SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “ANALGESICS AND ANTIPYRETICS”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Chemosensitizers in drug transport mechanisms involved in protozoan resistance.

The emergence and spread of antiparasitic drug resistance pose a severe and increasing public health threat. Failures in prophylaxis or those in treatment with quinolines, hydroxynaphtoquinones, sesquiterpenic lactones, antifolate drugs, arsenic and antimony containing drugs sulfamides induce reemergence of parasitic-related morbidity and mortality. Resistance is often associated with alteration of drug accumulation into parasites, which results from a reduced uptake of the drug, an increased efflux or, a combination of the two processes. Resistance to quinolines, artemisinin derivatives and arsenicals and expression of an active efflux mechanism are more or less correlated in protozoa like Plasmodium spp., Leishmania spp., and Trypanosoma spp. Various parasite candidate genes have been proposed to be involved in drug resistance, each concerned in membrane transport. Genes encoding membrane glycoproteins, orthologue to the P-glycoproteins identified in MDR human cancer cells, have been described in these resistant pathogens in addition to various membrane proteins involved in drug transport. Several compounds have demonstrated, in the past decade, promising capability to reverse the drug resistance in parasite isolates in vitro, in animal models and for human malaria. These drugs belong to different pharmacological classes such as calcium channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotic calmodulin antagonists, histamine H1-receptor antagonists, analgesic antipyretic drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and to different chemical classes such as synthetic surfactants, alkaloids from plants used in traditional medicine, pyrrolidinoaminoalkanes and derivatives, and anthracene derivatives. Here, are summarized the molecular bases of antiparasitic resistance emphasizing recent developments with compounds acting on trans-membrane proteins involved in drug efflux or uptake.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B↗

PubMed2002

Herbal medicine in the treatment of cancer.

Many of the classes of phytochemicals in herbal medicine are finding therapeutic use. In particular, cancer patients are reported to benefit from treatment with herbal medicine and survivability in many cases is significantly enhanced. Recent studies showed the anti-oxidative and superoxide scavenging activities of individual active components of herbal medicine for their inhibitory activities on lipid peroxidation and anti-cancer properties. Individual herbal medicines show antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. In addition to sharing many therapeutic activities, herbal medicine is also used in nutrient supplement for anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity. Numerous in vitro studies of herbal medicine on different cell lines and in vivo study of herbal medicine have been reported. However, the mechanisms of actions remain unclear. This review aims to give an overview on the recent development of herbal medicine in the prevention and treatment of cancer. The report covers the possible mechanism of action of some of the herbal medicine. In addition, the common properties of herbal medicine are described. Finally, the study sheds lights on the pharmacological applications of herbal medicine in the treatment of cancer and its potential use as anti-cancer agents.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

The multinational drug companies in Zaire: their adverse effect on cost and availability of essential drugs.

An analysis of the types and costs of drugs imported by seven multinational pharmaceutical companies in Zaire, an underdeveloped country in Africa, reveals that three-fourths of the drugs consisted of expensive and nonessential items. The prices of essential drugs (24 percent of their total imports) were much higher than those of available generic sources (average difference of 300 percent). The importation of nonessential drugs and high prices paid for essential drugs exacerbate the scarcity of needed items because of Zaire's limited supply of hard currency. In addition, two drug firms imported and promoted the sale of aminopyrone-dipyrone analgesic-antipyretics, drugs now rarely used in Western industrialized countries because of potentially fatal complications. Thus, in Zaire, the multinational pharmaceutical industry has an adverse effect on the availability and cost of drugs, as well as on the pattern of drug usage.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗

PubMed1979

Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Drugs which affect arachidonic acid metabolism.

Drugs may alter prostaglandin production by acting on the various pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. The liberation of arachidonic acid from membrane-bound phospholipids, induced by the enzyme phospholipase A2, may be inhibited by mepacrine and the steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The bio-transformation of the free arachidonic acid, by the enzyme cyclooxygenase, to the unstable endoperoxide intermediates is inhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Thus, the generation of all the prostaglandin products is prevented. This action can explain the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic actions as well as the ulcerogenic properties of these aspirin-like compounds. An alternative metabolic pathway of arachidonic acid, via the lipoxygenase system, can be inhibited by an acetylenic analogue and a newer compound, phenidone. The unstable endoperoxide intermediates can be transformed by blood platelets into the pro-aggregating products, thromboxanes. This pathway can be selectively inhibited by a variety of experimental compounds. Prostacyclin, a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation is the major product of endoperoxide transformation in blood vessels. Its formation can be inhibited by lipid peroxides. Selective actions on one or more steps in arachidonic acid metabolism can lead to a different profile of the products subsequently generated. Such a diversion of biosynthetic pathways may be an underlying mechanism in certain pathological conditions, perhaps even in dysmenorrhea.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

The association between maternal influenza, drug consumption and oral clefts.

The linkage between potentially teratogenic factors was studied in a material of 599 children with oral clefts and their matched controls. A method based on Yule's Q coefficient describing the degree of association between two dichotomous variables was applied. All factors studied (five groups of drugs taken by the mothers during early pregnancy, maternal influenza and fever) were significantly associated with the birth of children with clefts. The only factor whose association with clefts was explained by linkage to other factors was fever. In addition, the association between clefts and antipyretic analgesics other than salicylates could be partly explained by controlling the intake of salicylates. Although there was a strong association between influenza and consumption of salicylates, the correlation of neither of the two factors with oral clefts could be even partly explained by controlling the other. The method is considered suitable for epidemiological studies of congenital defects.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1987

Salicylate measurement: clinical usefulness and methodology.

The salicylates are the most commonly used analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory drugs. They are available in hundreds of preparations, many of which are over-the-counter medications. The easy access to large quantities of the drug and the widespread perception that the drug is harmless have contributed to salicylate intoxication becoming a serious and common problem, particularly among the pediatric and geriatric populations. Salicylate is still the major drug for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. The use of salicylate in high doses for the management of these patients requires close monitoring of serum salicylate levels because of the large interindividual variation in dose-serum level relationships and the narrowness of the therapeutic range. Thus, both for the management of patients intoxicated with salicylate and patients who are on high-dose salicylate therapy, the measurement of serum salicylate levels is an important clinical laboratory service. Recent research on the inhibitory effect of aspirin on platelet aggregation has led to the prophylactic use of aspirin in low doses as an antithrombotic drug. This new therapeutic use of aspirin can be aided by monitoring low serum levels of salicylate and perhaps aspirin itself. This article reviews the current state of the knowledge of the pharmacokinetics and clinical toxicology of salicylate, the clinical usefulness of salicylate measurement by the clinical laboratory, and recent development in the analytical technology for salicylate analysis.

Humans↗

PubMed1999

[A quality study of self-medication in acute respiratory infection in a population utilizing an urban health center].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the quality of drugs use by patients when these were not prescribed by physicians. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey, observational. SETTING: La Victoria Health Centre in the urban area of Valladolid. PARTICIPANTS: A survey was made of all patients who consulted their family practitioner about an acute respiratory infection during a three month period. The patients were classified according to the seriousness of their diagnosis, the time elapsed before consulting the doctor, the kind of medication and the source of it was evaluated and also the quality of the prescription with relation to the source. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 508 patients were studied, 61.4% women and 38.6% men, 57.9% of the total sample were on self-medication before they went to their physician (53.6% of men and 60.6% of women). The most common source of self-medication was "self-pharmacy" in the case of 59.9% and the kind of medication most commonly taken was the antipyretic-analgesic group (in 42.9% cases). The quality evaluation of self-medication was considered correct in 63% of self-medicated patients, no significant difference was found between the quality of self-medication and the source of it. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of self-medication in the general population, with the high rates of accurate use and the small percentages of adverse drug reactions, would lead us to think about of promoting self-medication and including it in specific educational health programs.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2000

[Gastrointestinal tolerance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents].

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. One of the major concerns regarding the use of these compounds is the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects, ranging from dyspepsia to the serious and potentially life threatening complications of ulcers, haemorrhages, and perforations. Thus, the prevention and/or treatment of upper GI damage is estimated to increase the overall cost of NSAID therapy by at least 40%. The pathogenesis of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal mucosal injury appears to involve both topical and systemic mechanisms. The former is related to the acidic nature of most NSAIDs, which promotes the accumulation of ionised molecules (ion trapping) within the mucosal cells. Topical mucosal injury may also occur as a result of biliary excretion of active NSAID metabolites. The systemic effect has, however, the predominant role. It is mediated through cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibition and a subsequent decrease in gastroprotective prostaglandins. Fortunately, 2 forms of COX enzymes, designated COX-1 and COX-2, have been recognised. COX-1 appears to function as a house-keeping enzyme, whereas COX-2 is primarily induced by inflammatory stimuli and mitogens in various cells, including macrophages and synovial cells. Accordingly, the inhibition of COX-2 would result in anti-inflammatory effects, whereas gastroduodenal ulceration is thought to be related to the inhibition of COX-1. Animal data have suggested that nabumetone has a low ulcerogenic potential in comparison with other available NSAIDs. This feature was further supported by controlled clinical trials as well as epidemiological studies. The relative GI safety of nabumetone may be attributed to its lack of direct and indirect topical effects because of its nonacidic nature and absence of enterohepatic recirculation. Furthermore, the active metabolite [6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA)] may be gastro-sparing as a result of its property of COX-2 preferential inhibition.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗

PubMed1975

Ibuprofen or aspirin in rheumatoid arthritis therapy.

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal drug with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties that was recently introduced for use in antiarthritis therapy in the United States. In a year-long double-blind multiclinic trial in 885 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ibuprofen was at least as satisfactory as aspirin, considering both efficacy and tolerance. In the majority of patients, daily doses ranged from 800 to 1,600 mg of ibuprofen and 3 to 6 gm of aspirin. The drugs did not differ greatly in providing relief from arthritis symptoms, but ibuprofen was definitely better tolerated, especially in regard to gastrointestinal complaints. Seven percent of the ibuprofen group dropped out of the study because of adverse reactions, as compared with 16% of the aspirin group; 17% of the ibuprofen group and 31% of the aspirin group had gastrointestinal symptoms.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

[Tracing of analysis and prophylaxis on medical malpractice in Japan].

The role of drugs, especially injectables, in medical treatment is extremely important. In Japan, accidents associated with injections were not uncommon. Post-injection neuroparalysis of the radial nerve and sciatic nerve was associated with problems in textbooks, which described injection sites at the regions of neural passage. Then, in the 1970s, quadriceps femoral muscle contracture and deltoid muscle contracture became a social problem. When the author examined the osmotic pressure of various injectables, some injectables were found to deviate from the physiological range. When 335 injectables were evaluated for the potential to cause hemolysis, many injectables marketed for intramuscular injection gave strong hemolytic reaction, which attracted attention. Next, 89 types of injectables were tested for the potential to cause muscle damage by injecting into the femoral muscle of rabbits, and severe muscular damages were observed with antipyretics, analgesics, and antibiotics. The group lawsuit of Yamanashi Prefecture was settled at the Tokyo High Court in 1989, with the pharmaceutical company agreeing to pay over 2.95 billion yen as settlement. Giving drugs to patients occupies an important place among medical act. Medical disputes concerning accidents of wrong drugs and wrong usage are common. Obviously health care workers should exercise great caution in their duties, but without measures taken against medical equipment and drugs, such as containers and seals, this type of accidents will not be reduced. Through giving numerous speeches and lectures on medical accidents throughout the years, the author had felt strongly the need for teaching materials such as video tapes that can be used for self-learning. In 1999, the video entitled "Medical Accident-Learning from Actual Cases-" was finally completed, which consists of 6 parts (1. General consideration, 2. Blood transfusion, 3. Drug administration, 4. Surgery, 5. Examinations, 6. Management). For each area, typical incidents are presented as reproduced video taping. Then the criminal responsibility, civil responsibility and administrative responsibility of the doctor or nurse concerned are questioned in the form of questionnaires. Subsequently, the author also published a commentary book for the video that provides commentaries of the cases.

Hemolysis↗

PubMed2001

[Coxibs: cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors].

The oxygenating enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) catalysis the conversion of arachidonic acid to proinflammatory prostaglandins. For many years it was thought that COX is a single enzyme that is present constitutively in most tissues. But in the late 80ies COX activity was found to be increased in inflammatory states with cytokines and bacterial lipopolysaccharides as inducing agents. The expression of the induced COX is inhibited by glucocorticoids which is not the case with the COX known up to then. According to these findings COX exists in two forms, the aminoacid sequences of which are known. The expression of COX-1 is not or only poorly regulated, the prostaglandins produced by it are responsible for the protection of the gastric mucosa, maintenance of normal kidney function and platelet aggregation. COX-2, in contrast, is highly regulated, the prostaglandins produced by this isoenzyme are involved in inflammation, fever and pain but also in the regulation of kidney function. Conventional non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. The analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory effects of these agents are accounted for by COX-2 inhibition, whereas the toxic effects on the stomach as well as the inhibition of platelet aggregation are attributed to COX-1 inhibition. In search for selective blockers of COX-2, celecoxib and rofecoxib were developed which have an analgetic and antirheumatic potency similar to that of conventional NSAIDs but are associated with significantly fewer adverse gastroduodenal events. The renal toxicity of the selective COX-2 inhibitors is not better than that of the non-selective NSAIDs.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗

PubMed2000

[AIDS through blood contamination (early 1980s) and urethane shock (1975)].

1) AIDS contracted through contaminated blood was first discovered in the early 1980s, and related law suits are now underway. The contamination of the blood is considered to ba a shared responsibility of the "government," "medical establishments" and "industry." The revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law in 1979 gave the authority for commanding the recall of products to the Health and Welfare Ministry. This was a lesson learned from past cases of drug-induced suffering. However, the ministry did nothing regarding the blood contaminated with the AIDS virus. 2) "Urethane shock (drug-induced suffering)" occurred in 1975. Although it occurred before the revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law, the Health and Welfare Ministry took the administrative measure of "an immediate recall," because the antipyretic analgesic injections used all over the country at that time contained 0.15 to 0.3g of urethane which is a carcinogenic substance, per ampoule. 3) Even the revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law could not prevent cases of drug-induced suffering. I think that all concerned should have a full understanding, receive fair judgement and be encouraged to prevent such mistakes in the future.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of the ideal COX-2 inhibitor: a pharmacologist's perspective.

Two classes of antipyretic analgesics were developed about 100 years ago, namely the acidic aspirin-like drugs and non-acidic acetaminophen-phenazone-like compounds. Since then, research has aimed at improving the side-effect profile of the acidic anti-inflammatory aspirin-like drugs and improving the anti-inflammatory efficacy of the non-acidic acetaminophen-phenazone-like compounds. Both drug classes inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 enzymes non-selectively. The aspirin-like drugs achieve particularly high concentrations in inflamed tissue, which is assumed to account for their superior anti-inflammatory potency. These acidic drugs also reach comparatively high concentrations in the stomach wall, kidney cortex and blood, resulting in the well-known side effects that occur with acidic compounds but not with acetaminophen and phenazone. Following the discovery of the two differentially distributed and regulated COXs, two non-acidic COX-2-selective compounds--celecoxib and rofecoxib--were introduced. They proved to be less toxic to the gastrointestinal tract compared with, for example, diclofenac or naproxen. These non-acidic drugs distribute homogeneously throughout the body--a cause for concern since COX-2 has been found to be present constitutively in many organ systems, including brain, bone and the genito-urinary tract. It appears desirable to combine the tissue-targeted distribution of the highly protein-bound acidic aspirin-type drugs with the selectivity of the COX-2 inhibitors, in order to achieve improved anti-inflammatory activity and at the same time reduce the risk of side effects. Such agents should be devoid of COX-1-related side effects in, for example, the inhibition of blood coagulation and should only weakly affect COX-2 related functions of the central nervous system, due to slow blood-brain barrier penetration. We therefore propose that a drug combining the pharmacokinetic characteristics of, for example, ibuprofen with the COX-2 selectivity of rofecoxib is likely to be a superior anti-inflammatory analgesic.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗

PubMed2001

[Prenatal effects of acetylsalicylic acid].

Acetylsalicylic acid is frequently ingested over-the-counter (OTC) drug, either as single or in combination with other drugs. It has been used in various diseases including that complicated pregnancy, such as preeclampsia and fetal grow retardation. Analgesic, antipyretic, especially anti-inflammatory activity occurs in high therapeutic doses. In low-dose acetylsalicylic acid is used to block production of thromboxane A2. Big epidemiological data suggest that low-dose of acetylsalicylic acid, even taken chronically, is safe for mother and fetus. However, animal and various human data have shown that high doses of the drug could produce different congenital malformations. The current literature suggests that acetylsalicylic acid should be given in pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Anti-inflammatory doses should be stopped in the third trimester of gestation or given if the drug is needed in life-threatening situation or for serious disease for which safer drugs can not be used or are ineffective.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed2001

[Current opinions on embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of ibuprofen].

Ibuprofen is a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor with analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory activity. Experimental, clinical and epidemiological studies, led on a wide scale, showed high therapeutically activity and good drug tolerability, especially for low doses in adult and children older then 6 months. Those data let to positioned ibuprofen to over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. However, unlike well-documented tolerability studies of the postnatal period the prenatal data are still unclear. Results of experimental studies showed ibuprofen-dependent: implantation disturbances, blocking of parturition, and contraction of ductus arteriosus what could produce persistent pulmonary hypertension. These data has been partially confirmed in human studies. Lack teratogenic effect was observed in in vivo animal studies. Gastroschisis is the only congenital ibuprofen-related malformation that was proved in big epidemiological human studies. Other congenital anomalies and disturbances, such as oligohydramnion, associated with maternal ibuprofen ingestion, and reported in available literature, have not been established in epidemiological studies.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed2002

Liver and kidney ultrastructural changes caused by acetylsalicylic acid treatment during pregnancy in rats.

The worldwide use of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) as an analgesic-antipyretic drug, including during pregnancy, prompted us to investigate its potentially deleterious effects in that condition. Pregnant rats were treated with ASA (1, 10 or 100 mg/kg once a day) from the first day up to term pregnancy. No histological changes were noticed in maternal and fetal livers or kidneys when examined under light microscopy, but some definite dose-dependent effects of ASA were observed on electron microscopy examination. In livers and kidneys of pregnant rats treated with the highest doses of ASA we observed cytoplasmic derangement, mitochondrial cristolysis and abnormally shaped rough endoplasmic reticulum. Similarly, in foetal livers and kidneys from this group we observed degenerative cytoplasmic vacuoles and ballooned mitochondria with cristae derangement and myelin figures. Our data point out the fact that both maternal and foetal tissues can be importantly affected by ASA at the ultrastructural level, without overt signs of toxicity.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Pharmacological studies of trilex on treatment of pharyngitis].

Trilex consisted of three species: Ilex latifolia, Ilex asprella and Ilex rotunda. Trilex had the antipyretic effects, decreased the rat body temperature about 0.8 degree C on yeast induced hyperthermia. Trilex could obviously enhance the threshold of hot plate induced pain in mice. The maximum threshold increased 43.8%. Trilex could also inhibit acetic acid induced inflammatory ooze in mice abdominal cavity. The inhibitory rate was 34.8%. These results showed that trilex had antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. It could be used to treat acute and chromic pharyngitis.

Analgesics↗

PubMed2003

[Clinical analysis of 410 cases of drug eruption].

An clinical analysis was conducted among a cohort of 410 patients drug eruption with treated in our department from January 1995 to December 2001. We found that the common drugs likely to lead to anaphylactic reactions included cephalosporins, ampicillin types, antipyretic analgesic types, rabies vaccine, sulfonamides, tetracyclines types, etc. The drug eruption mostly presents diverse clinical features resembling the rashes as seen in cases of scarlet fever, measles, urtica, or mucosal edema or ulceration.

Adolescent↗