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PubMed2000

Dietary fat modulates serum paraoxonase 1 activity in rats.

We examined the effects of dietary fats with specific fatty acid compositions, on serum paraoxonase (PON1) activity in rats. Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into four dietary groups. One group received the control diet [AIN 93M with soybean oil (5 g/100 g diet)], whereas the remaining three groups received the modified control diet supplemented with (15 g/100 g diet) triolein, tripalmitin or fish oil, respectively. After 20 d, blood was obtained after overnight food deprivation and PON1 activity was determined. Serum lipids and lipid components of lipoproteins were also determined. Serum PON1 activity [micromol/(L.min)] was significantly (P: < 0.05) higher in triolein (98 +/- 6) and lower in fish oil (41 +/- 4), compared with tripalmitin-fed rats (63 +/- 11). Serum PON1 activity in tripalmitin-fed rats was comparable to that of controls (67 +/- 9). Serum PON1 activity correlated significantly with serum lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity (r = 0.77, P: < 0.001) and was transported in blood principally in association with the denser subfraction of HDL, very high density lipoprotein (VHDL; d > 1.15 kg/L). Serum PON1 activity correlated strongly with serum lipids as well as lipids of VLDL, HDL and its subfractions. Multiple linear regression analysis, however, showed a significant relationship of serum PON1 activity, principally with the phospholipids of VHDL (r = 0.47, P: < 0.002). These data suggest that the modulation of serum PON1 activity by dietary fat may be mediated via the effect of the specific fatty acids on the synthesis and secretion of VHDL, the subfraction of HDL that transports the majority of PON1 in the blood.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Dietary fat and the risk of breast cancer.

Age-adjusted dietary fat intake of 133 incident Dutch breast cancer cases was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher than in 289 apparently healthy controls (mean and standard deviation: 102 +/- 36 g and 92 +/- 30 g, respectively). The age-adjusted relative odds of breast cancer showed a positive trend (p less than 0.05) with increasing fat intake. The multivariate adjusted relative odds was 3.5 (95% Cl = 1.6-7.6) for subjects in the highest quintile of fat intake (above 113 g) compared to those in the lowest quintile (below 65 g); this corresponds to a 30% increased risk per 10% of energy derived from fat. The association could not be attributed to energy intake, nor to the degree of saturation of the fat nor to any specific dietary source of fat.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Basal laminar deposit formation in APO B100 transgenic mice: complex interactions between dietary fat, blue light, and vitamin E.

PURPOSE: Dietary fat intake has been proposed as a mechanism of sub-RPE deposit formation. It has been demonstrated recently that sub-RPE deposits develop in 16- to 18-month-old C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet and exposed to blue-green light. Hyperlipidemia also develops in these mice after they consume a high-fat diet. Because hyperlipidemia also develops in young C57BL/6 mice that overexpress APO B100, the major apolipoprotein in LDL cholesterol, this research was conducted to determine whether high-fat diet and plasma hyperlipidemia correlate with formation of basal laminar deposits (BLD) in young transgenic mice. METHODS: APO B100 and wild-type C57BL/6 2-month-old mice were fed a high-fat diet for 4.5 months. After the first month, the right eyes were exposed to seven 5-second doses of nonphototoxic levels of blue-green light (20 mJ of argon 488 nm) over 2 weeks. Three months later, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the retina was performed to evaluate whether sub-RPE deposits correlate with plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Several eyes were stained with filipin to detect cholesterol and osmium-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium (OTO) to detect neutral lipids in Bruch's membrane (BrM). A third group of APO B100 2-month-old mice were pretreated with vitamin E subcutaneously twice a week throughout the experiment and underwent the same light-exposure protocol. RESULTS: Mice fed a high-fat diet had a more elevated plasma triglyceride and cholesterol level than those that consumed a regular diet. Young APO B100 mice fed a high-fat diet had blood lipid levels higher than those in young wild-type mice that consumed high-fat diets, and these two groups had higher lipid levels than animals with regular diets, as shown previously in wild-type C57BL/6 (old and young). Eyes of APO B100 mice treated with blue-green light showed a high frequency of "moderate BLD", whereas the nonexposed eyes did not. In contrast, no BLD formed in either eye of the wild-type young mice fed a high-fat diet. In individual affected mice, only a weak correlation was observed between deposit severity and plasma lipid concentration. None of the eyes in mice with sustained hyperlipidemia with or without BLD demonstrated obvious widespread neutral lipid or cholesterol deposition in BLD or BrM. However, vitamin E-treated mice showed minimal formation of BLD. CONCLUSIONS: Although a high-fat diet is a necessary precondition for this model of BLD, the findings demonstrated a convincing direct correlation between plasma lipidemia and deposit severity. The results suggest that age, as shown in previous studies, and high-fat predispose to formation of BLD by altering hepatic and/or RPE lipid metabolism in ways more complicated than plasma hyperlipidemia alone.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Specific effect of the amount of dietary fat on esterase-1 (ES-1) activity of rat plasma.

The question addressed is whether the amount of dietary fat rather than that of carbohydrates or protein affects esterase-1 (ES-1) activity in plasma of rats. For this purpose, the effects on plasma ES-1 activity of replacement of dietary fat, by isocaloric amounts of either carbohydrates or protein were studied in male rats. In rats fed high-fat diets, corn oil induced higher plasma ES-1 activities than coconut fat. Plasma ES-1 activity was decreased by a decrease in fat intake. Replacement of fat by carbohydrates produced a similar decrease of plasma ES-1 activity as did replacement of fat by protein. Replacement of carbohydrates by protein did not significantly change plasma ES-1 activity. It is concluded that the amount of fat in the diet specifically influences ES-1 activity in plasma.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

The effect of apolipoprotein B xbaI polymorphism on plasma lipid response to dietary fat.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Lipid response to dietary fat and cholesterol is, to a large extent, genetically controlled. Apolipoprotein B (apo B) plays a dominant role in cholesterol homeostasis. Several polymorphic sites within or adjacent to the gene locus for apo B have been detected. The X+ allele of the XbaI restriction fragment polymorphism of the apo B gene has been found to be associated with higher serum cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. In order to study the influence of this mutation on the plasma lipid response in diets of varying fat content, 72 healthy male subjects were studied, 21 X- X- (X-) and 51 X+ (X+ X- or X+ X+). METHODS AND RESULTS: These subjects followed three consecutive 28-day diet periods: one rich in saturated fats (SAT diet; 38% fat, 20% saturated); a National Cholesterol Education Program type I diet (NCEP-I diet) (28% fats, < 10% saturated); and a third monounsaturated (MUFA diet) (38% fats, 22% monounsaturated). The different genotypes can be observed to have significant effects on total and LDL cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.017). X+ individuals had higher levels of total and LDL cholesterol after the consumption of a SAT diet (P < 0.012; P < 0.006, respectively), NCEP diet (P < 0.060; P < 0.054, respectively) and MUFA diet (P < 0.022; P < 0.042, respectively) in comparison with X- individuals. A significant interaction between genotypes and dietary effects was observed for diet-induced changes in plasma triglycerides (P < 0.032). Significant decreases in the absolute values of triglyceride concentrations (-0.18 mmol L(-1), P < 0.024) were noted in the X- subjects after the high intake of a MUFA diet, while no significant differences were observed in the X+ individuals (0.006 mmol L(-1), P < 0.858). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the total triglyceride response to diet is influenced by the apo B XbaI polymorphism.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The association of dietary fat and plant foods with endometrial cancer (United States).

OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations of dietary fat and selected plant foods with endometrial cancer in a population-based case-control study. METHODS: Six hundred and seventy-nine incident cases of endometrial cancer diagnosed between 1985 and 1991, and 944 population-based controls completed a 98-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire and a detailed in-person interview which collected information on endometrial cancer risk factors. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) of endometrial cancer, adjusted for age, county, energy intake, hormone use, smoking and, in separate models, for body mass index (BMI: kg/m2). RESULTS: Percent energy from fat was associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer (highest quintile cf. lowest: OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-2.6), with saturated and monounsaturated fats being the main contributors of risk. There was a stronger association between dietary fat and endometrial cancer among groups with higher circulating estrogen levels (i.e. women with higher BMI, users of unopposed estrogens, non-smokers, and younger age at menarche). Consumption of fruits or vegetables was inversely associated with endometrial cancer risk (highest quintile cf. lowest: OR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.46-0.93 and OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.43-0.88, respectively). Further adjustment for BMI resulted in little or no attenuation of the ORs and associated CIs. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide support for the theory that a low-fat, high-fruit and high-vegetable diet may reduce the risk of endometrial cancer, and that these dietary factors may act independently of the effect of BMI.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Effects of breeder age and dietary fat source and level on broiler hatching egg characteristics.

The effects of breeder age and added dietary fat source and level on broiler hatching egg characteristics were evaluated. Diets included no added fat (NAF) or 3.0% added poultry fat (PF) for peak energy intakes of 430 and 467 kcal/hen-day (PCD) or 1.5% PF or 3.0% corn oil (CO) at 449 PCD. As added dietary fat was changed from CO to PF, the percentage of unsaturated dietary fatty acids, including linoleic acid, decreased. Feeding of experimental diets was initiated when breeders were 22 wk old. Total fresh egg weight; eggshell weight; percentages of yolk (PYK), albumen (PAB), and eggshell (PSHL) weights; and yolk:albumen ratio were measured at various weeks between 26 and 47 wk of age. Egg weight increased progressively with hen age. Significant increases in yolk:albumen ratio occurred between Weeks 26 and 31 and between Weeks 31 and 35. Low (430 PCD) dietary energy levels significantly reduced PYK at 35 wk and increased PAB across breeder age. Eggshell weight was lower in birds fed moderate (449 PCD) compared to low energy levels at Week 26, moderate compared to high (467 PCD) energy levels at Week 41, and PF compared to CO across fat level at Week 31. At Weeks 31 and 41, PSHL was increased by the use of 3.0% PF compared to 1.5%, and PSHL was increased at Weeks 26 and 41 by using added PF compared to CO across fat level. Increased dietary energy decreased PAB and the use of added dietary CO rather than PF decreased PSHL in broiler breeders between 26 and 47 wk of age.

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Modulation of N-nitrosomethylurea induced mammary tumorigenesis by dietary fat and voluntary exercise.

The effect of dietary fat and exercise on N-nitrosomethylurea [NMU:CAS:684-93-5]-induced mammary tumorigenesis in female F344 rats was investigated. Rats were fed the NIH-07 diet until NMU administration on day 50 of age, when they were transferred to four treatment groups. Three sedentary groups were fed either high-fat (20% wt/wt), medium fat (10%) or low fat (5%) diets (HF, MF, LF, respectively), and a fourth group was fed a HF diet but allowed free access to an activity wheel (HFEX). Tumor yields among the three sedentary groups were significantly greater in the HF and MF groups when compared to the LF group. Voluntary exercise reduced tumor yields and delayed time of tumor appearance in HFEX animals to levels similar to those found in LF sedentary animals. Animals with voluntary access to exercise wheels averaged between 1.03 and 2.85 miles/day, consumed more food (+ 18%) and exhibited greater weight gain (+ 13%) than their sedentary counterparts. No differences in weight gains were detected among the HF, MF, and LF groups, despite widely varying amounts of fat intake. Body composition studies indicated that body fat content was not influenced by the quantity of fat consumed in the diet, but was significantly reduced by voluntary exercise (-20%). Since exercise and fat intake have been associated with alterations in endocrine status, circulating bioactive and immunoactive prolactin were assessed at termination. No significant changes were found in either form of prolactin among the four experimental groups, casting doubt on mediation by this pituitary hormone.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Dietary fat source and cholesterol interactions alter plasma lipids and tissue susceptibility to oxidation in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats.

Due to the potential for dietary fat source to alter plasma lipids and tissue antioxidant status, we hypothesized that blends of saturated, n-6 and n-3 fats with cholesterol would affect LDL and tissue susceptibility to in vitro oxidation. The effects of dietary fat blends of butter (B), beef tallow (T), soybean oil (SBO) or menhaden oil (MO) and cholesterol on systolic blood pressure (SBP), plasma lipoproteins and tissue susceptibility to glutathione (GSH) depletion and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) were examined in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. SBP in SHRs was higher (p < 0.001) than in WKYs at 13-weeks of age but was not altered by dietary fat or cholesterol. LDL- and HDL-cholesterol were greater (p < 0.001) in WKY than SHR. LDL-cholesterol and (VLDL- + LDL-cholesterol)/HDL-cholesterol ratios were reduced in MO vs. B, T and SBO groups. HDL-cholesterol levels tended to be lower and greater in B and MO groups, respectively vs. T and SBO groups. Initial LDL fluorescence was greater (p < 0.001) in high- vs. low-cholesterol groups. The change in LDL fluorescence was reduced (p < 0.001) in high-cholesterol groups, and MO vs. B, T and SBO rats. MO fed rats had reduced (p < 0.001) RBC, heart and liver GSH depletion and reduced (p < 0.01) tissue TBARS and RBC MDA production. In summary, a moderate level of dietary MO did not increase tissue and LDL in vitro oxidizability in SHR and WKY rats. High dietary cholesterol exhibited a protective effect against in vitro oxidation of LDL and selected tissues.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Interactions of dietary fat intake and the hepatic lipase -480C-->T polymorphism in determining hepatic lipase activity: the Hoorn Study.

BACKGROUND: Gene-nutrient interactions affecting hepatic lipase (HL) activity may contribute to the interindividual variability of the cardiovascular disease risk associated with dietary fat intake. OBJECTIVE: We determined the associations of dietary fat intake with postheparin HL activity and the possible modifying effect of the HL -480C-->T polymorphism on these associations. DESIGN: Subjects were recruited from participants in the 2000-2001 follow-up examination of the Hoorn Study. HL activity was determined in postheparin plasma in a sample of 211 men and 218 women aged 60-87 y. Information about dietary intake of the participants was obtained with a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Linear regression was performed, adjusted for age. RESULTS: Total dietary fat was positively associated with HL activity (standardized beta: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.21), and this association was also seen for saturated fat (0.10; 0.01, 0.20) and monounsaturated fatty acid (0.10; 0.01, 0.19). We observed a significant interaction of the HL polymorphism with the relation between total fat intake and HL activity. The association of total fat with HL activity was stronger in subjects with CT (0.27; 0.11, 0.43) and TT (0.39; -0.22, 1.00) genotypes than in subjects with the CC genotype (0.06; -0.06, 0.18; P for interaction < 0.10). The interaction remained statistically significant in models that included age, sex, carbohydrate and protein intakes, and insulin or body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Higher intakes of total and saturated fat were positively associated with higher HL activity. In addition, the observed association of total fat with HL activity was modified by the HL-480C-->T polymorphism, after adjustment for age, sex, carbohydrate and protein intakes, and insulin or body mass index.

Aged↗

PubMed1979

Body weight and depot fat changes as influenced by exercise and dietary fat sources in adult BHE rats.

Adult male BHE rats were fed diets containing 15% of either corn oil (CO) or medium chain triglycerides (MCT) as the dietary source of fat. Further, rats were allowed to remain sedentary or were forced to exercise by swimming for 1 hour daily, for 3 weeks, followed by swimming for 2 hours daily for 3 weeks. The exercise for 3 weeks caused significant reductions in average body weight gains. After 6 weeks of exercise the lipid content of the adipose cells was reduced by about 50%. Fat cell numbers were not changed by either fat source or exercise, but fat cell size was significantly reduced after swimming daily for 6 weeks.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1995

Dietary fat and obesity: evidence from epidemiology.

The epidemiological evidence that a high-fat diet promotes the development of obesity is considered suggestive but not definitive. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of various epidemiological methods that have been used to address this issue as well as an updated summary of the existing evidence. Ecological studies describing dietary fat intake and obesity at the population level provide mixed results and are likely to be biased by both confounding and unknown data quality factors that differ systematically across the populations studied. Cross-sectional studies are generally in agreement that the concentration of fat in the diet is positively associated with relative weight. Prospective studies of diet in relation to subsequent weight change give inconsistent results. This may be due to behavioural factors such as dieting in response to weight gain; in addition, this type of study rarely takes into account the possible interaction between genetic predisposition and dietary fat in promoting weight gain. Finally, intervention studies in free-living subjects are considered, providing evidence of a consistent but short-lived period of active weight loss on low-fat diets. The experimental evidence on this relationship is more conclusive than the epidemiological evidence, although biological mechanisms remain controversial. Some areas for future epidemiological research involve: longitudinal studies of dietary fat intake as a predictor of growth in children; observational studies relating total dietary fat and specific types of fat to overall as well as regional adiposity; and randomized intervention studies of the effect of low-fat diets with particular emphasis on and familial predisposition to obesity and other possible modifying factors.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Dietary fat and fat types as early determinants of childhood obesity: a reappraisal.

BACKGROUND: The growing prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has renewed interest in determining the influence of the maternal and infant diet on the risk of developing excess fat mass later in life. APPROACH: Review of available human and animal data reporting the effects of dietary fat and fat types early in life on adipose development. RESULTS: Rodent studies tend to show that maternal high-fat feeding during pregnancy and lactation results in increased adiposity of the offspring. Nevertheless, today there is a lack of population-based studies investigating this potential detrimental effect of maternal high-fat intake. Most epidemiological studies, performed so far, do not find any association between the level of dietary fat intake of infants and children and body weight and/or fatness. Regarding fat types exposure to high levels of dietary n-6 fatty acids during gestation and post-natal life, has been shown to promote obesity in mice. Nevertheless, other rodent studies do not demonstrate such an effect. CONCLUSION: There is no evidence supporting a restriction of fat intake during the first two post-natal years but the potential detrimental effects of maternal high-fat intake during gestation should be further investigated. The role of dietary fat types as early determinants of childhood obesity has so far been poorly studied. Robust evidence to support the adipogenic effects of n-6 fatty acids enriched-diets is currently lacking but this hypothesis is of importance and should be further evaluated in different animal models as well as in longitudinal human studies.

Adiposity↗

PubMed2000

Adaptation of the exocrine pancreas to dietary fats.

This article reviews studies on the adaptation of the exocrine pancreas to dietary fat. We include all the latest information about the mechanisms that underlie the adaptation of the secretory mechanism of the exocrine pancreas to the amount and the type of dietary fat. We review the kinetics of pancreatic adaptation and the mediators of the adaptive response of the pancreas including cellular and molecular mechanisms (modulation of intracellular messengers and gene expression of the different enzymes and secretagogues involved in the adaptation process). At the same time we include our results in this field in dogs and humans.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1976

Body lipids of guinea pigs exposed to different dietary fats from mid-gestation to 3 months of age.

Pregnant guinea pigs were fed one of three diets: a control low-fat diet, or a high-fat diet containing maize oil or beef dripping. At birth some animals were killed and the remainder reared on the same diet as their mothers till 3 months old. Body weight, weight of various adipose tissue depots, size and number of fat cells were measured. Animals fed high-fat diets were fatter than control animals. On all diets females were fatter than males. In both instances the increase in adipose tissue mass was attributable to enlargement of fat cells. The composition of dietary fat had little influence on the cellularity of adipose tissue.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1997

Effects of dietary fat saturation on eicosanoid production, platelet aggregation and blood pressure.

The effects of dietary fat saturation on eicosanoid urinary excretion, platelet aggregation (PA) and blood pressure (BP) were studied in 42 healthy subjects. They consumed four consecutive diets differing in their fat saturation [saturated (SFA); monounsaturated (MUFA); polyunsaturated n-6 (PUFA n-6); and polyunsaturated n-6/n-3, (PUFA n-3)]. Each diet period lasted 5 weeks. There were no differences in 24-h 2,3-dinor-6- keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha excretion among dietary periods. A significant effect was noted regarding the excretion of 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 (P < 0.0001). During the PUFA n-6 phase the excretion was significantly higher than during SFA and MUFA periods. Dietary fatty acid composition had a significant effect on ADP (1 mumolL-1) and collagen (2 mgL-1) induced PA. Dietary fat also had a significant effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.0001). Both were significantly higher during the SFA period than during the other three periods. Our findings suggest that changes in dietary fatty acids may have mild, but significant, effects on eicosanoid production, platelet aggregation and blood pressure.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗

PubMed1993

Effect on dietary fat absorption of orlistat, administered at different times relative to meal intake.

Orlistat (O) is a potent and selective inhibitor of gastrointestinal lipases. The effect on dietary fat absorption following dosing of O at different times relative to meals was investigated in a placebo (P) controlled study in 24 hospitalized healthy males. After a 5-day run-in, to accustom the subjects to a diet of 2400 kcal and 77 g fat per day and to establish baseline faecal fat excretion, subjects received, in four parallel groups of 6. over 8 days three times daily doses of 80 mg O.P.P (group A) or P. 80 mg O.P (group B) or P.P. 80 mg O (group C) or P.P.P (group D) at mid-meal. 1 h and 2 h after mid-meal respectively. Faeces were collected to measure total fat excretion. The mean (s.d.) of faecal fat in percent of dietary fat, after deduction of pre-treatment faecal fat, was (%) 32.8 (8.1), 34.0 (8.8), 26.9 (4.0) and -1.4 (1.7) in groups A. B. C and D respectively. It was concluded that, within the time period investigated, the pharmacological effect of O is not critically dependent on the time of dosing relative to meals.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Modulation of carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress by dietary fat in rats(open star).

Oxidative stress is believed to be involved in the pathophysiology of a number of chronic diseases including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cataracts and to accelerate the aging process. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of various dietary fats in the in vivo modulation of CCl(4) induced oxidative stress using rat as a model. Rats were raised on diets enriched with saturated (Beef Tallow), n-9 (Sunola oil), n-6 (Safflower oil) or n-3 (Flaxseed oil) fatty acids and exposed to elevated oxidative stress by administration of CCl(4.) Plasma concentration of 8-iso-PGF(2alpha), antioxidant micronutrients and antioxidant enzymes were measured to examine changes to oxidative stress subsequent to the administration of CCl(4). The fatty acid profiles of plasma and RBC membranes reflected the fats fed in the different diets. CCl(4) administration had no significant effect on fatty acid composition of plasma or RBC lipids. Plasma 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) concentrations were elevated by CCl(4) administration regardless of the dietary fat fed. Within the induced oxidative groups the 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) concentrations were highest in Safflower oil followed by Sunola oil, Tallow and finally Flaxseed oil. Induction of oxidative stress by CCl(4) administration was associated with a significant reduction in Vitamin A content reaching a significantly lower concentration (P <0.05) in the Tallow and Flaxseed oil groups. Vitamin E concentrations were significantly lower (p = 0.01) in the Safflower oil and the Flaxseed oil than in the Tallow diet group following CCl(4) administration. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSHPx) activities were not affected by dietary fat manipulation. The results of this study indicate that dietary fat can modulate lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defenses when exposed to a pro-oxidant challenge.

Journal Article↗