The big boom: what CIHR's Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging means to the baby boomer generation and Canada's healthcare system.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Academies and Institutes↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Dynamic risk”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Women's health and women's work in health services: what statistics tell us.
This article draws together statistical information in several broad areas that relate to women's health, women's reproductive activities and women's occupations in Sweden. The statistical analysis reflects the major changes that have occurred in Swedish society and that have had a major impact on the health and well-being, as well as on the social participation rate, of women. Much of the data is drawn from a recent special effort at Statistic Sweden aimed at influencing the classification, collection and presentation of statistical data in all fields in such a way that family, working, education, health and other conditions of women can be more readily and equitably compared with those of men. In addition, social changes have seen the shifting of the responsibility of health care from the unpaid duties of women in the home to health care institutions, where female employees predominate. These trends are also discussed.
Adolescent↗
Differences in childhood sexual abuse experience between adult Hispanic and Anglo women in a primary care setting.
The literature on racial and ethnic factors in childhood sexual abuse is limited. The purpose of this exploratory study was to document Hispanic-Anglo differences in childhood sexual abuse experiences and assess whether these differences may be explained by socio-demographic and family environmental differences. Adult Hispanic (n = 69) and Anglo (n = 19) women from a family medicine clinic waiting room reporting a history of childhood sexual abuse completed an in-depth survey concerning the sexual abuse experience and their childhood environment. In this study, Hispanics were more likely to report a family member as the perpetrator and to experience more self-blame as a result of the abuse. Hispanics were also more likely to take action in response to the abuse, especially those who were more acculturated to U.S. culture. However, most of the observed differences in this study could be explained by socio-demographic or family environment variables, not by ethnic background. Qualitative research on the family environments of Hispanic victims of child sexual abuse may further explicate the dynamics and risk factors for abuse by family members.
Adult↗
Diverging destinies: how children are faring under the second demographic transition.
In this article, I argue that the trends associated with the second demographic transition are following two trajectories and leading to greater disparities in children's resources. Whereas children who were born to the most-educated women are gaining resources, in terms of parents' time and money, those who were born to the least-educated women are losing resources. The forces behind these changes include feminism, new birth control technologies, changes in labor market opportunities, and welfare-state policies. I contend that Americans should be concerned about the growing disparity in parental resources and that the government can do more to close the gap between rich and poor children.
Adult↗
The limits of reductionism in medicine: could systems biology offer an alternative?
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animals↗
Effects of pulp mill effluent on benthic assemblages in mesocosms along the Saint John River, Canada.
We used mesocosms to examine the impact of different concentrations of pulp mill effluent (PME) on structural and functional endpoints of a benthic assemblage in the Saint John River (NB, Canada) during 1999 and 2000. Previous studies on this effluent's effects produced conflicting results, with field surveys suggesting a pattern of mild nutrient enrichment, while laboratory toxicity tests linked effluent exposure to moderate contaminant effects. Experimental treatments included three concentrations of sulfite pulp mill effluent (0, 5, 10% v/v PME). Endpoints for the assessment included algal biomass and taxonomic composition, benthic invertebrate abundance and composition, and insect emergence. Low concentrations of PME increased periphyton biomass and caused changes in community structure within the diatom-dominated community. Pulp mill effluent addition had little effect on several structural endpoints measured for benthic invertebrates, including abundance and taxonomic richness, but significantly changed community composition. For both periphyton and benthic invertebrates, community composition endpoints were more sensitive indicators of PME exposure. Insect emergence was a highly relevant functional endpoint. When benthic and emerged insects were combined, total abundance increased with PME addition. Results from two trophic levels, which provided multiple lines of evidence, indicated that the main impact of these PME concentrations is nutrient enrichment rather than effluent toxicity. Our findings also suggest that benthic invertebrate and periphyton assemblages, algal biomass production, and insect emergence are sensitive response measures. Future studies may confirm this observation. The consideration of both functional and structural endpoints at different trophic levels can greatly improve our understanding the effects of discharges to rivers. Such an understanding could not have been obtained using standard assessment techniques and illustrates the value of mesocosms and the benthic community assemblage approach in environmental assessment.
Animals↗
Effects of the pesticides captan, deltamethrin, isoproturon, and pirimicarb on the microbial community of a freshwater sediment.
In three microcosm experiments, we exposed microbial communities of a natural sediment to environmentally relevant concentrations of the fungicide captan, the herbicide isoproturon, and the insecticides deltamethrin and pirimicarb. Exposure concentrations were estimated negligible concentrations (NCs), maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs), and 100 times MPC (100MPC). Experimental endpoints were microbial community respiration and biomass, bacterial activity, and denitrification. All four pesticides inhibited bacterial activity by 20 to 24% at MPC, which corresponded to concentrations in the range of microg/kg dry-weight sediment. Treatments with deltamethrin and isoproturon showed inhibiting effects on bacterial activity at NC exposures. Surprisingly, for captan, deltamethrin, and isoproturon, this inhibiting effect was not observed at 100MPC treatments. Microbial biomass was negatively effected in MPC treatments with deltamethrin and in NC treatments with isoproturon. The tested pesticides did not affect community respiration and denitrification rates. These results show that exposure to the tested pesticides may induce toxic responses in sediment microbial communities at concentrations that are predicted to be environmentally safe.
Bacteria↗
Factors and determinants of disease emergence.
Emerging infectious diseases can be defined as infections that have newly appeared in a population or are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range. Many of these diseases are zoonoses, including such recent examples as avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome, haemolytic uraemic syndrome (a food-borne infection caused by certain strains of Escherichia coli) and probably human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Specific factors precipitating the emergence of a disease can often be identified. These include ecological, environmental or demographic factors that place people in increased contact with the natural host for a previously unfamiliar zoonotic agent or that promote the spread of the pathogen. These factors are becoming increasingly prevalent, suggesting that infections will continue to emerge and probably increase. Strategies for dealing with the problem include focusing special attention on situations that promote disease emergence, especially those in which animals and humans come into contact, and implementing effective disease surveillance and control.
Agriculture↗
Frequent attendance at religious services and mortality over 28 years.
OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed the long-term association between religious attendance and mortality to determine whether the association is explained by improvements in health practices and social connections for frequent attenders. METHODS: The association between frequent attendance and mortality over 28 years for 5286 Alameda Country Study respondents was examined. Logistic regression models analyzed associations between attendance and subsequent improvements in health practices and social connections. RESULTS: Frequent attenders had lower mortality rates than infrequent attenders (relative hazard [RH] = 0.64;95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.53,0.77). Results were stronger for females. Health adjustments had little impact, but adjustments for social connections and health practices reduced the relationship (RH = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.64, 0.93). During follow-up, frequent attenders were more likely to stop smoking, increase exercising, increase social contacts, and stay married. CONCLUSIONS: Lower mortality rates for frequent religious attenders are partly explained by improved health practices, increased social contacts, and more stable marriages occurring in conjunction with attendance. The mechanisms by which these changes occur have broad intervention implications.
Alcohol Drinking↗
Microbial source tracking of Escherichia coli in a constructed wetland.
Little information has been gathered on the effect of avian species on the microbial water quality in constructed wetlands. To address this concern, fecal pollution from nonpoint and point sources was evaluated in a constructed wetland in Tolleson, Arizona. Antibiotic resistance profiling and biochemical fingerprinting were performed on 325 Escherichia coli isolates, collected from key points in the wetlands. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to interpret the data for samples collected on October 3 and December 12, 2000, and January 16, 2001. It was found that the passerine population was the major source of the Escherichia coli in the water samples collected in the wetlands on October 3 and December 12, 2000, whereas the regrowth in the treated municipal wastewater was the main source on January 16, 2001. This information is useful in providing data for operators in the monitoring of wetlands created for wastewater treatment and wildlife habitat.
Animals↗
Depression, anxiety, and hopelessness in sexually abused adolescent girls.
50 sexually abused girls showed significantly higher scores on depression, anxiety, and hopelessness than 50 nonabused controls. The 31 subjects who were repeatedly abused showed higher distress than the 19 abused ones. The results are discussed in the context of psychological dynamics, suicidal risk, and the need for intervention.
Adolescent↗
How to care for an aging nation. Start with educating the educators.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Aged↗
Geographic distribution of Triatoma dimidiata and transmission dynamics of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico.
Chagas disease represents a major public health concern in most of Latin America, and its control is currently based on vector control and blood bank screening. We investigated the geographic distribution and seasonal variations in triatomine populations in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico to obtain entomologic data for the optimization of potential control programs. We collected domiciliated and peri-domiciliated Triatoma dimidiata from 115 houses in 23 villages distributed throughout most of the peninsula. A high abundance of bugs was observed in the northern part of the peninsula, indicating a prioritary area for vector control. Part of this distribution could be attributed to the type of vegetation. We also documented strong seasonal variations in T. dimidiata populations, with a higher abundance during the hot and dry season in April-June. These variations, associated with reduced year-round colonization of houses and the analysis of developmental stage structure, suggest that flying adults seasonally invading houses may play a larger role than domiciliated bugs in transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi to humans. The importance of this transmission dynamics may not be limited to the Yucatan peninsula, but may be a general mechanism contributing to natural transmission that should be taken into account in other regions for the design and optimization of control strategies.
Animals↗
What have we learnt about the cultural, social and behavioural determinants of health? From selected readings to the first Health Transition Workshop.
The article explores the issue of whether the holding of an international workshop in Canberra in 1989, and the preparation of papers for it, increased our knowledge of the cultural, social and behavioural determinants of health and whether the publication of the proceedings placed new knowledge in the public domain. The approach adopted is to compare those proceedings with a collection of selected readings on the subject made shortly before as part of the same program and also with certain other publications. The conclusions reached are that, in addition to having stimulated interest in the field, the workshop and its proceedings furthered knowledge in at least five important areas: (1) the existence of mortality-prone households; (2) the impact of differing cultural situations of women in terms of individualism on their children's survival; (3) the mechanisms whereby maternal education is translated into child survival; (4) the impact of culture and ethnicity on mortality; and (5) indirect indices of the impact of care. The workshop failed to contribute to substantial advances (or draw attention to the lack of advance) in the following areas: (1) the measurement of Third World morbidity or health; (2) adult health transition; (3) the impact of radicalism or egalitarianism in communities other than Kerala and Sri Lanka on mortality; (4) the impact of lifestyle diseases on Third World mortality; (5) the identification of economically optimum mixes of social change and the provision of health services in reducing mortality and improving health; and (6) the employment of health transition knowledge in the reduction of mortality and the improvement of health.
Adult↗
Three trends put frail elderly in peril.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Aged↗
Diminishing returns to aggregate level studies.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Educational Status↗
Mothers who killed or attempted to kill their child: life circumstances, childhood abuse, and types of killing.
The objectives of the present study were to examine the life circumstances, childhood abuse, and types of homicidal acts of 48 mothers who killed/attempted to kill their child(ren) under age 12 between 1970-96 in Finland. Data on the mothers'life stresses, psychological problems, and childhood abuse were collected from mental state examination (MSE) reports. The cases were divided into 15 neonaticides and 33 mothers who killed an older child. Childhood abuse was documented in 63% of the mothers' MSE reports. Qualitative analysis identified neonaticides,joint homicide-suicide attempts, impulsive aggression, psychotic acts, postpartum depression, and abusive acts. Nonlinear principal components analysis showed that different variables were related to the neonaticide and non-neonaticide cases. We concluded that despite differences in the psychosocial profiles of neonaticides and other maternal homicidal acts the cycle of violence perspective can be applied to both cases, even though it may not be a sufficient explanation for maternal child killings.
Age Distribution↗
[The best of valvular heart disease in 1999].
The year 1999 confirmed important changes in the clinical presentation, the methods of investigation and the treatment of valvular heart disease. The near disappearance of acute rheumatic fever in the developed world, associated with the increase in life expectancy has resulted in degenerative aetiologies becoming the most common causes of valvular heart disease with a dominance of aortic stenosis and mitral incompetence. The increase in average age of the operated patients explains the increasing role of comorbidity and the higher incidence of mixed (valvular and coronary artery) surgery. Doppler echocardiography is now the reference method of investigating valvular heart disease, both pre- and post-operatively (especially in mitral incompetence). The value of tri-dimensional echocardiography is beginning to be recognised. The technical advances in surgical techniques are also important, especially the extension of conservative methods both in mitral incompetence and parietal lesions of dystrophic aortic incompetence. The good long-term results of homograft aortic valves have been confirmed, especially in young patients and infectious endocarditis complicated by abscess. The Ross procedure is an interesting alternative in children and adolescents in the absence of available homografts. The persistence of good results in the long term has made percutaneous mitral commissurotomy the reference in mitral stenosis. The improvement in surgical and interventional methods has widened the operative indications which are now considered in patients who are pauci- or a-symptomatic.
Adolescent↗