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PubMed2005

Partial cloning and localisation of leptin and its receptor in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Based on the studies and results presented here, leptin and its receptor were expressed by adipose tissue, mammary alveolar epithelial cells, liver hepatocytes, and the lining epithelium of the bile duct of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Our observations support the biological importance of leptin in the mammary gland as well as the likely local effect of leptin on the peripheral tissues. We suggest that there may be an association between hepatic leptin and the lipogenic activity of the liver in the dromedary camel.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

The isolation and characterization of camel (Camelus dromedarius) immunoglobulin classes and subclasses.

Immunoglobulins G and M were prepared from camel sera by ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration and fast protein liquid chromatography (ion exchange). Heavy and light chains were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. IgG subclasses were isolated by DEAE ion exchange chromatography and shown to have different electrophoretic motilities. No molecules corresponding to IgA were detected. Rabbit anti-serum against camel IgG was generated and its specificity shown by Western blotting.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Respiration in heat stressed camels.

Respiration and heat exchange in relation to brain temperature (Th) and body temperature (Tb) were investigated in four heat stressed camels subjected daily to high temperature (47 degrees C) in a climate chamber while resting when hydrated and dehydrated by approximately 10%, 15% and 20% of initial weight. Diurnally Tb followed patterns described previously. Th was usually 0.2-0.5 degrees C greater than Tb: occasional reversals with brain cooling were observed. Minute ventilation increased with Tb: above 37.5 degrees C it was approximately half as much in dehydrated as in hydrated animals. Respiratory frequency increased with Tb up to 60/min. Tidal volume fell with increasing frequency; above 25 breaths/min, tidal volume approximated dead space volume. Exhaled air was almost always unsaturated with no systematic effect of dehydration. Metabolic rate fell on dehydration reducing ventilatory demand. Th and Tb were measured in two of the animals walking outdoors: then Th fell below Tb if exercise exceeded 30 min. The data indicate that heat stressed camels pant, but turbinate vasoconstriction in a hot environment prevents cooling of the brain by carotid rete heat exchange.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Combined eco-epidemiological and molecular biology approaches to assess Echinococcus granulosus transmission to humans in Mauritania: occurrence of the 'camel' strain and human cystic echinococcosis.

Mauritania lies between West-Central Africa where human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is considered extremely rare and West Maghreb where CE accounts for a real public health problem. Until 1992, Mauritania was considered as human CE-free even through CE seemed well known in livestock. In 1992, the introduction of ultrasonography led to the diagnosis of the first human CE cases. In 1997, a veterinary study revealed that dogs living around Nouakchott were commonly infected by Echinococcus granulosus. To assess E. granulosus transmission and to identify the most relevant animal reservoir responsible for human CE emerging in Mauritania, a simultaneous eco-epidemiological and molecular biology approach was performed. The fieldwork included sample collection and investigation of relationship between intermediate hosts, definitive hosts and humans. Typing of E. granulosus strains was performed using comparison of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified DNA sequences with one nuclear (BG 1/3) and 2 mitochondrial (COI, NDI) targets. Results show that the 'camel' strain is actually infectious to humans and circulates between intermediate hosts including camels and cattle. It is suggested that preventive measures at slaughtering places could reduce human contamination.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Camel trypanosomosis in the Canary Islands: assessment of seroprevalence and infection rates using the card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi) and parasite detection tests.

Trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma evansi (surra) is a major enzootic disease of the dromedary camel. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to assess seroprevalence and infection rates in the Canary Islands using antibody(-card agglutination test-CATT/T. evansi) and parasite detection tests (micro-Haematocrit Centrifugation technique, Giemsa stained blood smears, microscopic examination of lymph node aspirates and mouse inoculation). PCV was also determined. 745 dromedary camels (483 females and 262 males) were examined. Trypanosomes were detected in seven animals. 36 animals yielded CATT positive results while 709 animals were negative. All parasitologically positive animals were also CATT positive. Results showed a good correlation between CATT positive and low PCV and a higher seroprevalence in older animals. Trypanocidal drugs have not been registered in Spain and, consequently, if vigilance is not exercised the prevalence could be increased in the future.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2003

Camel trypanosomosis in Morocco 1: results of a first epidemiological survey.

An epidemiological survey of camel trypanosomosis was conducted for the first time in Morocco in 1997 and 1998. Five provinces located in the south and southeast of the High Atlas mountain chain were included in this study. A total number of 1460 serum samples were collected and tested by a card agglutination test for trypanosomosis (CATT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (Ab-ELISA) to detect anti-Trypanosoma evansi antibodies. The overall seroprevalence was 14.1% by CATT and 18.2% by Ab-ELISA. Two very active foci were identified in Zagora and Merzouga with high Ab-ELISA prevalences of 43.3 and 35.4%, respectively, for each area. The concordance between the CATT and Ab-ELISA was 94.1%. The age-related distribution of seroprevalence showed a tendency for the infection rate to increase with age up to a maximum in the 7-10 year-old group. Clinical examination revealed that enlargement of lymph nodes was the most frequent sign in seropositive animals (79.7%). The comparison of haematocrit values of seropositive and seronegative animals showed a significant difference that indicated severe anaemia in infected animals. Isolation of the parasite by inoculation of mice allowed us to collect 15 T. evansi isolates from Zagora and three from Merzouga. The study showed that the Saharan provinces of Morocco were slightly affected by camel trypanosomosis but two hyperendemic foci, Zagora and Merzouga, were found to be sources of contamination for the surrounding regions.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of various diagnostic techniques for Trypanosoma evansi infections in naturally infected camels.

One hundred and eight camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Trypanosoma evansi endemic areas of the Thar Desert of Rajasthan State, India, were evaluated by various diagnostic tests including parasitological tests (wet blood film-WBF, stained thick blood film), chemical test (mercuric chloride), biological test (mouse subinoculation-MSI), and immunodiagnostic tests based on antibody detection (double immunodiffusion test-DID, card agglutination test-CATT), antigen detection (double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay-Ag-ELISA). Of the tested camels 49 were found infected using the WBF of which nine gave false negative results with the mercuric chloride test. The efficacy of MSI was 87.03 percent, while the mercuric chloride test was 60.18 percent efficient. The diagnostic efficacy of CATT (72.22 percent) was found to be much better than DID (28.70 percent). Ag-ELISA was 86.11 percent efficient in detecting trypanosomal antigens. A good correlation was found between the positive results obtained by wet blood film, CATT and Ag-ELISA. It was inferred that CATT can be used to study the seroprevalence of T. evansi with great ease, however, trypanosome antigen detection may give a more accurate idea of the prevalence of T. evansi in an endemic area.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1999

Some studies on the growth and development of Echinococcus granulosus, camel origin in experimentally infected dogs.

The development of Echinococcus granulosus of camel subspecies in 35 experimentally infected dogs was studied at 3, 7, 10, 13, 18, 23, 35 and 56 days post-infection (d.p.i.). The morphological characteristics of each developmental stage is studied and discussed. Morphological characters included number, total length, shape, arrangement of rosteller hooks and blade length to total length percentage (B1/T1%). In addition, total worm length, scolex, suckers, rostellum, neck and segments were measured and described. Other useful characters are considered to be the position of common genital pore, number and distribution of testes, uterus, shape of ovary and vitelline glands. Generally, the results indicated that the segmentation first appears at 18 d.p.i. Moreover, male and female genitalia could be detected at the same period. However, completely developed genitalia appeared at 56 d.p.i. Histological examination of the small intestine of experimentally infected dogs revealed that the parasites were found in distended and thin wall crypts of Liberkuhn at the periods of 3.7 and 10 d.p.i, while the parasite scoleces were found embeded in the mucosa at the periods of 13, 18 and 23 d.p.i. No significant pathological changes were encountered in both infected and control dogs. The data presented here are the first report of strobilar development of E. granulosus of camel origin in experimentally infected dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Evidence of Onchocerca fasciata (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) in camels (Camelus dromedarius): I-prevalence, nodular lesions appearance and parasite morphology.

Examination of 3376 imported and 200 local Egyptian camels was carried out during the period extending between September 1997 and August, 1998. These animals were carefully examined for the presence of Onchocerca fasciata nodules and subsequently for O. fasciata adult parasites. Results of this study revealed that imported camels had the higher infection rate (2.75%), while those of local origin showed no palpable or detected Onchocerca nodules. Distribution of these nodules was mainly on the two sides of abdomen, hind limbs (concentrated in thigh region) and fore limbs particularly on the shoulders and nuchal ligament. This distribution varied according to the degree of infection. Searches for microfilariae were also performed using either blood samples, or in the subcutis and fascial sheath near or around the detected nodules.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1999

Seasonal effects on fertility and ovarian follicular growth and maturation in camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Camels are said to be seasonal breeders, but the extent to which season interferes with food supply to affect ovarian function is not fully documented. Hence, the three aims of this study were: (1) to define the breeding season of camels maintained in semi-arid conditions in southern Morocco; (2) to relate the proportion of females with active ovaries (i.e., with follicles > 5 mm), with ovulatory (11-17 mm) or cystic (> 18 mm) follicles to age and body conditions score; (3) to study the consequences of the interactions between age and body conditions score on the proportion of females ovulating and conceiving; and (4) to compare follicular maturation, using in vitro steroidogenesis by intact follicles as a marker during the transition into the breeding season (October) and peak breeding season (March). There was a clear breeding season in the two flocks studied, since over 80-90% of the matings occurred during the period from mid-November to mid-April. Collection of ovaries at slaughter (n = 238) demonstrated a significant seasonal effect on the proportion of females with active ovaries (increasing from 73.5% in October-December to 89% in January-May), but no changes in the proportion of females with ovulatory follicles. Lean females (BCS < 2.5) had a delayed initiation of ovarian function in October-December. In addition, the proportion of females with cystic follicles was also affected by season (peaking during April-May). Neither age nor body condition modulated the frequency of cysts. Finally, the proportion of females conceiving increased steadily as season progressed (peaking at 57% in April-May). Body condition score did not affect this proportion, but young females (< or = 5 years old) had a low ability to conceive. Morphological features of large follicles were unaffected by season. Ovulatory follicles contained around 10(7) granulosa and theca cells. In vitro testosterone output by intact follicles was unrelated to follicle size and season. In vitro oestradiol output increased with increasing follicle size and was larger in follicles obtained during peak breeding season than at its initiation. This may indicate that early breeding season follicles display a low aromatase activity in their granulosa cells. Whether the low oestradiol output of early breeding season follicles is resulting in the low fertility observed at this period remains to be determined.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of imidazole dipeptides, histidine, 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine in equine and camel muscle and individual muscle fibres.

The combined solid-phase extraction (Isolute PRS columns) and reversed-phase gradient HPLC method presented provides a sensitive, reproducible and selective quantification of carnosine, balenine, homocarnosine, histidine, 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine in equine and camel muscle and individual muscle fibres. Recoveries were 91-115%. Lower limits of detection were 0.005-0.010 mmol kg-1 dry muscle. The compounds were isolated from other physiological amino acids and small peptides and resolved within a single chromatographic run of 55 min. Concentrations of these compounds in equine myocardium, diaphragm, skeletal muscle, camel muscle and individual muscle fibres of both species are presented for the first time.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Identification of a flunixin metabolite in camel by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A flunixin metabolite, a hydroxylated product, has been identified in camel urine and plasma samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-MS-MS in the electron impact and chemical ionization modes. Its major fragmentation pattern has been verified by GC-MS-MS in daughter ion and parent ion scan modes. The method could detect flunixin and its metabolite in camel urine after a single intravenous dose of 2.2 mg of flunixin/kg body weight for 96 and 48 h, respectively, which increases the reliability of antidoping control analysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Surface ultrastructure of fetal bronchial epithelium in camel.

The surface ultrastructural features of fetal camel bronchial epithelium were studied at various stages of development. The bronchial epithelium in fetuses of 90-280 mm crown-to-rump length (CRL) presented a large number of disintegrating sloughed epithelial cells and a few ciliogenic cells at different stages of ciliary differentiation. The disintegrating cells had vacuolated electron lucent cytoplasm, which contained variable amounts of glycogen, swollen mitochondria, strands of dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and irregular pyknotic nuclei. They were joined by a distorted junctional complex at their luminal ends. From 330-480 mm CR length fetuses, the disintegrating sloughed cells of the bronchial epithelium of camel lung were relatively fewer than those observed at the previous fetal stage. On the other hand, the non-ciliated microvilli-covered cells and the ciliogenic cells were increased in number. On reaching 500-560 mm CR length, the disintegrating sloughed cells had completely disappeared from the bronchial surface, and the lining epithelium was characterized by the presence of abundant ciliogenic cells at various stages of differentiation. Towards 570-700 mm CR length, most of the bronchial surface cells underwent ciliogenesis. From 830 mm CRL up to term, the bronchial epithelium demonstrated ciliated and non-ciliated microvilli-covered cells, together with some cells possessing microplicae at their apical surface.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Observations on aggregated lymphoid nodules in the cardiac glandular areas of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).

Aggregated lymphoid nodules are an important part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). They are mainly distributed in the ileum and appendix of animals and humans but their distribution in the cardiac glandular area has not been reported. A study of stomach histology in the Bactrian camel has revealed that the nodules are distributed as a band-like region along the ventral wall of the stomach neck, at the beginning of the cranial enlargement and on the lesser curvature. The mucous folds are thicker in these regions than where there are no aggregated lymphoid nodules. The nodules appeared similar to ileal aggregated lymphoid nodules found in other animals and consisted of typical polymorphological lymphatic nodules arranged in a single continuous row occupying the submucosa and forming mucosal folds together with the mucous membrane. The whole mucous membrane with cardiac glands, diffuse lymphatic tissue and solitary lymphoid nodules in the lamina propria were found to cover the aggregated lymphoid nodule regions, but some nodules with a typical corona extended into the lamina propria and were covered with follicle-associated epithelium devoid of cardiac glands. These findings indicate that the stomach of the Bactrian camel possesses not only a special structure of digestion but also has characteristic immunological morphology.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Gross anatomy of the accessory nerve and vagus nerve of the head and cranial neck region in the Bactrian camel.

Seven heads and necks of Bactrian camels were dissected to investigate the origin, course, branches and distribution of the accessory nerve and vagus nerve in the cranial cervical region. The spinal root and external branch of the accessory nerve were not present, but there was a delicate communicating branch between the dorsal root of the first cervical nerve and the root of the vagus nerve. The sternocephalic muscle was innervated by the second cervical nerve while the brachiocephalic and trapezius muscles were supplied by the sixth and seventh cervical nerves. In the head and cranial cervical region of the Bactrian camel the vagus nerve gave off the auricular branch, pharyngeal branch, cranial laryngeal nerve, a common trunk to the larynx, oesophagus and trachea, and some communicating branches connecting with the glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal, first cervical nerves and the cranial cervical ganglion.

Accessory Nerve↗
PubMed2001

Factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor from the nymphs of the camel tick Hyalomma dromedarii.

An inhibitor of factor Xa (FXa) was isolated from the nymphs of the camel tick Hyalomma dromedarii by a combination of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephacryl S-300 columns. The isolated nymphal FXa inhibitor turned out to be a homogenous preparation of a single polypeptide chain (15 kDa) as judged by both the native and denatured SDS-PAGE. Its pI value ranged from 7.7 to 7.9. The inhibitor is a potent anticoagulant since it prolonged both the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and the prothrombin time (PT) of the camel plasma in a concentration-dependent manner. Its activity was threefold lower toward thrombin than FXa, but it did not inhibit any of the proteases; trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, papain, pepsin and subtilisin. The inhibitor binds at two sites on FXa uncompetitively with an inhibition constant (K(i)) value of 134 nM.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Purification and characterization of adenosine deaminase from camel skeletal muscle.

Adenosine deaminase was purified (780-fold) from skeletal muscle of camel (Camelus Dormedarius) to homogeneity level by using DEAE Sephadex chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The enzyme appeared to be monomeric with subunit molecular weight of 43kDa and isoelectric point of 4.85. The enzyme showed specificity for adenosine and exhibited Michaelis-Menten Kinetics with kappa(cat) of 1112.41 min(-1) and K(m) of 14.7 microM at pH 7.5. The pH and temperature optima for enzyme activity were 7-7.5 and 25 degrees C, respectively. Free energy (DeltaG*), enthalpy (DeltaH*) and entropy (DeltaS*) of activation for denaturation of adenosine deaminase at 50 degrees C were 88.94, 99.65 kJmol(-1) and 33.16 Jmol(-1), respectively. The purified enzyme had half-lives of 636 and 61 min at 25 and 50 degrees C, respectively. The activation energy for catalysis of camel skeletal muscle adenosine deaminase was 9.13 kJmol(-1). Free energy (DeltaG#), enthalpy (DeltaH#) and entropy (DeltaS#) of activation for hydrolysis of adenosine deaminase at 25 degrees C were 50.35, 6.65 kJmol(-1) and -146.62 Jmol(-1), respectively. Purine riboside inhibited the enzyme competitively with K(i) of 16 microM.

Adenosine Deaminase↗