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Results for “Cognitive Dissonance”

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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

[Cognitive traps: the case of omission in the genesis of work-related accidents].

This article discusses omissions in work-related accidents. The authors present James Reason's concepts on task characteristics which can increase the chance of operator omission. These ideas were applied to three accidents in which worker omission was given as the "cause" and "proof" of victim's guilt. Analysis of these accidents as a stepwise sequence of activities shows at least four of Reason's omissions characteristics. The expression "cognitive trap" is used to describe their simultaneous presence, and these omissions are highlighted as an organizational aspect requiring consideration in accident-prevention strategies.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1991

Overcoming denial and increasing the intention to use condoms through the induction of hypocrisy.

Feelings of hypocrisy were induced in college students to increase condom use. Hypocrisy was created by making subjects mindful of their past failure to use condoms and then having them persuade others about the importance of condoms for AIDS prevention. The induction of hypocrisy decreased denial and led to greater intent to improve condom use relative to the control conditions. The implications of these findings for AIDS prevention are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Design and startup of a membrane-biological-reactor system at a Ford-engine plant for treating oily wastewater.

A wastewater-treatment facility at Ford (Dearborn, Michigan) was recently upgraded from chemical de-emulsification to ultrafiltration (UF) followed by a membrane-biological reactor (MBR). This paper describes the design, startup, and initial operational performance of the facility. Primary findings are as follows: (1) the MBR proved resilient; (2) the MBR removed approximately 90% of chemical-oxygen demand (COD) after primary UF; (3) the removal of total Kjeldahl nitrogen by MBR appeared to be more sensitive to operating conditions than COD removal; (4) nitrification and denitrification were established in one month; (5) the MBR removed oil and grease and phenolics to below detection levels consistently, in contrast to widely fluctuating concentrations in the past; (6) permeate fluxes of the primary and MBR UF were adversely affected by inadvertent use of a silicone-based defoamer; and (7) zinc concentrations in the effluent increased, which might have been a result of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid used in membrane washing solutions and/or might have been within typical concentration ranges.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1995

Influence of social factors on sugary products behavior in 4-year-old children with regard to dental caries experience and information at child health centers.

The aim was to analyze the steering effects of 15 social factors on sugary products behavior at 4 years of age in 177 children. The parents had in most cases received information on dental health care at child health centers, with due respect to the level of caries among the children, who were classified as 'healthy' (no caries experience) (n = 83) or 'diseased' (caries experience) (n = 84). The parents filled in a mailed diet history form. Only sugary products unsuitable from a cariologic point of view were considered. The products were given scores reflecting the frequency of intake. The social factors were social background, family, information, and conceptual factors. By means of multiple regression analysis, explanatory values of the social variables for sugary products behavior were estimated. For the total material, 13% of the variance was explained by all variables combined. Among the social background factors, 'parents' age' was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Among family factors, 'day-care mainly at home' and 'oldest child' were the most important. All information factors proved to be nonsignificant. Of the conceptual factors, only 'importance of genetic factors' was statistically significant. For the healthy group 26% of the variance was explained by all variables. 'Mother's age', 'importance of genetic factors', and 'oldest child' were statistically significant. For the diseased group all variables were nonsignificant. Explanatory values were negligible. The important conclusions were that very few traditionally conceived social variables seem to influence 4-year-old children's sugar behavior. Parents of children with caries appear to be a heterogeneous group with an irrational behavior.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1992

Cognitive motivations for drinking among alcoholics: factor structure and correlates.

The aims of this study were to: a) Identify factors reflecting reasons for drinking and expectancies regarding the effects of drinking among inpatient alcoholics; b) Examine the relationship between these cognitive "motivations" for drinking and both patterns of alcohol consumption and various personal and social consequences of consumption. The factors which emerged relate to negative mood reduction, positive mood enhancement, and social functioning. Although the factors identified in this investigation were not associated with quantity of alcohol consumed, small to moderate associations were found between scores on three of four factors and a variety of adverse physical and occupational consequences of alcohol abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

An investigation of procedures reported to increase potency of marijuana: a chemical analysis and psychological interpretation.

Three basic procedures from the "underground press" for increasing the potency of marijuana were tested quantitatively: Black Merta, Dry Ice, and isopropanol--water extraction. In all methods there was not significant change in THC, CBN, or CBD content before and after treatment. The persistence of procedures which have no measurable effect on the chemical properties of the drug is presented as additional evidence for the importance of psychological factors in perceived drug effects.

Cannabidiol↗
PubMed1985

Attitudes toward smoking and smoking rate: implications for smoking discouragement.

Attitudes toward smoking were measured among nonsmokers and five levels of smokers (light to heavy). Of 13 attitude items, a relationship between attitudes and number of cigarettes smoked was found to exist in five, three of which dealt with smoking as a health risk. The results suggest that the more cigarettes a person smokes, the greater the likelihood of denial of the health hazards associated with smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Private self-consciousness factors: relationships with need for cognition, locus of control, and obsessive thinking in Iran and the United States.

The authors measured Internal State Awareness (ISA) and Self-Reflectiveness (SR) factors from the Private Self-Consciousness Scale in Iranian (N = 325) and U.S. (N = 401) university students. In both societies, positive correlations with Need for Cognition and Internal Control and negative correlations with external control and obsessive thinking confirmed ISA as an adaptive form of self-consciousness. In partial correlations in which the authors controlled for ISA, SR was associated cross-culturally with greater Obsessive Thinking. This outcome conformed with the authors' expectations that SR would have negative mental health implications, but other data revealed complexities in the SR association with adjustment. Differences between samples failed to yield any simple support for F. Fukuyama's (1992) suggestion that Iranians might be more "alienated" (pp. 236-237) in their psychological functioning. The present study most importantly offered cross-cultural evidence in favor of the claim that better measures of an introspective self-awareness need to be developed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗