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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Noradrenergic mediation of the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol: II. Extinction of ethanol-drinking behavior in laboratory rats by inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Implications for treatment procedures in human alcoholics.

Following stabilization of consumption of a 15% (v/v) ethanol solution in a free-choice with water, rats were presented with a forced-choice of ethanol for 10 consecutive alternate days. Prior to each forced-choice presentation experimental animals were injected with the non-toxic dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA-57 (30 mg/kg i.p.) while control animals received only vehicle injections. At the termination of the injection phase when ethanol was again made available in a free-choice with water, ethanol consumption for the FLA-57 treated animals was markedly suppressed. These data are interpreted in terms of extinction resulting from the procedure whereby performance of the ethanol drinking response was perpetuated by force with the pharmacological reinforcing properties being blocked by FLA-57-induced depletions of norepinephrine. Applications of these procedures in the treatment of human alcoholics are discussed.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1983

An improved technique for monitoring the drinking behavior of mice.

A set of calibrated lickometers provides continuous, quantitative monitoring of fluid consumption. It has been used in our laboratory at four levels of temporal resolution: 24 hr, 1 hr, 6 min, and for counting of individual licks. Convenient features are mounting of the licking tube-bottle assembly on the cage top (which permits the use of disposable plastic cages with litter) and automated collection of data with microcomputers.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1990

Tavern patrons and the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale: self-reported drinking behavior in relation to the MMPI L and K scales.

This study investigated the ability of the MacAndrew Alcoholism (MAC) Scale to distinguish between alcoholics and nonalcoholics using self-ratings from patrons of taverns (N = 128); while only about 14% of the variance in the MAC Scale was accounted for by the self-rating (alcoholic/nonalcoholic) scale, the MAC Scale correctly identified 70% of those who reported alcohol use to levels consistent with alcoholic dependency after variance in the alcohol use scale attributable to the L and K scales of the MMPI was accounted for.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

An exploratory study of state-trait anxiety as a function of automated relaxation training, desired changes and drinking behavior.

Fifty-two VA domiciliary residents were given four sessions of tape-recorded relaxation training in small groups. The State-Trait Anxiety Scale was administered before the first and last training sessions. The experimental group's mean state anxiety decreased from Test I to Test II, but a control group's mean increased (p less than .025). Both groups decreased in trait anxiety over time (p less than .001). A significant effect within the experimental group was that 9 residents with disciplinary problems due to intoxication during the training period increased in mean state anxiety, while the remainder of the group decreased. Experimental Ss who initially desired many trait changes decreased mean trait anxiety more from Test I to Test II than did the rest of the experimental group (p less than .025).

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Locus of control and drinking behavior in American Indian alcoholics and non-alcoholics.

Many investigators have attempted to determine whether alcoholics differ from non-alcoholics in their perceived locus of control. The present study examined the responses of alcoholic and non-alcoholic American Indian males and females on Levenson's Multidimensional Locus of Control Scale. Subjects were 80 American Indian males and 40 American Indian females. All subjects were members of either an eastern (Cherokee) or western (Cheyenne) Oklahoma tribe. Results indicate no significant differences between the Cherokee male alcoholic and non-alcoholic group. Cheyenne male alcoholics reported significantly lower internal control scores than did Cheyenne male non-alcoholics. Within the female sample, alcohol use and tribal membership showed a significant interaction with locus of control. These findings suggest that locus of control may be a potentially useful clinical construct in the development of treatment plans and therapeutic issues for American Indian patients who are alcoholics.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Personality characteristics of alcohol dependent inpatients: relationship of MCMI subtypes to self-reported drinking behavior.

Recent cluster analytic research with alcoholic inpatients has demonstrated the existence of several Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) clusters that appear to be consistent across different subject samples. The validity of these data would be strengthened by a statistical demonstration of the similarity of attained clusters across studies--a demonstration of concordance of subject classification across different clustering techniques on the same data set- and the inclusion of external, independent measures against which to evaluate the predictive validity of the cluster typology. We found a high level of concordance in subject classification across different clustering methods on the same data set and a high level of agreement with cluster typologies attained in previous studies. Subsequent multivariate analyses employing independent scales measuring various aspects of alcohol use confirmed differences among cluster members on perceived benefits of alcohol use and deleterious effects of alcohol use. The prominent differences in alcohol use along with a rationale for their development are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Effects of isoflavones on alcohol pharmacokinetics and alcohol-drinking behavior in rats.

Puerarin, daidzin, and daidzein are 3 major isoflavonoid compounds isolated from Pueraria lobata, an edible vine used widely in China for various medicinal purposes. We studied the antiinebriation and the antidipsotropic effects of these antioxidants in rats. Daidzin and daidzein shortened alcohol-induced sleep time (loss of righting reflex) in rats that were given ethanol intragastrically but not in those given ethanol intraperitoneally. When daidzin was given to animals intragastrically with the ethanol solution, the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was found to peak later and be lower than in control rats that were given only the ethanol solution. BACs also receded more slowly if daidzin was fed to the animals. None of the 3 isoflavonoid compounds administered orally affected liver alcohol dehydrogenase or aldehyde dehydrogenase activities, as was reported for intraperitoneal administration. Further experiments indicated that the suppression of the BAC by daidzin was due mainly to delay of stomach emptying. All 3 compounds suppressed voluntary alcohol consumption in alcohol-preferring rats. The decrease in alcohol consumption was accompanied by an increase in water intake, so that the total volume of liquid consumed daily remained unchanged. Daily food consumption and body weight gain were not affected. Alcohol preference returned to baseline levels after the isoflavonoids were discontinued. We postulate that the suppression of alcohol reinforcement produced by these compounds is mediated centrally in the brain reward pathway.

Alcohol Deterrents↗
PubMed1982

Effect of chronic lithium treatment on twenty four hour variation in plasma and red blood cell lithium and sodium concentrations, drinking behavior, body weight, kidney weight, and corticosterone levels.

This study tested the hypothesis that lithium alters the phase relationships of various 24-hour rhythms. Six point 24-hour patterns were measured throughout a 12 hour light/12 hour dark cycle from separate groups of individually housed adult male wistar rats maintained for six weeks on ad lib water and either 1) Normal lab chow, 2) Lab chow supplemented with 50mM/KG of lithium chloride, or 3) Lab chow supplemented with 50mM/KG of sodium chloride. Plasma lithium levels were 0.7-1.0 mEq/1. The sodium diet had no effect on any of the variables measured relative to normal controls. Plasma but not red blood cell lithium levels demonstrated a 24-hour rhythm with higher levels during darkness. Serum and red blood cell sodium levels did not differ among the diets and showed no 24-hour variation. Lithium treated rats weighed significantly less than controls and had significantly heavier kidneys per 100 grams of body weight than controls. Resting plasma corticosterone levels demonstrated the expected 24-hour pattern in all groups, however, the lithium group evidenced higher levels during the middle of the dark hours than either control group. Water consumption also demonstrated a 24-hour rhythm. Lithium animals consumed far greater quantities of water than controls and this behaviour became increasingly exaggerated over the duration of the study. The data are interpreted as suggesting that lithium broadens the peak of twenty four hour rhythms such that normal elevation in these measures appear earlier and last longer.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Contribution of the opioid system to alcohol aversion and alcohol drinking behavior.

The effect of blocking delta opioid receptors on alcohol aversion was examined in female alcohol-preferring (P) rats using a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm. In experiment 1, alcohol naive P rats were given i.p injections of 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 g alcohol/kg BW or saline, paired with consumption of a banana-flavored solution during 5 conditioning trials. Alcohol in a dose of 0.5 g/kg was not aversive while the two higher doses (1.0 and 1.5 g/kg) were both aversive in the CTA paradigm. In experiment 2, the effect of the selective delta opioid receptor antagonist, naltrindole (NTI), on alcohol aversion was examined. Rats were pretreated with NTI in doses of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 or 20.0 mg/kg before conditioning using the nonaversive dose of alcohol from Experiment 1. As in experiment 1, the 0.5 g/kg dose of alcohol did not produce a CTA. Administration of NTI alone in doses of 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg did not produce a CTA. However, when the nonaversive dose of alcohol (0.5 g/kg) was combined with NTI in a dose of either 5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg, an aversion to alcohol was seen. The highest dose of NTI (20 mg/kg) produced a CTA when given either alone and in combination with alcohol. The results indicate that blocking the action of opioid peptides at the delta opioid receptor can make a nonaversive dose of alcohol aversive which suggests that opioid peptides, acting via the delta opioid receptor, play an important role in regulating alcohol aversion.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1986

[Maltodextrin in a 13% solution as a supplement in the first 4 days of life in breast-fed mature newborn infants. Effect on drinking behavior, weight curve, blood picture, blood glucose and bilirubin].

200 mature healthy newborn infants (birthweight 3382 +/- 377 g) were randomly divided into 2 groups of 100 each: all were breast fed according to the guidelines recommended by 'La Leche League'. If possible breast feeding was commenced in the delivery room. When breast feeds did not suffice infants of group A were supplemented ad libitum with a fully adapted formula (67 kcal/dl), those of group B with a 13% maltodextrine solution (52 kcal, 160 mOsm/l). Total fluid intake was similar in both groups. Group A took less supplementary feeds on day 2, the caloric uptake, however, was not different from that of group B. On day 4 group A had a somewhat higher caloric uptake due to supplementation, whereas group B needed less supplementation but had a higher intake of breast milk. On day 5 all babies were entirely breast fed. No supplementation was handed over to the mothers for at home use. The frequency of breast meals and supplementary meals was almost equal for both groups, as were sucking activity, appetite and degree of saturation. 18.6% of the infants in both groups had no need for any supplementary feeding at all. Temperature, stools, weight loss, blood glucose and bilirubin (taken on day 4 simultaneously with the Guthrie test) were almost identical. The red blood cell count showed slightly higher values in group A. Supplementation with fully adapted formula was not advantageous over supplementation with 13% maltodextrine solution. The latter was, indeed, tolerated well in all cases and satisfied all infants who remained hungry after being breast fed; additional early exposure to cow-milk protein was, thus, avoided in all these cases.

Bilirubin↗
PubMed1996

Clozapine reduces water-drinking behavior in schizophrenic patients with polydipsia.

Disordered water balance, or polydipsia, is an underassessed and underreported phenomenon present in the severely psychiatrically disabled population. Prevalence rates for polydipsia range from 6.2 to 20%. We followed up five male patients (mean age 43) with chronic schizophrenia who met the Kane criteria for being treatment nonresponders and who, in addition, had marked polydipsia. Three patients had previously received medical care for hyponatremia and had to be placed on fluid restriction when admitted to the hospital. All patients exhibited polydipsia despite high doses of typical antipsychotic drugs. Each patient was treated openly with clozapine (range 450-800 mg/day) for at least 6 months. In each case, there was a decline in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale score (preclozapine mean, 63; postclozapine mean, 46), and a marked reduction in fluid-seeking behavior. All fluid restrictions could be lifted, and the patients were discharged from the hospital. During a mean follow-up period of 17 months, during which patients were evaluated weekly, polydipsic behavior that required intervention had not been noted. We conclude that clozapine may be a highly effective treatment for polydipsia in patients with treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Future studies may aim to delineate neurobiologic mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The influence of perceived social support on the relationship between family history of alcoholism and drinking behaviors.

The present study examined the effect that perceived social support has on the relationship between having a family history of alcoholism and alcohol use in a sample of 85 adult children of alcoholics and a control group (n = 68). Social support from both peers and from family members were assessed for their potential differential effects. Gender differences were also examined. Overall, perceived social support from friends significantly moderated the relationship between family history of alcoholism and several indicators of alcohol use. In contrast, perceived social support from family members did not moderate any of the relationships examined. These findings emphasize the importance of considering different sources of social support when using social support as a moderating variable and the need to examine the underlying processes and variables involved in the relationship between having a family history of alcoholism and alcohol use.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Drinking behavior and motivation for treatment among alcohol-dependent liver transplant candidates.

Alcohol misuse is the second most common indication for liver transplantation in the United States. Our post-transplant alcoholism treatment trial suggested that current interventions might not be transferable to liver transplantees. We sought to identify differences between patients awaiting liver transplantation and alcoholics entering treatment without severe liver disease. Thirty transplant patients were compared to thirty naltrexone study patients on medical status, alcohol and drug use, alcohol craving, motivation for treatment, psychiatric symptoms, and psychosocial problems. Lifetime alcohol consumption was greater for transplant patients compared to naltrexone patients. In contrast to the naltrexone group, transplant patients denied craving for alcohol and showed little motivation for alcoholism treatment. Groups did not differ on other psychosocial measures. Liver transplant patients differ from patients in alcoholism treatment trials on measures of alcohol consumption, alcohol craving and motivation for treatment. Alcoholism interventions should accommodate their medical condition and boost motivation for continued abstinence.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Early modeling of drinking behavior by Native American elementary school children playing drunk.

A report of games played by elementary school children on a Native American reservation in the United States illustrates how intoxicated adult behavior is perceived as funny. Only later does one develop an awareness that the consequences of misuse can be injury, illness, and death. Prevention messages targeted at elementary school children need to provide positive alternatives to the humor in drunkenness and may need to be culturally adapted. Examples of some culturally specific approaches are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Supplementation with fully adapted milk substitute or calorie-free tea in the first days of life. Effect on drinking behavior and some measurements in mature healthy newborns].

180 mature newborn infants (birth-weight 3390 +/- 397 g) were randomly divided into 2 groups of 90 each: all were breast-fed according to the guide-lines recommended by "La Leche League". When breast feeds did not suffice the infants in group A were supplemented with sugar-free tea (o kcal), those in group B with a fully adapted formula (518 kcal/dl). Group A infants generally were more hungry, scored a greater suckling activity, higher feeding frequency and less calorie intake. 19% of them received 1-2 additional milk-feeds because of severe hunger reactions. Group B had a somewhat lower intake of breast milk, a statistically significant higher intake of supplementary feeds and a higher calorie intake. 5.5% in either group were not supplemented at all. The groups did not differ in body temperature, greatest weight loss, serum bilirubin and blood glucose levels and red blood cell count. Supplementation of formula revealed no obvious advantage over supplementation of tea in the first 4 days of life. However, feeding frequency was lower in infants receiving milk supplements.

Birth Weight↗