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Results for “Content validation”

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PubMed1999

Measuring post-traumatic stress: a psychometric evaluation of symptom--and coping questionnaires based on a Norwegian sample.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Norweigian versions of the Impact of Event Scale, the Post Traumatic Stress Scale-10 item version and General Coping Questionnaire-30 item version. A group of 40 male and 56 female medical students was tested one week and four months after having started dissection of cadavers for the first time. The results showed that all scales had good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The student sample scored lower on the IES and PTSS-10 than comparable groups of traumatized subjects. A gender difference emerged, with female subjects scoring higher than male subjects. The factor analysis of the instruments indicated good construct validity for the symptom scales. The analysis of content validity related to DSM IV criteria indicated that the IES and PTSS-10 may have some limitations in their predictive validity of PTSD. Taken together, the three scales have shown good psychometric properties and could be used in future research and clinical work.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Development and validation of the quality of life outcome measure (questionnaire) for chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency.

A patient-based, subjective outcome measure for chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency was developed, pretested, and validated. The development of the outcome measure was completed in four stages: 1) item generation (167 items), 2) item reduction (by surveying 79 patients), 3) questionnaire formation and pretesting (20 patients), and 4) reliability, responsiveness, and validity assessment (100 patients). This disease-specific quality of life measure is a 32-item questionnaire using a 100-mm visual analog scale response format. Face validity was derived from extensive direct patient input. Content validity was determined by consensus among 20 knee surgeons. There was no significant difference on test-retest reliability, with an overall average error of 6%. The outcome measure demonstrated responsiveness to clinical change correctly in 21 of 25 patients (84%). Construct validity was shown by the ability of the questionnaire to measure the full spectrum of disease; scores ranged from 8 to 99 out of a maximum score of 100. The questionnaire was able to distinguish patients who went on to have surgery (average score, 31) from those who would be treated nonoperatively (average score, 79). The quality of life outcome measure for chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency is the first subjective knee scale of its kind to be validated to measure quality of life in patients with chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Assessing pesticide safety knowledge among Hispanic migrant farmworkers in Oregon.

The purpose of this article is to report on the development and initial use of a pesticide knowledge test (PKT) specifically designed to evaluate agricultural workers' knowledge of the content mandated by the federal Worker Protection Standard (WPS). The PKT is a 20-item, true-false test, used in a sample of 414 adult and adolescent migrant farmworkers in Oregon. The overall mean score, i.e., number correct, was 15.67(78.4%), with both adults and adolescents demonstrating the most difficulty with questions related to the overall health effects of pesticides. The internal consistency was 0.73, when estimated using a method to correct for small sample sizes. Only six items had less than 70% correct answers. Content validity was achieved by basing the items directly on the Worker Protection Standard; face validity was obtained by having the final version of the test reviewed by a bilingual (English-Spanish) educator familiar with the requirements of the WPS. Overall, adult participants scored better than adolescents, and those with previous pesticide training scored better than those without. There were no differences in scores based on gender or whether the test was taken in English or Spanish; however, participants who spoke indigenous languages scored significantly lower than those who did not. These results indicate that the PKT is a valid, reliable measure of worker knowledge of the content of the WPS, although it does not measure the extent to which that knowledge is actually used in the work setting.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

A computer-managed clinical evaluation system: implications for competency-based dietetic education programs.

Instruments for evaluating clinical performance of students were developed, tested, and designed for a computer-managed evaluation system for the competency-based dietetic internship program at Emory University, Atlanta. The development, evaluation, and utilization of the instruments are described. The method of development included: (a) analysis of validated competencies and performance criteria to determine aspects of behavior appropriate to measure in clinical settings, (b) specification of major areas to be evaluated, (c) specification of component behaviors within each of the major areas, (d) specification of criteria to be used in evaluating component behaviors, and (e) definition of the rating continuum. Validation of the instruments consisted of determinations of content validity, interrater reliability, and practicality. Results of the use of the computer-managed evaluation system indicated that the instruments were valid, reliable, and practical to use for evaluating students' clinical performance.

Computers↗

PubMed1980

Research design: measurement, reliability, and validity.

The concept of measuring constructs is discussed. An explanation of reliability and validity of measures is presented. Reliability is consistency in measurement over repeated measures. Reliable measures are those with low random (chance) errors. Reliability is assessed by one of four methods: retest, alternative-form test, split-halves test, or internal consistency test. Validity is measuring what is intended to be measured. Valid measures are those with low nonrandom (systematic) errors. Validity is assessed by one of three methods: content validation, criterion-related validation, and construct validation. It is particularly important for the researcher in the behavioral or social sciences to assure himself that measures used are both reliable and valid.

Models, Theoretical↗

PubMed1997

Making our offices universally accessible: guidelines for physicians.

OBJECTIVE: To develop recommendations for office-based physicians who wish to make their offices accessible to all patients. OPTIONS: Include taking steps to make offices more accessible, or not; offices may be accessible to varying degrees. OUTCOMES: Outcomes of accessibility involve patient-care, economic, ethical and legal issues. Stakeholders in these outcomes include patients, physicians, government and society. EVIDENCE: Data were obtained from a series of searches of MEDLINE, CINAHL and Healthstar (previously Health) databases for articles on disability and family medicine, primary (health) care and family practice, and on access and offices, and health services accessibility, and from a telephone survey of 50 stakeholders. VALUES: A high value was placed on services to persons with disabilities and on stakeholder input. Universal accessibility was valued as an overall goal; improved accessibility was also highly valued. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS: Benefits to patients include improved access to care as guaranteed by the Canada Health Act and in keeping with provincial Human Rights Codes. Benefits to physicians include contact with a broader patient population and freedom from fear of litigation. Costs of improved accessibility vary depending on individual circumstances and on whether an office is being built or renovated; some improvement costs are minimal. RECOMMENDATIONS: All physicians should take measures to improve practice accessibility. Improved access should be considered in each of the following areas: transportation and entrance to the facility, entrance to the office, waiting rooms, rest rooms, examination rooms, general building features and other features. VALIDATION: No similar guidelines exist. To assess the content validity of these guidelines, the authors had a draft document reviewed by 18 stakeholders. All specific recommendations met the minimum criterion of adherence to current legislation, including national and provincial building codes. The specific recommendations are endorsed by the Canadian Paraplegic Association (national and Ontario offices), the DisAbled Women's Network (Ontario) and the Centre for Independent Living (Toronto). SPONSORS: Development of these guidelines was supported in part by the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Toronto Hospital, Toronto, Ont.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Development of the Childhood Atopic Dermatitis Impact Scale: initial validation of a quality-of-life measure for young children with atopic dermatitis and their families.

To measure the effects of atopic dermatitis (AD) on the quality of life of affected young children and their families, we developed a prototype 62-item instrument, the Childhood Atopic Dermatitis Impact Scale (CADIS). The prototype CADIS was developed from a comprehensive conceptual framework based on data from parents and clinicians. The instrument had eight subscales (four each for child and parent): physical health, emotional health, physical functioning, and social functioning. The goal of this work was to test the validity of and to refine the prototype of CADIS. Two hundred seventy parents of children under the age of 6 y with AD responded to the instrument. Content validity was demonstrated by expert and parent reviews of the drafted and refined instrument, and by analyzing parents' responses to open-ended questions about their children's skin disease. Construct validity was assessed in exploratory factor analyses which supported a refinement in the conceptual framework to consist of two dimensions with five domains: child dimensions (symptoms and activity limitation/behavior), and parent dimensions (family/social function, sleep, and emotions). Seventeen items were eliminated, yielding a 45-item refined version of CADIS (score 0-180) with evidence of content and construct validity and suggested use in clinical research.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Development and testing of the Labor Support Scale.

Nurses use interventions and supportive strategies to help mothers throughout labor, yet little research examines intrapartum nurses' labor support techniques. The purpose of the study was to develop and test a self-report instrument, the Labor Support Scale (LSS), to describe the frequency with which nurses perform interventions and nurses' perceptions of the helpfulness of interventions. Steps for instrument development were item generation, content validity testing, piloting, refining, and administering the questionnaire in two studies (n = 307, n = 472). Internal consistency reliability was .90 and .92 for the frequency and helpfulness portions of the instrument (respectively). Exploratory factor analysis, known groups technique, content analysis, and discriminant analysis evaluated validity. In both phases, instrument psychometrics provided evidence of content, construct, and discriminant validity.

Discriminant Analysis↗

PubMed1997

The Edmans ADL index: validity and reliability.

The Edmans ADL index was developed to assess functional abilities in stroke patients, including the activities necessary to enable a person to live independently at home, and graded to enable staff to monitor patient's progress over time. Content validity was established by comparing the Edmans ADL index with other published ADL assessments. Construct validity was established by comparing the Edmans and Barthel ADL indices, for 60 patients admitted consecutively to the Nottingham stroke unit. This showed a strong association between assessments. Inter-rater reliability was assessed by two occupational therapists, who independently and simultaneously assessed 20 patients individually on the stroke unit. This showed 96% excellent/good agreement between observers. Test-retest reliability was established by assessing 20 patients, 1 year post-stroke, on two separate occasions, 1 month apart. Results showed 85% excellent/good agreement over time. We conclude that the Edmans ADL index has content and construct validity, is sensitive to change over time, and has inter-rater and test-retest reliability.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

Reliability and validity of adapted Turkish Version of Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) questionnaire.

STUDY DESIGN: Outcome study to determine the internal consistency, and validity of adapted Turkish version of Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) Instrument. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the validity and reliability of adapted Turkish Version of SRS-22 questionnaire. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The SRS-22 questionnaire is a widely accepted questionnaire to assess the health-related quality of life for scoliotic patients in the United States. However, its adaptation in languages other than the source language is necessary for its multinational use. METHODS: Translation/retranslation of the English version of the SRS-22 was done, and all steps for cross-cultural adaptation process were performed properly by an expert committee. Later, SRS-22 questionnaires and previously validated Short Form-36 (SF-36) outcome instruments were mailed to 82 patients who had been surgically treated for idiopathic scoliosis. All patients had a minimum of 2 years follow-up. Fifty-four patients (66%) responded to the first set of questionnaires. Forty-seven of the first time respondents returned their second survey. The average age of the 47 patients (12 male, 35 female) was 19.8 years (range, 14-31 years). The two measures of reliability as internal consistency and reproducibility were determined by Cronbach alpha statistics and intraclass correlation coefficient, respectively. Concurrent validity was measured by comparing with an already validated questionnaire (SF-36). Measurement was made using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). RESULTS: The study demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency with high Cronbach alpha values for the four of the corresponding domains (pain, 0.72; self-image, 0.80; mental health, 0.72; and satisfaction, 0.83). However, the Cronbach alpha value for function/activity domain (0.48) was considerably lower than the original questionnaire. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the same domains was 0.80, 0.82, 0.78, 0.81, and 0.76, respectively, demonstrating a satisfactory test/retest reproducibility. Considering concurrent validity, two domains had excellent correlation (r = 0.75-1), while 9 had good correlation (r = 0.50 to 0.75), and 6 had moderate correlation (r =0.25-0.50). Based on these results, question 18 in the function/activity domain with lower Cronbach alpha value was revised while question 15 was excluded. The revised SRS-22 was given to 30 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients not included in the index study. The revision could improve the Cronbach alpha value for function/activity domain from 0.48 to 0.81. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that, if measures are to be used across cultures, the items must not only be translated well linguistically but also must be culturally adapted to maintain the content validity of the instrument at a conceptual level across different cultures. This may necessitate several validation studies to ensure and improve consistency in the content and face validity between source and target versions of a questionnaire due to difficulty in detecting subtle differences in the living habits of different cultures.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A critical appraisal of the role of triangulation in nursing research.

Triangulation is a research strategy that has received considerable practical and theoretical interest in nursing research. However, despite its popularity, triangulation raises a number of problematic methodological and philosophical issues. Four such issues are discussed in this paper. First, it is argued that triangulation is not always a necessary ingredient of a research project, as some questions, framed in fairly specific terms, may be adequately answered with the use of a single method. Second, triangulation is often advanced as a means of securing the validity of data; however, this claim often makes unwarranted assumptions as to the criterial status of one method in relation to others. To the extent that triangulation does secure validity, this is likely to be in respect of content validity (i.e. the scope of findings) rather than, as is often suggested, criterion-related validity (i.e. the 'accuracy' of findings). Third, the bringing together of quantitative and qualitative methods in triangulation tends to ignore fundamental questions as to whether data generated by methods that come from divergent epistemological frameworks can meaningfully be combined. Finally, the use of different theoretical frameworks, in theory triangulation, mistakes the true nature of a theory and overlooks the distinctness and incommensurability of different theoretical perspectives. In conclusion, nurse researchers should approach triangulation in a cautious and critical way, with due regard to the rather dubious assumptions upon which it frequently rests.

Bias↗

PubMed2002

Questionnaire as diagnostic tool in chronic pelvic pain (CPP): a pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: No standard screening instrument is available enabling physicians to assign the diagnosis chronic pelvic pain (CPP) to women with lower abdominal pain. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate an easy-to-use questionnaire, which can be applied as a validated primary screening test for diagnosing CPP. STUDY DESIGN: From the general female population, 577 women completed a questionnaire addressing chronic symptoms in the pelvic region. Included were (amongst others) questions on lower abdominal pain, low back pain, voiding symptoms, dyspareunia, pelveo-perineal dysesthetic feelings and evacuation problems. Serious chronic lower abdominal pain of unknown origin was considered as CPP. Three criteria were applied to validate the questionnaire: construct validity, comparison with results of a previous study and content validity. In addition, the internal consistency was checked to ascertain the reliability of the questionnaire. RESULTS: All items, with the exception of those concerning voiding symptoms and dyspareunia, withstood the validity tests applied, were interrelated and occurred significantly more often in women with CPP than those without. There were no significant differences in the frequency of the occurrence of low back pain, dyspareunia and evacuation problems between CPP women in the current community study and outpatients diagnosed with CPP in an earlier study performed at the University Hospital Rotterdam. Compared to our current study group, pelveo-perineal dysesthesia (PPD) and voiding symptoms were significantly more often reported by the CPP outpatients. CONCLUSION: The CPP questionnaire can be considered as a validated tool for primary screening of CPP.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Assessment of general practitioners by video observation of communicative and medical performance in daily practice: issues of validity, reliability and feasibility.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a video assessment method for General Practitioners (GPs) by analysing issues of validity, reliability and feasibility of observation of videotaped regular consultations. DESIGN: In a cross-sectional study consultations of 93 GPs were video recorded in the practice during 1 week. The GPs registered consultation and patient data in a logbook; 16 consultations per GP were selected using preset criteria. The quality of communicative and medical performance of these consultations was assessed by GP observers with a validated instrument. The validity of the procedure was evaluated by checking the content of each GP's sample using specific sample criteria. Selection bias was estimated by multiple regression analysis, with sample characteristics as independent variables and scores on communication and medical performance as dependent variables. The influence of observation on GPs and patients was assessed by a questionnaire. Generalizability theory was used to estimate reliability. Feasibility was assessed by conducting a questionnaire, by keeping accounts, and by checking the technical quality of the videotaped consultations. SETTING: Universities of Nijmegen and Maastricht, The Netherlands. SUBJECTS: General Practitioners (GPs). RESULTS: The domain of general practice was well covered in the samples; content validity was satisfactory. With regard to the sample characteristics, only the total duration of consultations appeared to correlate significantly with both the score on communication and the score on medical performance. A majority (71%) of GPs reported not being influenced by the observation, except in the first cases, and recognizing their usual daily performance in the videotaped consultations. An acceptable level of reliability was reached after 2.5 hours of observation, i.e. 12 cases by a single observer. The method was well accepted by both GPs and patients. The costs were pound250 per GP. CONCLUSIONS: Video assessment of GPs in daily practice according to the procedures described is a valid and reliable method, one which is useful for education and quality improvement. There is a trade-off between feasibility on one hand and validity, reliability and credibility on the other hand. Compared to investments in observation methods in standardized settings, the costs of video observation of GPs' actual performance are acceptable.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1997

Development and validation of a geriatrics knowledge test for primary care residents.

This study reports the development and preliminary validation of an instrument to measure geriatrics knowledge of primary care residents. A 23-item test was developed using questions selected from the American Geriatrics Society's Geriatrics Review Syllabus. Ninety-six internal medicine and family practice residents, 14 geriatrics fellows, and 11 geriatrics faculty members participated in the study. Findings support the reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.66) and validity (content and "known groups") of this short test. Predictive validity and sensitivity of the test to changes in knowledge will have to be further explored as residents progress through their training.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Developing an instrument to measure quality of life of patients with hyperhidrosis.

Quality of life (QOL) is an index of the state of wellness of an individual. The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure quality of life of patients with hyperhidrosis. With a multi- dimensional model of QOL as the conceptual framework for instrument development, the study started from literature review which was followed by interviews with patients, staff nurses, and doctors to generate the original items for the instrument. The validity and reliability then were assessed. Six experts performed content validity (CVI =.70). Internal consistency and construct validity assessment followed. A quantitative research method was used in this study. During March 2002 to April 2003, 85 patients from the surgical outpatient clinic at a teaching hospital in southern Taiwan were purposively recruifed as subjects. Written consent was obtained before subjects answered a questionnaire that should take 8-10 minutes to finish. Data analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows 8.0. Mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage, Cronbach ' s alpha, Pearson ' s correlation, and factor analysis were used to analyze the data. Exploratory factor analysis identified five factors. They were functional, social interaction, personal affective, psychological and physical function. The coefficients of Cronbach ' s alpha for these five factors ranged from 0.71 to 0.94. These five factors explained 68.90 % of the variance in QOL among the patients with hyperhidrosis. The results showed that the instrument had satisfactory validity and reliability. Implications of these results for future studies were discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2006

The Contact Lens Impact on Quality of Life (CLIQ) Questionnaire: development and validation.

PURPOSE: To develop and validate a questionnaire for the measurement of the impact of contact lenses on quality of life (QoL): The Contact Lens Impact on Quality of Life (CLIQ) Questionnaire. METHODS: The questionnaire was developed and validated using conventional methods and Rasch analysis to assure content validity, repeatability, construct validity, and low respondent burden. Item identification and selection (647 items) were performed with an extensive literature review, professional advice, and lay focus groups. Item reduction used focus groups and data obtained from 161 subjects completing a 90-item pilot questionnaire. Validity and reliability, from data of 128 additional subjects, were assessed using Rasch analysis, intraclass correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman limits of agreement. RESULTS: A 28-item CLIQ Questionnaire was developed and shown to have good validity and reliability by Rasch analysis statistics: real person separation, 2.02; model person separation, 2.17; reliability, 0.80; root mean square measurement error, 2.73; mean square+/-SD infit, 1.01+/-0.18; outfit, 1.01+/-0.19. The items (mean score, 49.8+/-4.9) were well targeted to the subjects (mean score, 51.2+/-6.2) with a mean difference of 1.35 (scale range, 0-100) units. Test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient (0.86) and coefficient of repeatability (+/-8.00 units) demonstrated good repeatability. CONCLUSIONS: Rasch analysis and standard psychometric analyses demonstrated that the 28-item CLIQ Questionnaire is a valid and reliable measure of QoL in contact lens wearers. A scoring algorithm is provided for CLIQ Questionnaire users to convert raw scores into the Rasch analysis-derived linear person measures.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Sleep disturbances in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the sleep patterns and level of fatigue in children and adolescents (6-18 years of age) with HIV infection, compared with ethnic-, gender-, and age-matched healthy children in the home setting. DESIGN: Descriptive, comparative. SETTING: Conducted in each child's home environment. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: Eighteen HIV-infected and 15 noninfected children completed the study. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HIV classifications for the 18 HIV-infected children were: A (n = 7), B (n = 6), and C (n = 5). METHODS: A symptom diary was developed using a previously validated fatigue assessment scale, modified for use with children. Content validity of the diary was established with a panel of 5 experts in child development and pediatric HIV disease. Children were asked to complete the diary each morning and evening for 3 days. Each child wore a wrist actigraph during the same period. RESULTS: The HIV-infected children had significantly more wake time after sleep onset, compared with noninfected children (13.55% vs 7. 47%). The HIV-infected children had more awakenings (25.33 vs 16.71) and were awake for longer periods (3.01 vs 1.01 minutes), compared with noninfected children. By parent report, 7 HIV-infected children napped and 2 noninfected children napped, indicating greater daytime fatigue in the HIV-infected children. HIV-infected children also reported a greater level of evening tiredness (2.47 vs 1.8). CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study suggest that sleep disturbances occur in HIV-infected children, similar to findings previously described in HIV-infected adults. Additional research is necessary to characterize the nature and patterns of sleep disturbance and fatigue related to pediatric HIV-infection, to assess the impact these may have on daily activities, and to develop strategies to improve sleep for these children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

The meaning of quality of life for bone marrow transplant survivors. Part 1. The impact of bone marrow transplant on quality of life.

Quality of life (QOL) is an important concept in cancer nursing and has particular significance for bone marrow transplant (BMT). BMT survivors are faced with the demands of acute transplant symptoms as well as chronic illness demands posttransplant. The purpose of this study was to explore the concept of QOL for BMT survivors and to gain understanding of nursing interventions that may improve QOL in this population. The conceptual framework for this study was derived from the model of QOL developed by Ferrell, Grant, and Padilla (1989) that depicts the QOL domains of physical well-being, psychological well-being, social concerns, and spiritual well-being. This qualitative study consisted of a one-time interview of 119 BMT survivors using six open-ended questions. The items were based on previous research of the authors and content validity was established by a panel of BMT experts. Content analysis was performed on verbatim written responses to six questions regarding BMT and QOL. Part one of this two-part report provides analysis based on the questions regarding the meaning of QOL to BMT survivors and the impact of BMT on QOL.

Adult↗