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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

Development and physiological degradation of tooth buds and development of rudiment of baleen plate in southern minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata.

The development and degradation of temporary tooth buds and the development of rudiment of baleen plate were observed by gross-anatomical and histological examinations in twenty-four fetuses of the southern minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. The primary patterns of development of tooth buds were similar to those of deciduous tooth buds in the terrestrial species. Degradation of tooth buds was observed in the fetuses more than 615 mm body length (BL) and might proceed throughout the dental surface of the tooth buds. That degradation pattern was a little different from that of deciduous tooth buds in terrestrial species, which has a limited degradation area at the root of the tooth buds. In the fetuses with 135 and 153 mm BL, the upper jaw had a larger number of tooth buds than the lower jaw, although the number of buds varied in different individuals. Formation of rudiment of baleen plate was observed with degraded tooth buds in the fetus of 903 mm BL and it may be induced by the degradation of tooth buds.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Beliefs in the future as a positive youth development construct: conceptual bases and implications for curriculum development.

This paper outlines the conceptual bases of 'beliefs in the future' as a positive youth development construct and the implications for curriculum development. Based on the concepts of hope and optimism, 'beliefs in the future' comprises (i) valued and attainable goals; (ii) the ability to plan goal-directed pathways and alternative ones in times of difficulties; (iii) positive appraisal of one's capabilities and efforts and (iv) positive and realistic expectancies of the future. With reference to the adolescents' cognitive advancement and developmental needs, as well as gender and cultural issues, ten units that promote beliefs in the future for Secondary 1-3 students in Hong Kong are designed in the Project P.A.T.H.S., supported by the Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust. In the Secondary 1 curriculum, the goal of the units is to guide students to develop realistic and optimistic future orientation. In the Secondary 2 and 3 curricula, the goals of the units are to enhance students' optimistic future orientation as well as hopeful goal-directed thoughts and motivation in the aspects of academic achievement and future careers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Development and validation of a simple device to estimate birthweight and screen for low birthweight in developing countries.

Low birthweight (less than 2500 g) is the major factor associated with the death of infants within the first 4 weeks of life. The mean birthweight of newborn babies of a certain geographic area reflects the quality of maternal and child health care service as well as the degree of socioeconomic development of that particular region. Hence, birthweight is being used increasingly as an indicator for health and socioeconomic planning. However, in a developing country such as Thailand, two-fifths of the babies are delivered at home and are not weighed because scales are not available. To solve this problem in rural areas, a circular nomographic chart was developed with which the birthweight can be computed from a newborn baby's chest and mid-arm circumferences. Preliminary trials comparing these charts with standard baby scales showed a high degree of accuracy with sufficient sensitivity and specificity.

Arm↗

PubMed1991

How empathy, egocentrism, Kohlberg's moral development, and Erikson's psychosocial development are related to attitudes toward war.

In this exploratory study 91 students took a questionnaire which measured their feelings of oneness with all humanity, their egocentrism, level of moral development according to Kohlberg, psychosocial development according to Erikson, and their attitude toward war, diplomacy, the Gulf war, civilians and soldiers in the Gulf area, etc. The hypothesis that empathy with humankind leads to concern about those involved and opposition to war was supported. These individuals were more likely to endorse values expressed in Kohlberg's Level 6. Students endorsing Level 4, law-and-order mortality, especially if they had no friends overseas and used no news source other than the usual U.S. mass media, were more likely to be pro-war, believe President Bush and the military briefings, and opposite reliance on diplomacy. If people had experienced war, they were more frequently against it. However, hardship experienced, lack of egocentrism, believing in a greater good for a greater number of people (Kohlberg's Level 5), and Erikson's psychosocial development were not associated with students' orientation toward war. Further research is suggested.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Service development to meet the needs of 'people with communication disabilities' in developing countries.

PURPOSE: In spite of the catastrophic consequences of impaired communication skills on the quality of human life, development of services for people with communication disabilities have low priority in health care and rehabilitation. Nowhere is this more apparent than in developing countries. The low coverage levels of the limited services which do exist in these countries, indicate a need to develop new and innovative service structures. It is to this end, given the limited literature available, that this review looks mainly at articles of a descriptive nature based on clinical experience. The review seeks to identify ideology which could be used to under-pin alternative service delivery and structures. METHOD: Three collections of literature relevant to the topic under discussion are identified, one collection relates to impairment categories, one to disability perspectives and one to speech and language therapy provision. It is recognized that all three collections are needed to form a basis for innovative change, but this review aims to examine the latter collection only, referring the reader to items in the other collections, when relevant. RESULTS: The information reviewed is analysed for recurring themes and the results are seen to concur with many of the disability perspectives expressed in present day literature.

Communication Disorders↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine development in developing countries: are efficacy trials feasible?

The implementation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine efficacy trials in developing countries represents an unprecedented series of challenges for the medical and scientific communities, health authorities, policy makers, and the populations of diverse countries. Such trials require great attention, dedication, and information at the earliest possible time from many groups in these communities, as well as the clear and full collaboration of all the national and international institutions and agencies involved. This article discusses suggestions and makes recommendations regarding multiple hurdles to trial implementation, including access to appropriate populations, incidence and natural history of HRV type 1 (HIV-1) infection, definition of efficacy endpoints, and logistical, ethical, regulatory, political, and media issues. The conduct of phase I and II trials in developing countries will be a critical step for appropriate vaccine selection and in helping to identify the country- and community-specific issues and the needs for further implementation. Some countries have already established their own national HIV vaccine development plans. Additional operational and action plans with special emphasis on efficacy trial implementation would be strongly recommended after country-specific preparedness workshops and constitution of national or regional task forces.

AIDS Vaccines↗

PubMed1975

The effects of experimental unilateral anotia on skull development in the chick embryo. II. Essentials of the development of the chondrocranium in normal embryos of 7-20 days of incubation.

In order to be able to describe adequately the developmental anomalies of the chondrocranium in unilateral anotia in the chick embryo, it seemed necessary to describe the essentials of the normal chondrocranial development. The following observations proved to be different from the available descriptions: 1. the occipital processes do not fuse with the ear capsules; 2. the tectum synoticum fuses only with the ear capsules; the occipital processes fuse later with the tectum synoticum by outgrowth to dorsal; 3. in the chick embryo there is no evidence for the existence of a tectum posterius; 4. the metotic fissure is in the cartilaginous stage of development not closed, but shifts laterally; 5. there is strong evidence that the pro-otic processes arise as independent structures which later fuse with the ear capsules. The results of the study of the development of the chondrocranium in the embryos in which experimentally unilateral anotia is produced, will be described in a following paper.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Vocal development in infants with Down syndrome and infants who are developing normally.

The development of early vocalizations was investigated with 13 infants who had Down syndrome and 27 infants who were developing normally at bimonthly intervals from 4 to 18 months of age. A perceptually based framework was used to categorize utterances according to their developmental relations with adult, well-formed, or "canonical" syllables. Over time, both groups demonstrated increased production of mature vowel and canonical consonant-vowel syllables (characterized by full vowels, consonants, and rapid, well-coordinated articulatory movements) and decreased production of less mature "quasi-vowel" and marginal syllables. Infants in both groups were also quite variable in vocal development, both within group and across time.

Child Language↗

PubMed1992

[New approaches to revision of the psychoanalytic theory of development. II. The J. D. Lichtenberg concept and principles of a new psychoanalytic theory of development].

Both D.N. Stern and J.D. Lichtenberg have outlined new models of a psychoanalytic theory of development taking into account the results of empirical infant research. The theory of Lichtenberg is described, whereas part I centered about the model of Stern. Both theories are discussed and central principles of development are specified: activity, social adaption, the influence of genetic factors, the importance of affect and a transactional model of development.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Cleaner technology development--some practical steps for developing countries.

Cleaner technologies often originate from developed countries. Little developmental work is continued on the products sourced from developing countries. These products are by and large low value products generating large quantities of hazardous waste per unit of production. Methodology is proposed for phasing out such dirty technologies! products. The development of cleaner technologies is proposed for utilizing large quantity of hazardous waste generated from identified manufacturing process.

Developing Countries↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral competence as a positive youth development construct: conceptual bases and implications for curriculum development.

Behavioral competence refers to the ability to use non-verbal and verbal strategies to perform socially acceptable and normative behavior in social interactions. The main objective is to teach our children to be courteous, graceful, and fair so that they behave with respect and responsibility in social interactions with others. The importance of behavioral competence is discussed and it is emphasized that the competence to behave or act effectively must be based on a positive or prosocial motivation or disposition. The behavioral program units cover the following three types of behaviors: applause, criticism, and apology. The general goal is to foster the development of socially acceptable character, manner, and normative behavior. This paper is part of the development of the positive youth development program in Hong Kong.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive competence as a positive youth development construct: conceptual bases and implications for curriculum development.

This paper outlines the conceptual bases of "cognitive competence" as a positive youth development construct and the implications for curriculum development. Cognitive competence refers to the cognitive processes that comprise (i) creative thinking, which includes various creative thinking styles, such as legislative, global, and local thinking styles; and (ii) critical thinking, which includes reasoning, making inferences, self-reflection, and coordination of multiple views. Based on the adolescent development progression on cognitive competence, and with reference to Hong Kong Chinese context, six units are designed to promote creative and critical thinking for Secondary 1-3 students in the Project P.A.T.H.S., supported by the Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust. In the Secondary 1 curriculum, the goals of the units are to enable students to recognize different but inter-related thinking styles and to apply these thinking skills to deal with daily life issues. The goal in the Secondary 2 curriculum is to enhance students' creative thinking skills to solve problems, whereas the goal in the Secondary 3 curriculum is to enhance students' critical thinking skills to accept beliefs and make decisions.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Self-determination as a positive youth development construct: conceptual bases and implications for curriculum development.

This paper outlines the conceptualization of self-determination from the perspectives of motivation, skills enhancement and positive youth development. Self-determination, as a positive youth development construct in the Hong Kong Positive Youth Development Program (P.A.T.H.S.), refers to young people's ability to set goals and make choices according to his/her own thinking. In accordance with adolescents' developmental needs, the key components which cultivate self-determination in this Curriculum include self-awareness, goal setting, problem solving and choice making. Eight Units are devised which target at cultivating self-determination as a positive youth construct. In addition, other Units which targets at fostering bonding, social, emotional, cognitive competence, self-efficacy and self-identity also reinforce the cultivation of self-determination. This paper also includes strategies which schools may adopt to foster an autonomy supportive learning environment.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Recognition for positive behavior as a positive youth development construct: conceptual bases and implications for curriculum development.

Recognition of positive behavior has gained momentum as the focal perspective in understanding the needs of growth and development among youth. Parents, teachers, youth workers, and other helping professions are encouraged to recognize the strength and potential of young people instead of merely attending to problem behaviors of the youth. Implementing the concepts and practice of recognizing positive behaviors involves both explicit, implicit or symbolic positive reinforcements. Effective recognition of positive behaviors involves the consideration and the combination of different reinforcement strategies that would help young people develop appropriate values and attitudes towards life. Within the Chinese culture, Hong Kong parents are very practical and place strong emphasis on academic achievement. Discipline is the most frequently used method to correct misbehaviors; whereas recognition of positive behaviors is rarely utilized. Consequently, curriculum design needs to encompass contents that help teachers, parents and students understand the importance of positive behaviors, and learn how to promote positive behaviors. The ultimate goal is to help young people internalize positive behaviors, develop a more positive self-perception and to be more active and pleasant in relating to others, and to feel that helping others is self-fulfilling and rewarding. The curriculum programme described in this article is designed for the PATHS-Project, supported by the Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Bonding as a positive youth development construct: conceptual bases and implications for curriculum development.

Extensive literature and research studies indicate that promotion of bonding is crucial for the healthy development of the adolescent. With the objective to enhance the level of bonding with peers, parents, and teachers among Secondary 1 to 3 students in Hong Kong, a curriculum was designed to promote specifically a deeper sense of trust and mutual respect with parents, teachers, and peers, as well as a careful selection of friends and a healthy development of relationships with the opposite sex. Through activities students will learn the skills of building positive relationships. This article contributes to the construction of a service construct and provides a direction for curriculum planning that assists adolescents to develop bonding with significant others.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

The development of a framework for assessing developing conversational skills.

A framework for investigating the development of conversational skills in children, comprising the areas of topic control, repair of communication breakdown and linguistic cohesion, was devised. This was undertaken by a process of collating information from some existing pragmatic profiles and the developmental literature. The framework was then modified inductively to accommodate features of the data obtained from 12 normally developing English-speaking children in the age groups three, four and five years. A number of age-related trends emerged that were supported by the developmental literature. This study emphasizes the need for the development of more refined pragmatic assessment procedures which will aid the collection of normative data presently lacking.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1989

[Short-term prognosis of schizophrenia in developed and developing countries. WHO international study program].

Two years of the catamnestic study of primary schizophrenia in a number of developed and underdeveloped countries using a common technique yielded a conclusion of likehood in short-term prognosis of the disease manifested in common types of its course. Nevertheless, a range of parameters reflecting clinical and social characteristics taken into account, the prognosis proved more benign in the developing countries. In discussion the possible explanation implying an increased rate of acute manifestations of schizophrenia in developing countries is rejected, for the benign prognosis of the disease takes shape in any type of the debute, regardless of its acuteness. The role of socio-cultural factors is assumed to be most pronounced in the above prognostic divergences.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗

PubMed1986

[Delayed development of hemispheric dominance accompanied by a rare form of retarded language development].

A severe and unusual form of retarded speech development in an eight-year old boy is analyzed as "right-hemispheric speech" against the background of neuropsychological theories on the specialisation of the cerebral hemispheres and considered in connection with the development of hemispheric dominance. A plan for therapy and teacher counselling is derived from this analysis. The influence of this retarded speech development on the acquisition of reading and writing is also touched upon.

Attention↗