediated through contrasting effects on the resting nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilator tone that opposes adrenergic vasoconstrictor activity in the intact dog. Circumflex flow (CxF) responses to randomized intracoronary microinjections (0.3 mL) of normal saline (NS), alkalinized saline (AS), intralipid (IL), adenosine (ADE, 17 micrograms), acetylcholine (ACh, 1.25 micrograms), ETO (6, 12, 60 micrograms), PRO (30, 60, 300 micrograms), and STP (75, 150, 750 micrograms) were quantified in eight isoflurane-anesthetized dogs with fixed ventricular rates (100 bpm). Injections were repeated during intravenous (IV) infusion (50 mg/kg + 1 mg.kg-1.min-1) of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). ADE and ACh transiently increased CxF to 305% +/- 20% (P < 0.001) and 310% +/- 29% (P < 0.001) of resting values, respectively. ETO had no effect, whereas PRO (300 micrograms) provoked small transient increases in CxF to 135% +/- 4% (P < 0.05) of control. Responses to STP (750 micrograms) were characterized by momentary decreases to 74% +/- 4% (P < 0.001), followed immediately by increases to 183% +/- 11% (P < 0.001) of resting values; NS AS, and IL had no effect. The momentary decreases with STP (750 micrograms) were significantly augmented during NO inhibition with CxF declining to 49% +/- 7% (P < 0.001) of resting values, whereas the secondary increase was unchanged. With L-NAME, CxF responses to ACh were attenuated to 32% +/- 3% (P < 0.001) of control, whereas responses to ADE, ETO, and PRO were unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1996

Comparative fungicidal activity of a new quaternary ammonium salt, N-alkyl-N-2-hydroxyethyl-N,N-dimethylammonium butyl phosphate and commonly used disinfectants.

We synthesized a new quaternary ammonium salt, N-alkyl-N-2-hydroxyethyl-N, N-dimethylammonium butyl phosphate (ABP) that does not precipitate in the presence of anionic surfactants by incorporating a paired butyl phosphate anion into cationic surfactants. ABP showed much greater bactericidal activities and antirusting effects than benzalkonium chloride (BAC). In this study, the fungicidal effects of ABP were evaluated in comparison with common disinfectants [BAC, chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and alkyldiaminoethylglycine hydrochloride (ADE)]. Fungicidal effects were evaluated in 10 strains of 6 fungal species, namely, 3 Candida albicans, 2 Candida tropicalis, 1 Candida parapsilosis, 1 Aspergillus niger, 2 Aspergillus terreus, and 1 Trichophyton rubrum. ABP and BAC showed the same effects on 2 C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis, and similar effects on 3 C. albicans, with slight differences among the strains. ABP showed quick fungicidal effects against A. niger and 2 A. terreus of molds in 30 min at 0.1% and in 15 min at 0.2 and 0.4%, but BAC showed slow effects against A. niger at 1 h and 2 A. terreus at 30 min at 0.2 and 0.4%, respectively. There is one factor, which may have caused this difference: the former had a butyl phosphate anion and the latter had a chloride anion as a counter ion. BAC, CHX and ADE needed 24h to cause notable effects on A. niger at 0.1% and 1 h at 0.2%. The new synthetic anti-rust ABP is considered to have sufficient fungicidal effects that are comparable to those of BAC, CHX and ADE.

Disinfectants↗

PubMed2005

Opportunities for improving post-hospital home medication management among older adults.

Effective post-hospital home medication management among older adults is a convoluted, error-prone process. Older adults, whose complex medication regimens are often changed at hospital discharge, are susceptible to medication-related problems (e.g. Adverse Drug Events or ADEs) as they resume responsibility for managing their medications at home. Human error theory frames the discussion of multi-faceted, interacting factors including care system functions, like discharge medication teaching that contribute to post-hospital ADEs. The taxonomy and causes of post-hospital ADEs and related risk factors are reviewed, as we describe in high-risk older adults a population that may benefit from targeted interventions. Potential solutions and future research possibilities highlight the importance of interdisciplinary teams, involvement of clinical pharmacists, use of transitional care models, and improved use of informational technologies.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Potential adverse drug events in an indigent and homeless geriatric population.

OBJECTIVE: To identify potential adverse drug events (ADEs) in a geriatric ambulatory population using the modified Beers criteria. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of an indigent and homeless geriatric population served by a network of six primary healthcare clinics with clinical pharmacy services. Medical records of patients > or = 65 years old visiting the clinics between December 1999 and April 2000 were retrospectively reviewed by a clinical pharmacist. Medications meeting the modfied Beers criteria were evaluated for the most common drug classes involved, severity potential, and dose or disease state restrictions. Following the identification of medications meeting Beers criteria, the pharmacist left a written recommendation regarding use of alternative drugs or doses in the medical record. Physician acceptance of pharmacy recommendations was also evaluated. RESULTS: Medical records of 146 patients (71.9% women, average age 72.6 +/- 6.7 y) were reviewed. Overall, 52 patients (35.6%) had 70 medications with the potential for causing an ADE based on the modified Beers criteria The most commonly identified medication classes were narcotic analgesics (20.0%), antihypertensives (20.0%), and antihistamines (14.3%). Fifteen of these medications (21.4%) had a high severity potential. Identified medications met the following modified Beers criteria: 41.4% were inappropriate in a specific disease state, 38.6% were inappropriate for the elderly, 10.0% exceeded maximum dosage guidelines, and 10.0% were inappropriate for both the elerly and the patients disease state. Approximately 60% of pharmacy recommendations were accepted by physicians. CONCLUSIONS: The modified Beers criteria are a useful tool for reviewing medical records to identify potential ADEs in an ambulatory geriatric population.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Evaluation of a computer-assisted antibiotic-dose monitor.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of a computer-assisted antibiotic-dose monitor used to reduce the number of days that patients receive excessive dosages of antibiotics and the number of adverse drug events (ADEs) secondary to antibiotics. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiologic study of a two-year preintervention period and one-year intervention period. SETTING: The LDS Hospital, a tertiary care center in Salt Lake City, UT. PATIENTS: All patients aged > or = 18 years, admitted to LDS Hospital from April 1, 1993, to March 31, 1996, who received at least one of five targeted antibiotics (vancomycin, gentamicin, imipenem, cefazolin, cefuroxime), who had a serum creatinine or a urine creatinine clearance test result before antibiotic therapy, and who were never admitted or transferred to the shock/trauma/respiratory intensive care unit. METHODS: Each morning during the 12-month intervention period, the antibiotic-dose monitor checked the renal function of all patients who were receiving any of the five antibiotics. Pharmacists received a computer listing of patients who may have been receiving excessive dosages. The antibiotic-dose monitor suggested an alternate dosage and a pharmacist contacted the patient's physician if the suggested change in the dosage was appropriate. RESULTS: During the intervention period, 4483 patients received at least one of the five study antibiotics and 1974 (44%) were identified as receiving an excessive dosage, compared with 4494 (50%) of 8901 patients during the preintervention period (p < 0.001). The patients receiving excessive dosages received an excessive dosage for an average of 2.9 days during the intervention period, compared with 4.7 days (p < 0.001) during the preintervention period. In addition, these same patients during the intervention period received fewer doses of antibiotics (10.9 vs. 13.4; p < 0.001), fewer grams of antibiotics (10.4 vs. 12.0; p < 0.02), at less cost ($98 vs. $128; p < 0.004) than the patients during the preintervention period. Moreover, there were 14 ADEs (0.3%) secondary to the five study antibiotics during the intervention period, compared with 82 (0.9%; p < 0.001) for the two-year preintervention period. The study also found that significantly more patients identified as receiving excessive dosages had experienced decreases in renal function, compared with patients who were not identified as receiving excessive dosages (25% vs. 12% during preintervention period and 23% vs. 16% during intervention period; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Many patients experience decreases in renal function after antibiotics are ordered. The use of the computer-assisted antibiotic-dose monitor appears to be a promising method to help reduce the excessive use and cost of antibiotic therapy and reduce the number of ADEs secondary to antibiotics.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗

PubMed2002

H-NMR studies of duplex DNA decamer containing a uracil cyclobutane dimer: implications regarding the high UV mutagenecity of CC photolesions.

To determine the origin of the UV-specific CC to TT tandem mutation at the CC site, we made a duplex DNA decamer containing a uracil cis-syn cyclobutane dimer (CBD) as the deaminated model of a cytosine dimer. Two-dimensional 1H-NMR spectroscopy studies were performed on this sequence where two adenines (Ade) were opposite to the uracil dimer. Two imino protons of the uracil dimer were found to retain Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding with the opposite Ade, although the 5'-U(NH) of the dimer site showed unusual upfield shift like that of the 5'-T(NH) of the TT dimer, which seemed to be associated with deshielding by the flanking base rather than with reduced hydrogen bonding. (McAteer et al. 1998, J. Mol. Biol. 282:1013-1032). Hydrogen bondings at the dimer site were also supported by detecting typical strong nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE) between two imino protons and the opposite Ade H2 or NH2. But sequential NOE interactions of base protons with sugar protons were absent at the two flanking nucleotides of the 5' side of the uracil dimer and at the intradimer site, contrasting with its thymine analog where sequential NOE was absent only at the A4-T5 step. In addition, NOE cross peak for U5(NH) <--> A4(H2) was detected, although the NOE interactions of U6(NH) with A7(H2) and A17(H2) were not observed in contrast to the thymine dimer duplex. This different local structural alteration may be affected by the induced right-hand twisted puckering mode of cis-syn cyclobutane ring of the uracil dimer in the B-DNA duplex, even though the isolated uracil dimer had left-hand twisted puckering rigidly. In parallel, these observations may be correlated with observed differences in mutagenic properties between cis-syn UU dimer and cis-syn TT dimer.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Comparison of G-CSF and GM-CSF adverse event profiles in office-based practices: preliminary study results.

We investigated the adverse event profile of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) used in office-based oncology practices in the United States. The impetus for the study was anecdotal reports from physicians and nurses working in community practice settings describing the differences in adverse drug events (ADEs) that their-patients experienced with the two CSFs currently available in the United States. The study was a retrospective review of office-based oncology practice records. The frequencies of drug-induced fever and other ADEs secondary to granulocyte (G)-CSF were compared with those of granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF. Adverse drug events were those events that were documented by a clinician as being causally linked to CSF therapy and not obviously due to other causes. This preliminary report of the data indicated that there were some significant differences in the ADEs attributable to either G-CSF or GM-CSF. The appropriate use of CSFs in clinical practice also is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Risk of adverse drug events by patient destination after hospital discharge.

PURPOSE: The prevalence of risk factors for adverse drug events (ADEs) in patients discharged from the hospital to various care settings was studied. METHODS: Data on patient risk characteristics for ADEs were collected for hospital discharges for 2000. Differences in the prevalence of 10 risk characteristics among home health care (HHC), self-care (SC), and long-term-care (LTC) patients at the point of discharge were determined. RESULTS: Data for 4250 discharges were analyzed. The three groups differed significantly in the distribution of risk characteristics. HHC patients had the highest prevalence of heart failure, cardiovascular medication use, and polypharmacy, and LTC patients had the highest prevalence of hypoalbuminemia, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric drug use. CONCLUSION: The risk of ADEs in patients discharged to HHC appeared to be comparable to or higher than that in patients discharged to LTC.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗

PubMed1980

Effect of rearing temperature on transovarial transmission of St. Louis encephalitis virus in mosquitoes.

Female Aedes albopictus and Aedes epactius infected by inoculation with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus transmitted virus transovarially to their F1 progeny. With Ae. epactius, minimal infection rates (MIR) in F1 larvae were similar for progeny reared at 18 (+/- 1) degree C or 27 (+/- 1) degree C, whereas, MIR's were significantly higher in F1 adults reared at 18 degrees C, than they were in F1 adults reared at 27 degrees C. Use of different strains of SLE virus appeared to influence transovarial transmission of virus by Ae. albopictus, but not by Ae. epacticus. Transovarial transmission of SLE virus was not demonstrated with colonized strains of Aedes dorsalis, Ades sierrensis, Ades triseriatus, Ades vexans, Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tarsalis, and field strains of Ae. vexans.

Aedes↗

PubMed1992

An evaluation of interventions designed to stimulate physician reporting of adverse drug events.

A frequent complaint among health care professionals about ADE reporting programs is that they never know what happens to the information they took the time and effort to report. In the Mississippi ADE program, physicians appreciated the feedback they were provided--in letter form--indicating the ultimate disposition of the reported information. Also, a regular newsletter summarizing the number and types of reports and the drugs involved was well received. This vehicle was also used to educate physicians about new drugs on the market that warranted closer scrutiny. Reminder posters placed at strategic points around the hospital and periodic inservices on the program are effective in maintaining a level of awareness about the importance of ADE monitoring and its impact on the quality of care.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗

PubMed1999

Drug-related problems and adverse drug events: negligence, litigation and prevention.

Since the inclusion of medical profession under Consumer Protection Act, Indian doctors are facing malpractice suits. The incidence of adverse events (AEs) is 3.4-3.7, of adverse drug events (ADEs) is 2.4-6.5 and of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is 6.7 per 100 hospital admissions. The complications of drug-related problems (DRPs) include therapeutic failure (TF) in 23% and new medical problems (NMPs) in 10% and could lead to serious permanent disability and death in majority (42%). The incidence of negligence in serious ADEs and death is 34% and 51%, respectively. Proportion of preventable ADEs is 28-50%. Errors occur most often in prescribing (39-56%) and result in malpractice claims in 13-25% of cases. Rational prescribing, improved therapeutic knowledge through re-training and effective use of computers in prescribing could prevent errors and reduce economic consequences for patients, doctors and hospitals.

Drug Prescriptions↗

PubMed2001

Effects of alcohol deprivation on alcohol consumption using a sipper-tube procedure.

BACKGROUND: When rats with prior experience drinking ethanol solutions are deprived of ethanol for various time periods, a transitory increase in alcohol consumption is observed when ethanol solutions are again made available. This has been termed the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE). The ADE has been observed in limited-access operant procedures in which small dippers of ethanol are presented following completion of a lever press requirement. However, it has not been determined if the effect occurs in an operant model of ethanol self-administration that separates the ethanol-seeking responding from the consummatory drinking (the sipper procedure). METHODS: Rats were initiated to drink ethanol from a sipper tube using the sucrose-substitution procedure. Once initiated, the rats had to make 30 lever presses to gain access to a sipper-tube containing the ethanol solution for 20 min. The effects of 2-3 days, 7 days, and 14 days of ethanol deprivation were examined on ethanol consumption and extinction responding (seeking response). RESULTS: There were no effects of deprivation on intake at any deprivation period examined. Contrary to expectations, the alcohol-seeking response as measured by extinction responding was decreased after 7 and 14 days of deprivation. CONCLUSIONS: The data from this study and others using the limited access operant procedures suggest that the ADE may be more related to consummatory control (i.e., loss of control) and not to ethanol-seeking behaviors (i.e., craving).

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2001

[Prospective follow-up of a HIV infected population with and without access to antiretroviral therapy: impact of survival and complications].

BACKGROUND: Three-drug antiretroviral therapy (ART-3) has reduced complications and improved survival in HIV+ patients. The Chilean Public Health System began dual therapy (ART-2) in 1997, covering approximately 40% of patients in need. AIM: To report the results of a follow-up of patients with and without access to ART in a Chilean public hospital. PATIENT AND METHODS: Prospective follow-up of patients with ART-2 and 3 (cases) and patients with no access to ART (controls). All patients needed ART but it was available to a minority of them. Selection for ART was at random. Follow-up was between 6-24 months (11/96 to 3/99). Basal and periodic clinical and laboratory parameters were determined. Mortality and occurrence of new AIDS-defining events (ADE) were compared statistically using chi square. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty cases (106 ART2, 28 ART3 and 16 ART2 expanded to ART3) and 166 controls were studied. Basal parameters were similar except prior ART (32.7 and 18.7% in cases and controls respectively). Close to 1/3 patients had AIDS. Cases had a mean follow up of 527 days; controls, 478. Six cases (4%) (5 in ART-2) and 17 controls (10%) died. Mortality x 100/pts/yr was 2.7 in cases and 7.7 in controls, p < 0.05. ADE per 100/pts/yr was 21 in cases (24.4 in ART2, 15.1 in TAR3) and 54.5 in controls, p < 0.05. Cases had a reduction of: esophageal candidiasis (84%), tuberculosis (75%), cryptococcosis and toxoplasmosis (66%), P carinii pneumonia (55%) and bacterial pneumonia (46%) and they had fewer hospitalizations (73%). Late assessment: 70 of 101 ART-2 patients had changed to ART-3 (1 death); 22 of 101 kept original ART-2 (12 dead, 10 alive), 39 of 43 ART-3 patients were alive and 1 died. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term ART-2 and 3 significantly reduced mortality (60% and 73%) ADE (65% and 76% respectively) and hospitalizations. Benefits of ART-2 were short lived. Resource-constrained countries cannot depend on weaker than standard ART for proper care of people with HIV disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Developing a taxonomy for research in adverse drug events: potholes and signposts.

Computerized decision support and order entry shows great promise for reducing adverse drug events (ADEs). The evaluation of these solutions depends on a framework of definitions and classifications that is clear and practical. Unfortunately the literature does not always provide a clear path to defining and classifying adverse drug events. While not a systematic review, this paper uses examples from the literature to illustrate problems that investigators will confront as they develop a conceptual framework for their research. It also proposes a targeted taxonomy that can facilitate a clear and consistent approach to the research of ADEs and aid in the comparison to results of past and future studies. The taxonomy addresses the definition of ADE, types, seriousness, error, and causality.

Classification↗

PubMed2003

Effects of combination dietary conjugated linoleic acid with vitamin A (retinol) and selenium on the response of the immunoglobulin production in mice.

The dietary effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the response of the immunoglobulin (serum and tissue) production in Balb/C mice was examined at three doses: 0 %(control), 0.5% and 1.5%. The combination effects of CLA with vitamin ADE or selenium also were investigated. CLA at 0.5% increased serum immunoglobulin A, G, mesenteric lymph node (MHN) and gut luminal IgA (secretory IgA) levels. However, 1.5% CLA decreased SIgG slightly. CLA both alone and combined with vitamin ADE and selenium did not affect serum IgE. The levels of immunoglobulin concentration in the 0.5% CLA group were higher than those in the 1.5% CLA group. The level of serum IgG in 1.5% CLA combined with selenium was maintained at the same level as that of control. It is considered that over- doses of CLA (1.5%) even depressed the production of immunoglobulin but selenium and/or vitamin inhibited this activity to a certain extent. In this study, dietary CLA increased immunoglobulin production in a dose-dependent manner. Vitamin ADE and Selenium combined with CLA also increased the immunoglobulin production response except serum IgE.

Animals↗