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PubMed1979

Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis: involvement of multiple anatomic sites in neonates.

In a study of infection due to Chlamydia trachomatis in infants, chlamydiae were recovered not only from the conjunctiva and respiratory tract but also from the vagina and rectum. The timing of recovery suggested that the vagina and conjunctivae are exposed to chlamydiae at birth and that pneumonia and gastrointestinal infection occur later. Sampling of the rectum may be a useful procedure for the diagnosis of chlamydial disease in infants.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed1984

Immune response of owl monkeys to topical vaccination with irradiated Chlamydia trachomatis.

The conjunctivae of owl monkeys were topically vaccinated with purified Chlamydia trachomatis organisms that had been inactivated by 60Co irradiation and lyophilized onto an inert carrier. Vaccinated monkeys developed antibody in serum and tears, while control animals given a placebo had no detectable titers. When challenged 35 days after the start of administration of the vaccine, all monkeys showed evidence of infection. The vaccinated group had a longer course of disease and more ocular discharge than did controls. Antibody levels in both serum and tears were nearly 10-fold higher after infection in vaccinated animals than in controls.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1984

Immune mechanisms in chlamydial eye infection: cellular immune responses in chronic and acute disease.

The current studies detail cell-mediated immune responses to Chlamydia trachomatis antigen in both acute and chronically infected monkeys. Peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBMLs) from three groups of animals (immunized before infection, not immunized before infection, and chronically infected) were tested for the capacity to proliferate in response to C. trachomatis antigen in vitro. Only those animals that had been systemically immunized before acute ocular infection responded significantly. Coculturing macrophages from nonresponding animals with T cells from D-histocompatible responding animals showed that the ability to present antigen was unaffected in nonresponding animals. These studies also demonstrated that removal of suppressor T cells from PBMLs before culture resulted in increased proliferation in the chronically infected group and suggested that the nonresponsiveness seen in chronic ocular disease may be mediated by suppressor T cells.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

Ophthalmia neonatorum in Nairobi, Kenya: the roles of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.

Among 149 consecutive infants with ophthalmia neonatorum in Nairobi, Neisseria gonorrhoeae was recovered from 43%, Chlamydia trachomatis from 13%, and both microorganisms from 4%. Three of five isolates of C. trachomatis belonged to trachoma serovars. The sensitivity and specificity of a gram-stained smear for the diagnosis of gonococcal conjunctivitis were 86% and 90%, respectively. Patients with gonococcal conjunctivitis had more purulent discharge, a higher clinical severity score, and a younger age at onset of disease. Corneal epithelial edema with superficial keratitis was present in four (16%) of 25 patients with gonococcal conjunctivitis but in none of 22 other patients (P = .07). N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis was isolated from the pharynx in 11 (15%) and six (23%) cases, respectively. Oropharyngeal gonococcal infection was associated with coughing (P = .007).

Chlamydia trachomatis↗
PubMed1991

Epidemiology of ocular chlamydial infection in a trachoma-hyperendemic area.

The epidemiology of ocular chlamydial infection in a trachoma-hyperendemic area of Tanzania was investigated. Specimens for chlamydial isolation cultures and direct fluorescent antibody cytology were collected from 1085 children aged 1-7 years. Other data included examinations for signs of clinical trachoma and the collection of household data on risk factors. A total of 33% of children had a positive laboratory test for Chlamydia species. The most important factors for predicting chlamydial infection were the presence of a sibling with laboratory evidence of infection, increased number of flies around the house, a household that herded cattle, and practice of a local religion. Younger children and girls were at no increased risk for a positive laboratory test, although these subgroups have more clinical disease. The data are compatible with a model of less frequent episodes of reinfection as children become older.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

The bacterial etiology of conjunctivitis in early infancy. Eye Prophylaxis Study Group.

The authors conducted this study to determine the etiologic agents of conjunctivitis in early infancy. From 1985 to 1990, 630 infants enrolled in a randomized, controlled, double-masked study of eye prophylaxis were observed for 60 days after delivery for signs of conjunctivitis. The following isolates were categorized as pathogens: Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria cinerea, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Chlamydia trachomatis. Using conditional logistic regression for analysis of 97 infant pairs, the authors identified isolates categorized as pathogens almost exclusively among cases (odds ratio (OR) = 18.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3-128). Among the microorganisms which have not usually been regarded as pathogens in the etiology of infant conjunctivitis, Streptococcus mitis was the only microorganism associated with an increased risk of conjunctivitis (OR = 5.3, 95% CI 1.8-15.0). The findings concerning the species of bacteria most often associated with conjunctivitis, as well as the finding that method of delivery is unimportant, suggest that bacteria were transmitted to the infants' eyes after birth and not from the birth canal.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Chlamydial serology.

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Antibodies, Bacterial↗