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PubMed1998

Fusion of macrophages on an implant surface is associated with down-regulated expression of ligands for galectin-1 and -3 in the rat.

Galectins have a wide range of biological activities which are elicited by binding to appropriate glycoligands. Besides regulation of the expression of the galectins the extent of the presence of suitable binding sites will be relevant to infer the cellular responsiveness to this class of sugar receptors. Thus ligand presentation requires monitoring by the tissue lectin. We demonstrate the expression of galectin-3 by macrophages and foreign-body giant multinucleate cells colonizing a cellophane implant in the rat by the A1D6 monoclonal antibody. The extents of ligand presence are visualized in the same cells by biotinylated galectin-3 and also by galectin-1 which is produced by diverse mammalian cell types and widely distributed. Labeled mistletoe (VAA) and tomato (LEA) lectins are used as tools to assess the degree of similarity of the binding profile between endogenous and exogenous proteins. The presentation of alpha-galactosides is monitored with a natural immunoglobulin G subfraction obtained by two consecutive affinity chromatography steps. The binding of labeled galectins and plant lectins was significantly lower to foreign-body giant multinucleate cells than to mononuclear macrophages. The application of the alpha-galactoside-specific probe yielded no significant staining. The potential problem of epitope accessibility could be excluded by the concomitant positivity obtained with an IgG subfraction with selectivity to beta-galactosides also obtained by affinity chromatography. These results provide no evidence for a role of alpha-galactosides for the binding of galectins in the rat macrophages colonizing the implant. The reduced level of expression of glycoligands for galectin-1 and -3 in foreign-body giant multinucleate cells in contrast with the mononuclear macrophages suggests an inhibitory influence of macrophage fusion on the expression of galectin-reactive molecules.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Histopathology of fetal membrane rupture: a review of the literature.

Ideally, the histological examination of the fetal membranes should reveal something of the mechanism that ruptured them. However, like any investigation of the crime, there needs to be careful sifting of evidence and confirmation of the validity of inferences. In the case of membrane rupture, the histology must be correlated with the physics of rupture. The usual mental model of the physics of membrane rupture is based on our everyday experiences with the physical world of water balloons, cellophane wrappers, etc. First reviewed are aspects of that intuitive physical model that are important to understanding the histology. Then, the literature is reviewed for histologic correlation with physical and biological observations of membrane rupture.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2003

Five-year cumulative incidence and progression of epiretinal membranes: the Blue Mountains Eye Study.

PURPOSE: To describe the 5-year cumulative incidence and change in epiretinal membranes in a defined older Australian population. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand six hundred fifty-four persons 49 years of age or older, living in the Blue Mountains area, west of Sydney, Australia, participated in the baseline survey during 1992 to 1994. The cohort was reexamined after 5 years in 1997 to 1999. Excluding persons (543) who died since the baseline, 75% of survivors (n = 2335) attended the follow-up examination. METHODS: All participants underwent a detailed eye examination, including stereo retinal photography. Epiretinal membranes were diagnosed from grading of baseline and 5-year retinal photographs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Epiretinal membranes were classified as either preretinal macular fibrosis (PMF), with retinal folds, or as a less severe form, termed cellophane macular reflex (CMR), without retinal folds. The incidence of epiretinal membranes was determined if either lesion was found in eyes with no preexisting epiretinal membrane at baseline. Progression was defined if the area of involvement increased by more than 25%, regression if it decreased by more than 25%, and stable if it changed by less than 25%. RESULTS: Epiretinal membranes developed in the first eye of 108 of 2030 participants who had no sign of this condition in either eye at baseline, 5.3%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.4 to 6.4. Five-year cumulative incidence rates for PMF and CMR were 1.5% and 3.8%, respectively. Of those participants with epiretinal membranes in one eye at baseline, 18 of 133 (13.5%) developed this sign in their second eye after 5 years. New epiretinal membranes (mostly CMR) occurred in 15 of 165 subjects (9.1%; CI, 5.2-14.6) who had undergone cataract surgery since the Blue Mountains Eye Study I. This rate was significantly higher than in the nonsurgical group, 92 of 1861 (4.9%; CI, 4.0-6.0) of whom developed epiretinal membranes. Progression from CMR to PMF was observed in 17 of 183 eyes (9.3%). Existing epiretinal membranes progressed, regressed, or remained stable in 28.6%, 25.7%, and 38.8% of eyes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study has documented the 5-year cumulative incidence and the natural history of epiretinal membranes in an older population.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Long-term visual outcome and complications associated with pars planitis.

PURPOSE: To identify the ocular complications and to statistically evaluate the possible association of pars planitis with multiple sclerosis (MS) in a homogeneous population of pars planitis patients. METHODS: The authors reexamined 36 patients and reviewed the records of an additional 18 patients (total: 54 patients, 108 eyes) with idiopathic pars planitis. RESULTS: The initial mean visual acuity of 20/46 (logMAR: 0.36 +/- 0.50) was not statistically different from the final mean visual acuity of 20/44 (logMAR: 0.34 +/- 0.45; P = 0.73), after a mean follow-up of 89.2 months. Complications included neovascularization with or without associated vitreous hemorrhage (7 eyes, 6.5%), moderate to severe cellophane retinopathy (7 eyes, 6.5%), chronic cystoid macular edema (CME) (9 eyes, 8.3%), visually significant cataracts (16 eyes, 14.8%), and retinal detachment (9 eyes, 8.3%). Significant lens opacification was associated with a greater risk of retinal detachment (P = 0.004). In four patients (7.4%), optic neuritis developed, and in an additional eight patients (14.8%) MS developed. Kaplan-Meier analysis of these data showed a 16.2% +/- 6.2% risk of MS solely developing in patients, and a 20.4% +/- 6.7% risk of either MS or optic neuritis developing, after 5 years of disease. The presence of periphlebitis at the time of pars planitis diagnosis increased the rate of development of these conditions (P = 0.002). Six patients (11.1%) had a family history positive for MS in a first-degree relative. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the overall favorable visual prognosis in patients with pars planitis. Patients with significant cataract formation appear to be at greater risk for retinal detachment. Periphlebitis at the time of diagnosis of pars planitis increases the risk of development of optic neuritis or MS. The strong association demonstrated between pars planitis and MS in this study further supports a link between the two disease states.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

The effect of quenching agents on contact urticaria caused by cinnamic aldehyde.

Inhibition (quenching) of contact sensitization by cinnamic aldehyde (CA) reportedly occurs from eugenol (E) and d-limonene (d-L). Experimentally the former inhibited nonimmunologic contact urticaria (NICU) from CA in seven of eleven test subjects, which prompted a search for possible mechanisms, including chemical interaction, altered absorption, and anti-inflammatory activity, and competitive inhibition. Mixtures of CA and E and CA and d-L showed no chemical changes or intermolecular bonding. Absorption was not increased by cellophane tape stripping, and neither E nor d-L inhibited urticaria formation following stimulation of skin of five subjects with dermographism. Competitive inhibition at the receptor level may best explain the quenching phenomenon observed. Additional factors are presented that complicate the already numerous caveats in interpreting test results in NICU.

Acrolein↗

PubMed1997

High-performance liquid chromatographic measurement of urocanic acid isomers and their ratios in naturally light-exposed skin and naturally shielded skin.

We have developed methods for sampling and extraction of trans-urocanic acid and cis-urocanic acid from human skin, and subsequent high-performance liquid chromatographic measurement of these isomers. Sampling involves applying cellophane adhesive tape to the skin for 10 s. Urocanic acid isomers were completely extracted by immersing the tape in KOH solution. The HPLC column was a Tosoh ODS 80TS (250x4.6 mm I.D., 7 microm average particle size) eluted with 20 mM potassium dihydrogenphosphate containing 1 g/l sodium heptanesulphonate (pH 3.7)-acetonitrile (93:7, v/v) at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. The isomers were detected by UV absorbance at 264 nm. This technique was used to analyze the ratio of trans-urocanic acid/cis-urocanic acid on human skin at various sites on the body. It was found that the ratio was low in naturally light-exposed skin and high in naturally shielded skin.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Medical outcome of cocaine bodystuffers.

To describe the clinical course of cocaine "bodystuffers" presenting to regional emergency departments, a descriptive retrospective analysis was performed on all cases of cocaine bodystuffers received by a metropolitan poison control center and associated toxicology service from January 1993 to May 1994. We identified 46 cases of patients classified as bodystuffers. Of these, 34 patients (74%) remained asymptomatic. Eight patients (18%) had mild symptoms including hypertension and tachycardia that resolved with no treatment beyond decontamination or benzodiazepines (one patient). Two patients (4%) had moderate symptoms including agitation and fever that resolved with no treatment beyond decontamination or benzodiazepines (one patient). Two patients (4%) had severe symptoms including seizure and cardiac dysrhythmia. Both died. Radiographs of the abdomen were negative for foreign body in all 23 examinations performed. Mild cocaine intoxication is common in cocaine bodystuffers. Severe intoxication can occur, resulting in death. Abdominal radiographs are not of value for stuffers ingesting cellophane-wrapped packets. More experience is needed to determine the length of intensive care monitoring that these patients require.

Antidotes↗

PubMed2001

Epiretinal membranes after extracapsular cataract surgery(1).

PURPOSE: To determine whether uneventful extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) with posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL) implantation induces epiretinal membranes (ERMs). SETTING: Private practice, with statistical evaluation at a university department in Germany. METHODS: This prospective study comprised 296 consecutive patients (332 eyes) who had uneventful ECCE with PC IOL implantation for senile cataract. Eyes were examined within 2 weeks preoperatively and 2 weeks and 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively. The macula was examined with a 78.0 diopter Volk lens. The main outcome measure was the presence of ERM. The membranes were classified as present when cellophane macular reflex (CMR) or macular pucker (MP) was observed. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 78 years (range 50 to 97 years). At baseline, ERM was present in 49 of 332 eyes (14.8%), 40 (12.1%) with CMR and 9 (2.7%) with MP. Six months postoperatively, ERM was present in 84 of 332 eyes (25.3%), 72 (21.7%) with CMR and 12 (3.6%) with MP. The difference between the baseline and 6 month incidence was significant (P <.001). All new cases of ERM were of the CMR type. One year after surgery, ERM was present in 54 of 198 eyes (27.3%), 47 (23.7%) with CMR and 7 (3.5%) with MP. The ERMs rarely influenced visual acuity; however, 6 of 12 eyes (50.0%) with MP and 13 of 72 (18.1%) with CMR had metamorphopsia. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of ERM increased by 71.4% during the first 6 months after uneventful ECCE with PC IOL implantation. Thereafter, the prevalence remained about the same. Newly formed ERMs were probably induced by the uneventful surgery. Although new-onset membranes usually do not preclude good visual acuity, they can cause metamorphopsia postoperatively.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Experimental neodymium:YAG laser damage to acrylic, poly(methyl methacrylate), and silicone intraocular lens materials.

PURPOSE: To compare neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser effects on acrylic, silicone, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) intraocular lens (IOL) polymers. METHODS: Ten Nd:YAG laser exposures were produced in each of 6 implantation-quality acrylic (Alcon MA60BM), silicone (Staar AQ1016), and PMMA (Alcon MC60BM) IOLs under identical conditions. Each polymer type was irradiated at 6 power settings (0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 mJ) and at 2 focal points (midpoint of lens optic and on the posterior surface to which a cellophane membrane was affixed). The linear extent of the damage was measured using light microscopy. Specimens exposed to 1.0 mJ were processed for scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: The damage threshold (> or = 5 microns depth) was 0.3 mJ for silicone and 1.0 mJ for acrylic and PMMA IOLs. At the clinically relevant power levels, 1.0 to 2.0 mJ, the depth of damage in the acrylic polymer was 11.9 to 30.5 times less than the depth in the silicone polymer. Similarly, the depth of damage in the PMMA polymer was 5.4 to 52.6 times less than the depth in the silicone polymer. The morphologic pattern of damage in the silicone IOL showed a deep, irregularly configured trough with meandering tendrils. Acrylic IOL damage morphology consisted of an ameboid-shaped entry site without radiating fractures and mild posterior penetration. Poly(methyl methacrylate) IOL damage consisted of a shallow focal trough with radiating fractures. CONCLUSIONS: The silicone IOL polymer had the lowest threshold for laser-induced damage and greater linear extension of damage than the PMMA and acrylic IOL polymers. Poly(methyl methacrylate) and silicone polymers exhibited collateral damage or ejected particulates adjacent to the entry site, whereas the acrylic polymer showed a discrete locus of damage.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed1997

Prophylactic efficacy of traditional herbal medicines against recurrent herpes simplex virus type 1 infection from latently infected ganglia in mice.

Traditional herbal medicines with anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) activity in vivo were examined for their prophylactic effects on recurrent HSV-1 infection in mice. Mice were intradermally infected with HSV-1 in the pinna and recurrent HSV-1 disease was induced by ultraviolet irradiation. Herbal extracts arrested the progression of recurrent HSV-1 disease, reduced the incidence of severe erythema and/or vesicles in the pinna, and/or shortened the period of severe recurrent lesions compared with water-administered mice (P < 0.01 or 0.05). Similarly, the prophylactic treatment of herbal extracts limited the development of recurrent skin lesions induced by stripping with cellophane tape physically. The prophylactic efficacy on recurrence was confirmed by the absence of HSV DNA in the skin lesions. HSV-1 genome was revealed to exist in the trigeminal ganglia but not in the pinna of latently infected mice before stimuli by a nested-polymerase chain reaction assay. After stimuli, HSV-1 genome was detected in both pinna and trigeminal ganglia of latently infected mice administered with water. However, prophylactic treatment decreased the rate of detection of HSV-1 genome in the stimulated pinna. Thus, the herbal extracts exhibited prophylactic efficacy against recurrent HSV-1 disease in mice and modulated the recurrent HSV-1 infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Importance of soft tissue inhomogeneity in magnetic peripheral nerve stimulation.

In magnetic peripheral nerve stimulation with a figure-of-eight coil, a 'tangential-edge' coil orientation (the nerve is beneath the coil intersection and perpendicular to the coil wings) is ideal theoretically. However, some experimental results show that strong muscle responses are elicited with a 'symmetrical-tangential' coil orientation (the nerve is beneath the coil intersection and parallel to the coil wings), which is inconsistent with the cable theory. We hypothesized that the 10:1 conductivity difference between muscle and fat would cause inconsistent results during magnetic median nerve stimulation in the elbow, which was verified using an inhomogeneous volume conductor model. The induced electric fields were measured in a model composed of saline solutions of different concentrations divided by a cellophane sheet. A nerve was imagined along the boundary between the two solutions, and the coil was held in a 'symmetrical-tangential' position. Virtual cathodes, which were off the nerve in the homogeneous model, were on the nerve in the inhomogeneous model. The previous inconsistent results were explained by considering soft tissue inhomogeneity without any modification of the assumption in the cable theory that only the induced electric field component parallel to the nerve is responsible for nerve excitation.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Molecular cloning and tissue-specific expression of a new member of the regenerating protein family, islet neogenesis-associated protein-related protein.

Islet neogenesis-associated protein (INGAP) is a protein expressed during islet neogenesis. We have cloned a novel cDNA having a similar sequence to INGAP cDNA. The cDNA encodes 175 amino acids designated INGAP-related protein (INGAPrP). INGAP is expressed in cellophane-wrapped pancreas, but not in normal pancreas, whereas INGAPrP was abundantly expressed in normal pancreas.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗

PubMed1997

Serum copper, zinc and magnesium levels in children with enterobiosis.

Levels of serum copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) were determined in the sera of 250 children aged between 6 and 13. Of these children, 180 were infected only with Enterobius vermicularis. The remaining 70 children were without parasitic or bacterial infection and made up the control group. The cellophane tape method was used to detect E.vermicularis infection. The levels of Cu, Zn and Mg in the serum samples were measured with the Perkin- Elmer 2380 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Evaluation by the student-t test showed that the means of the Cu, Zn and Mg in the serum were significantly lower in the infected group than in the control group. Thus, in this study, we found that E. vermicularis adversely affects the level of elements such as Cu, Zn, and Mg in serum.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Investigation of concentration profiles inside operating biocatalytic sensors with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM).

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) with amperometric or potentiometric measuring tips was used to investigate biocatalytic reactions inside the enzyme layer of a biosensor during its operation. The well known glucose oxidase catalyzed oxidation of glucose has been selected for the studies. Local, instantaneous concentration of dissolved oxygen and hydrogen peroxide was studied observing the amperometric current while miniaturized potentiometric tip served for local pH measurements. Liquid enzyme layer immobilized with Cellophane membrane or cross linked polyacrilamide gel membrane containing entrapped enzyme served for biocatalytic media in the SECM imaging. Local maximum of H(2)O(2) and minimum of O(2) profiles were found at approximately 200 microm far from the substrate/enzyme layer boundary. From the experimental findings guidelines to design well functioning biocatalytic sensors could be concluded. The concentration profiles obtained with SECM techniques were compared with the results of simple model calculations carried out with the method of finite changes. Most of earlier made SECM studies dealing with enzyme reactions imaged the electrolyte being in contact with the immobilized enzyme. The data in our investigation, however, were collected inside the working catalytic layer.

Biosensing Techniques↗

PubMed2004

Translocation of carbon by Rhizoctonia solani in nutritionally-heterogeneous microcosms.

Responses of Rhizoctonia solani to spatial heterogeneity in sources of carbon, and associated translocation of carbon (C), were studied in a simple microcosm system comprising two discrete domains of agar gels separated on a glass slide and overlain with a porous membrane. Two arrangements of the gel pairs were used, one containing two equally large resources (representing 'homogeneous' conditions) and one containing a large and a negligible resource (representing 'heterogeneous' conditions). The nutrient sources were a standard mineral salt medium with or without glucose as sole C source. The fungus was inoculated onto one domain and growth responses determined by direct measurement of biomass. Translocation of C was quantified by use of 13C-enriched glucose. This substrate was either added to the agar at the outset, when studying newly developing colonies, or as a pulse into already established colonies. When growing in heterogeneous conditions, the fungus actively translocated C from a glucose-containing domain to sustain growth in the adjacent region lacking such a resource. In homogeneous conditions there was evidence of passive translocation (diffusion), but the fungus preferentially used local resource to maintain growth. Active translocation was only observed in newly growing colonies, whereas passive translocation occurred in both growing and established colonies. When the fungus was pulsed with a 13C-enriched glucose solution after 10 d growth, 2.5 times more 13C was taken up by the fungus grown in heterogeneous than homogeneous conditions, suggesting uptake exceeded local demands. In heterogeneous conditions, the total amount of 13C enriched glucose taken up by the fungus was independent of the location of the enriched glucose in the underlying medium. When the nylon membrane was replaced by Cellophane (an additional C source), degradation of the membrane and an increase in biomass occurred only in the heterogeneous system. The possible implications for these results in soil systems are discussed.

Biomass↗

PubMed2006

Changes in the molecular orientation and tensile properties of uniaxially drawn cellulose films.

Cellulose films were prepared by dissolving lyocell fibers in LiCl/N,N-dimethylacetamide solvent and subsequently coagulating and drying them under ambient conditions. To introduce preferred orientation, the films were uniaxially drawn under air-dry and rewetted conditions, respectively. Preferred orientation was determined by birefringence measurements and by wide-angle X-ray scattering. Mechanical properties were characterized by means of tensile tests with films conditioned to standard temperatures and humidity. Drawing resulted in the substantial reorientation of cellulose, whereby the molecular chains in the amorphous regions exhibited clearly stronger reorientation than the crystalline fraction. The average degree of orientation was comparable to orientation achieved in spun cellulose fibers. Wet-drawing resulted in improved tensile strength and modulus of elasticity but reduced elongation at break. The mechanical properties of wet-drawn films are competitive with regard to cellophane and melt-blown cellulose films, particularly considering their high modulus of elasticity of up to 26 GPa, which is also comparable to values obtained for industrially produced cellulose fibers.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed2001

Effect of selective lipid extraction from different body regions on epidermal barrier function.

PURPOSE: To assess the effects of selective lipid extraction and tape stripping on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) at three body regions in the pig. METHODS: Lipids were extracted from the abdominal, inguinal. and back regions using three different solvent extraction procedures or cellophane tape stripping (15x) on Yorkshire pigs. Three solvent extraction stages were I, cyclohexane (5 ml for three, 1-min extractions): II, cyclohexane/ethanol (4:1) (5 ml for three, 1-min extractions): and III, cyclohexane/ethanol (1:4) (5 ml for three, 3-min extractions) extracted as follows: Site A, Stage I: Site B, Stage I and II; Site C, Stage I, II and III. Erythema, edema, and TEWL were assessed in control, tape-stripped, and extracted sites at 0, 6, and 24 h. The extracted lipids were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and quantified by densitometry for ceramide, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, fatty acids, and triglycerides. RESULTS: The change in TEWL (delta TEWL) in 14 of the 15 sites was the highest at 24 h and generally increased with each additional extraction. The greatest changes were present in the back. Each extraction stage removed specific lipids in reproducible quantities that caused the delta TEWL to increase from 0 to 24 h. Lipid removal was verified by transmission electron microscopy. The mean total lipid concentration depended on extraction solvents and body region, and was reproducible across sites and regions at equivalent stages of lipid extraction. Relative proportions of individual lipids extracted were similar across all body regions. Higher concentrations of total lipids were extracted from the back. CONCLUSIONS. These studies demonstrate that extraction of lipids increased the delta TEWL to a level similar to repeated tape stripping at all body sites in the pig. This study suggested that strategies that could biochemically alter epidermal lipid composition may increase absorption of simultaneously administered topical compounds and may be useful to enhance drug delivery.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2002

Cultured epidermal allografts: Quantitative evaluation of their healing effect in deep dermal burns.

This study summarizes the Brno Burn Centre experience with the application of cultured epidermal allografts (CEAl) in the treatment of deep dermal burns. In a prospective randomised trial on 30 patients with deep dermal burns CEAl obtained from young healthy and examined donors and fixed on tulle grass carrier (Grasolind) were compared with empty Grasolind as the lowest layer of dressing. All the other layers were identical.Both kinds of dressing were applied simultaneously on the same deep dermal burn wound between 6th and 10th day after burn. Six days later the non-healed wound areas were recorded through painting on cellophane membrane and scanned in the computer. The percentage of wound reduction was calculated and statistically evaluated.The reduction of the non-epithelialized wound area was 86.5% when covered through CEAl and only 71.2% when covered with tulle grass (Grasolind) only. This difference is statistically significant.In conclusion it can be stated that cultured epidermal allografts strongly stimulate reepithelialisation in deep dermal burns.

Journal Article↗