Coronavirus infections in working adults. Eight-year study with 229 E and OC 43.
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Adult↗
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Results for “COMMON COLD VIRUS”
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Epidemiology and natural history of respiratory infections in children.
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Acute Disease↗
Viral causes of sudden inner ear deafness.
Clinical, pathologic, and laboratory studies suggesting a viral etiology for sudden deafness have been presented. Although a cause and effect relationship has not been proven, the frequent close association between viral infection and sudden deafness constitutes a strong argument in favor of a viral etiology of sudden deafness in about one of three patients with sudden deafness.
Acute Disease↗
Cross-linked fibrin in the nasal fluid of patients with the common cold.
To determine whether adherent material found on the walls of the paranasal sinuses during common colds might be fibrin clot, we examined the nasal fluid (a surrogate for sinus secretion) of 11 young adults with experimentally induced rhinovirus colds and that of 4 control subjects for the presence of fibrin. The mean concentration (+/- the standard error) of insoluble fibrin (measured as D-dimer) in subjects with rhinovirus colds increased from a baseline level of 0.8+/-0.4 microgram/mL to a peak of 2.4+/-0.7 microgram/mL (P=.0008) on day 4 after inoculation of the virus, but the fibrin concentration remained at baseline levels in the 4 uninfected control subjects.
Adult↗
Respiratory viral infections in the elderly.
Viral respiratory infections represent a significant challenge for those interested in improving the health of the elderly. Influenza continues to result in a large burden of excess morbidity and mortality. Two effective measures, inactivated influenza vaccine, and the antiviral drugs rimantadine and amantadine, are currently available for control of this disease. Inactivated vaccine should be given yearly to all of those over the age of 65, as well as younger individuals with high-risk medical conditions and individuals delivering care to such persons. Live, intranasally administered attenuated influenza vaccines are also in development, and may be useful in combination with inactivated vaccine in the elderly. The antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine are effective in the treatment and prevention of influenza A, although rimantadine is associated with fewer side-effects. Recently, the inhaled neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir, which is active against both influenza A and B viruses, was licensed for use in uncomplicated influenza. The role of this drug in treatment and prevention of influenza in the elderly remains to be determined. Additional neuraminidase inhibitors are also being developed. In addition, to influenza, respiratory infections with respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, and coronavirus have been identified as potential problems in the elderly. With increasing attention, it is probable that the impact of these infections in this age group will be more extensively documented. Understanding of the immunology and pathogenesis of these infections in elderly adults is in its infancy, and considerable additional work will need to be performed towards development of effective control measures.
Adolescent↗
Ecology of respiratory virus transmission: a comparison of three communities in West Bengal.
Respiratory virus transmission in children was studied comparatively in three ecologically different low-income communities in West Bengal: an isolated village, a suburban village, and a crowded urban community. Continued use of contaminated pond water for bathing, irrigation of nasal passages, post-defecation washing of the anus, and washing of food vessels was common to all, as was intense crowding of indoor sleeping quarters during cold and wet seasons. Intensity of infection was highest (26%) in the most crowded urban area, the variety of virus types least in the most isolated village. Sources of drinking water differed but seemed unrelated to virus transmission. Toxigenic diphtheria organisms were found in nonspecific skin lesions in children in each area.
Child↗
Association between interleukin-8 concentration in nasal secretions and severity of symptoms of experimental rhinovirus colds.
The purpose of this study was to examine the association between experimental rhinovirus infection and the elaboration of interleukin-8 (IL-8) into nasal secretions of volunteers and to determine the effect of pentoxifylline on IL-8 elaboration and rhinovirus-associated common cold symptoms. Fifty-four subjects with experimental rhinovirus infections and 20 sham-inoculated subjects were studied. Pentoxifylline had no effect on rhinovirus-induced symptoms or nasal-secretion IL-8 concentrations. IL-8 concentrations were significantly greater in nasal secretions from infected symptomatic subjects than in those from infected asymptomatic or sham-challenged subjects on days 2-4 after virus challenge. In infected subjects, there was significant rank correlation between nasal obstruction severity, rhinorrhea severity, and nasal-wash albumin concentrations and the change in IL-8 concentration from baseline on days 2-4 after virus challenge.
Adolescent↗
Rhinovirus infections in an isolated antarctic station. Transmission of the viruses and susceptibility of the population.
It is commonly believed that living in polar isolation causes high susceptibility to respiratory illness. At McMurdo Station, a US research base in Antarctica, we tested this belief by comparing, over 36 days (August 31-October 5, 1976), the incidence and severity of respiratory illness in 64 men finishing six months isolation and in 136 men just arrived from the United States. The colds in the two intermingled populations were essentially equivalent. Forty-three per cent of the newcomers and 39% of the wintering group reported colds; symptoms and duration were nearly identical between the two populations. Movement of the colds was slow. The newcomers brought in 31 colds; subsequently, only 52 evenly spaced illnesses arose. Incidence of respiratory illness was twice higher in the smaller living units than in the spacious main dormitory. Two nontypable rhinoviruses, McMurdo 4 and McMurdo 88, were brought in by the new population and were the only viruses isolated. Only McMurdo 88 spread, although more than 65% of the men were antibody-free (less than 1:3) to either agent. McMurdo 88 caused an estimated 60% of antarctic-contracted colds. In brief, this isolated polar group was not especially susceptible to respiratory illness, and virus movement through the group was deliberate.
Adolescent↗
Viral respiratory infection in schoolchildren: effects on middle ear pressure.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of uncomplicated viral respiratory infections (colds) on middle ear pressure in healthy school-aged children. METHODS: Children (ages 2-12) with normal tympanograms before onset of illness had bilateral tympanometry daily except weekends for 2 weeks after the onset of a cold. Nasopharyngeal secretion obtained at onset of illness was cultured for bacterial pathogens of otitis media using selective agars and tested for rhinovirus, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A and B, and parainfluenza 1-3 by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction technology. Tympanometry was designated as abnormal with peak pressure of < or =-100 daPa or > or =50 daPa and/or a compliance peak of < 0.2 cm(3). RESULTS: Eighty-six colds were studied, 82 in schoolchildren (5-12 years old) and 4 in 2- to 3-year-olds. Abnormal negative middle ear pressure occurred at least once during the 2 weeks after onset in 57 (66%) of the 86 colds. Tympanometry was abnormal in the first week after onset in 50 (88%) of the 57 colds and was abnormal on a single day in 17 (30%) of the 57. The middle ear pressure abnormalities were intermittent and shifted from one ear to the other ear from day to day. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was positive for a respiratory virus in 56 (65%) of the 86 illnesses. Rhinovirus was found in 48% and respiratory syncytial virus in 14%. Pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis) were detected in nasopharyngeal secretion in 29 (34%) of the 86 colds; the bacteria were in high titer (> or =10(3) cfu/mL) in 26 of the 29 positive specimens. None developed illness that required a visit to a physician. Age, detection of a respiratory virus, and presence of bacterial pathogen in the nasopharyngeal secretion had a negligible effect on the occurrence of abnormal tympanometry. Occurrence of negative middle ear pressure in winter-spring colds was significantly greater than in fall colds for unexplained reasons. CONCLUSIONS: Transient negative middle ear pressure occurred in two thirds of uncomplicated colds in healthy children. This negative pressure, which may facilitate secondary viral or bacterial otitis media, seems to result from viral infection of the nasopharynx and distal tube causing bilateral eustachian tube dysfunction. Tympanometry provides an objective measure of the potential beneficial effects of investigational treatments on the risk of eustachian tube dysfunction/otitis media.
Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
Prevalence of viral respiratory tract infections in children with asthma.
BACKGROUND: Previous studies support a strong association between viral respiratory tract infections and asthma exacerbations. The effect of newly discovered viruses on asthma control is less well defined. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the contribution of respiratory viruses to asthma exacerbations in children with a panel of PCR assays for common and newly discovered respiratory viruses. METHODS: Respiratory specimens from children aged 2 to 17 years with asthma exacerbations (case patients, n = 65) and with well-controlled asthma (control subjects, n = 77), frequency matched by age and season of enrollment, were tested for rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, coronaviruses 229E and OC43, parainfluenza viruses 1 to 3, influenza viruses, adenoviruses, and human bocavirus. RESULTS: Infection with respiratory viruses was associated with asthma exacerbations (63.1% in case patients vs 23.4% in control subjects; odds ratio, 5.6; 95% CI, 2.7- 11.6). Rhinovirus was by far the most prevalent virus (60% among case patients vs 18.2% among control subjects) and the only virus significantly associated with exacerbations (odds ratio, 6.8; 95% CI, 3.2-14.5). However, in children without clinically manifested viral respiratory tract illness, the prevalence of rhinovirus infection was similar in case patients (29.2%) versus control subjects (23.4%, P > .05). Other viruses detected included human metapneumovirus (4.6% in patients with acute asthma vs 2.6% in control subjects), enteroviruses (4.6% vs 0%), coronavirus 229E (0% vs 1.3%), and respiratory syncytial virus (1.5% vs 0%). CONCLUSION: Symptomatic rhinovirus infections are an important contributor to asthma exacerbations in children. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: These results support the need for therapies effective against rhinovirus as a means to decrease asthma exacerbations.
Adolescent↗
[Gynecologic infections in adolescence].
BACKGROUND: Adolescence in the age bracket with the highest incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). An observational study was performed in symptomatic patients attending our Outpatient Clinic for STDs in order to evaluate the diffusion of genital infections in the adolescent population and the different epidemiological distribution compared to adults. METHODS: The incidence of these infections was compared in two groups of patients attending the clinic between April 1995 and April 1999. The first consisted of 54 teenagers (13-19 years-old) and the second, used as a control, consisted of 917 women of child-bearing age (20-40 years). All patients underwent clinical examinations and microbiological tests of vaginal secretions (bacterioscopic test on coloured plates using the Gram method, cold tests, cultural assay of bacteria and fungi, assay for (Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma spp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Herpes simplex virus). RESULTS: The most common genital infection in teenagers was candidosis (35% vs 23.9%), followed by bacterial vaginosis (31.9% vs 25.8%) and mixed flora vaginitis (25.9% vs 22.6%). HSV was found in 1.8% of adolescents (vs 0.6%), in selected cases, Chlamydia and Mycoplasma were present in 16.6% (vs 1.1%) and 50% (vs 28%) of teenagers respectively. CONCLUSIONS: All genital infections were more frequent in the study population of adolescents compared to the control group. The adolescent population should be the target of a serious and systematic programme of prevention in order to ward off the sequelae of early and often irresponsible sexual activity.
Adolescent↗
[Influenza and other viral respiratory infections].
Since the discovery of influenza virus in 1933, many viruses have been reported as the causative agents of acute respiratory infections. On the other hand, disease entities such as influenza, common cold, pharyngitis and atypical pneumonia etc. are recognized and established clinically. Recent development and popularization of rapid diagnostic kit of influenza and anti-influenzal drugs(amantadine and neuraminidase inhibitor) in Japan made the concern of influenza more concretly. The discrepancy between clinically diagnosed influenza and virologically confirmed influenza is discussed for treatment and prevention of influenza in practice.
Amantadine↗
Diagnosis of oral ulcers.
Ulcers commonly occur in the mouth. Their causes range from minor irritation to malignancies and systemic diseases. Innocent solitary ulcerations, which result from trauma and infections, must be distinguished from squamous cell carcinomas, which also typically present as solitary ulcers. Multiple oral ulcers may be classified as acute, recurrent and/or chronic. The most common causes of rapid-onset oral ulcers include acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, allergies and erythema multiforme. The two common forms of acute (short-term) recurrent oral ulcers, "cold sores" or "fever blisters," which are caused by the herpes simplex virus, and recurrent aphthous ulcers ("canker sores"), may be distinguished largely on the basis of their location. Most types of multiple chronic oral ulcers are associated with disturbances of the immune system. They include erosive lichen planus, mucous membrane pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris. Clinical criteria which are most useful in identifying the cause of oral ulcers are vesicles or bullae, which may not be seen because they rupture rapidly in the oral environment; constitutional signs and symptoms; and lesions on the skin and/or other mucosa. In some cases, diagnosis depends upon culture or biopsy, particularly with the application of immunofluorescence to the surgical specimen.
Diagnosis, Differential↗
Immune responses and the emergence of drug-resistant virus strains in vivo.
The treatment of viral infections using antiviral drugs has had a significant public health benefit in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and newly developed drugs offer potential benefits in the management of other viral infections, including acute self-limiting infections such as influenza and picornaviruses (including the rhinoviruses that are responsible for a large proportion of 'common colds'). A serious concern with such treatments is that they may lead to the selection of drug-resistant strains. This has been a significant problem in the case of HIV infection. Existing mathematical-modelling studies of drug resistance have focused on the interactions between virus, target cells and infected cells, ignoring the impact of immune responses. Here, we present a model that explores the role of immune responses in the rise of drug-resistant mutants in vivo. We find that drug resistance is unlikely to be a problem if immune responses are maintained above a threshold level during therapy. Alternatively, if immune responses decline at a fast rate and fall below a threshold level during treatment (indicating impaired immunity), the rise of drug-resistant mutants is more likely. This indicates an important difference between HIV, which impairs immunity and for which immune responses have been observed to vanish during treatment, and viral infections such as influenza and rhinoviruses, for which such immune impairment is not present. Drug resistance is much more likely to be a problem in HIV than in acute and self-limiting infections.
Drug Resistance, Viral↗
The regulation of rhinovirus infection in vitro by IL-8, HuIFN-alpha, and TNF-alpha.
The influence of three important cytokines (IL-8, TNF-alpha, and HuIFN-alpha) on ongoing rhinovirus infections has been examined in vitro, individually or as combinations. TNF-alpha was able to transform traces of HRV infections into full-blown infections. Furthermore, TNF-alpha was able to down-regulate the antiviral action of HuIFN-alpha completely, even at levels of just a few pg/ml. This suggests that the induction of TNF-alpha by HRV may be part of the virus's strategy to minimize the interferon response which is part of the host's immune defence system. However, troxerutin (a flavonoid) was able to neutralize the downregulatory action of TNF-alpha on the HuIFN-alpha system at low levels and re-establish the antiviral activity ascribed to IFN-alpha. IL-8 exerted a minor influence on the interferon system, and had no influence on rhinovirus infections. The in vitro findings are supported, in part, by recent in vivo findings in a common cold pilot study.
Cell Line↗
Increased virus shedding with aspirin treatment of rhinovirus infection.
In two double-blind trials, volunteers challenged with rhinovirus were treated with aspirin or placebo. Aspirin treatment did not alter the rates of infection or illness but was associated with a moderate reduction in the frequency or severity of some symptoms. The overall benefit in rhinovirus infection was not statistically significant. Aspirin treatment appeared to cause a highly significant increase in the rate of virus shedding in treated subjects. The increase in virus shedding must be considered an adverse event that could influence the course of the disease in the individual and increase the likelihood of the spread of the infection to contacts.
Adult↗
Rhinoviruses and coronaviruses - virological aspects of their role in causing colds in man.
Rhinoviruses are picornaviruses that cause colds. They are naturally temperature sensitive and highly adapted to grow in respiratory epithelium. Coronaviruses are structurally quite different, being enveloped viruses but are also adapted to grow in respiratory epithelium and also cause colds.
Common Cold↗