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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

Arterial hypoxemia in exercising thoroughbreds is not affected by pre-exercise nedocromil sodium inhalation.

It has been reported that pulmonary injury (i.e. capillary stress failure) evoked histamine release from airway inflammatory/mast cells contributes to exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) and that pre-exercise inhalation of nedocromil sodium mitigated EIAH in human subjects 'Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 29, (1997) 10-16'. Because exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage due to capillary stress failure is routinely observed in racehorses, we examined whether nedocromil inhalation would similarly benefit EIAH and desaturation of hemoglobin in horses. Two sets of experiments, namely, placebo studies followed in 7 days by pre-exercise nedocromil sodium (30 puffs=60 mg) inhalation experiments were carried out on 7 healthy, sound, exercise-trained thoroughbred horses. In both treatments, arterial and mixed-venous blood-gas/pH measurements were made at rest pre- and post-placebo/drug inhalation, as well as during incremental exercise leading to galloping at 14 m/sec on a 3.5% uphill grade-a workload that elicited maximal heart rate and caused pulmonary hemorrhage in all horses in both treatments, thereby indicating capillary stress failure had occurred. In both treatments, significant (P<0.0001) EIAH of a similar magnitude had developed by 30 sec of maximal exertion, and further significant changes in arterial O(2) tension did not occur as exercise duration progressed to 120 sec. Thus, pre-exercise inhalation of nedocromil sodium was ineffective in modifying the development and/or severity of EIAH in the present study. These findings argue against the airway inflammatory mediator(s) release hypothesis for causing arterial hypoxemia in racehorses.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed2004

Time course alteration of endothelin-1 gene expression in the heart during exercise and recovery from post-exercise periods in rats.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is produced by endothelial cells and cardiac myocytes. ET-1 has potent positive inotropic and chronotropic effects in the heart and causes myocardial cell hypertrophy. We investigated the alteration of gene expression of ET-1 in the heart of rats during acute exercise and 24 hour postexercise periods. Sprague-Dawley rats performed treadmill running for 30 minutes at a speed of 30 m/minute. We determined the expression of preproendothelin-1 mRNA in the rat hearts of resting (control) and 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hour post-exercise time points, respectively. The percent changes in expression of preproendothelin-1 mRNA in the heart from resting control rats were significantly increased at the time point of 1 hour post-exercise (199.0 +/- 33.6%, P < 0.05), and this enhancement returned to the level of resting control rats at the time points of 6, 12, and 24 hours post-exercise. These results suggest that a bout of exercise causes time-related enhancement of gene expression of ET-1 in the rat hearts during acute exercise and 24 hour post-exercise periods. Therefore, an exercise-induced change of ET-1 gene expression in the heart may participate in mechanisms of exercise-induced and/or training-induced adaptive responses of the heart.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Cardiovascular control during concomitant dynamic leg exercise and static arm exercise in humans.

1. Skeletal muscle blood flow is thought to be determined by a balance between sympathetic vasoconstriction and metabolic vasodilatation. The purpose of this study was to assess the importance of high levels of sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in control of blood flow to human skeletal muscle during dynamic exercise. 2. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity to the exercising leg was increased by static or static ischaemic arm exercise added to on-going dynamic leg exercise. Ten subjects performed light (20 W) or moderate (40 W) dynamic knee extension for 6 min with one leg alone or concomitant with bilateral static handgrip at 20% of maximal voluntary contraction force with or without forearm muscle ischaemia or post-exercise forearm muscle ischaemia. 3. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity was measured by microneurography (peroneal nerve) and leg muscle blood flow by a constant infusion thermodilution technique (femoral vein). 4. Activation of an exercise pressor reflex from the arms, causing a 2- to 4-fold increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity and a 15-32% increase in mean arterial blood pressure, did not affect blood flow to the dynamically exercising leg muscles at any level of leg exercise. Leg vascular conductance was reduced in line with the higher perfusion pressure. 5. The results demonstrate that the vasoconstrictor effects of high levels of muscle sympathetic nerve activity does not affect blood flow to human skeletal muscle exercising at moderate intensities. One question remaining is whether the observed decrease in muscle vascular conductance is the result of sympathetic vasoconstriction or metabolic autoregulation of muscle blood flow.

Adult↗

PubMed1971

Specificity of exercise in exercise-induced asthma.

Ventilatory function after three types of exercise-running, cycling, and swimming-was studied in 10 control subjects and 40 asthmatic patients. All performed eight minutes of submaximal aerobic exercise during each of the programmes, which were conducted in a randomly selected order. Biotelemetric monitoring of heart rates was used to equate the intensity of the exertion undertaken during the three systems of exercise. No control subject showed any significant variation in ventilatory capacity after exercise, and the responses after the three forms of exercise did not differ.In asthmatics exercise-induced asthma was observed after 72.5% of running tests, 65% of cycling tests, and 35% of swimming tests. In addition, those patients who developed exercise-induced asthma after swimming were noted to have significantly smaller falls in FEV(1) levels than were recorded after running and cycling. These results were statistically significant (P <0.01).The unexplained aetiology of increased airways resistance after exercise in asthmatics is discussed. This study indicates that swimming should be recommended in preference to running or cycling as an exercise programme for adults and children with asthma.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Regular moderate exercise training prevents decrease of CD4+ T-lymphocytes induced by a single bout of strenuous exercise in mice.

The biphasic effects of exercise training on the immune system have been studied extensively and represented by the well-known J-shaped curve with respect to training intensity. However, the relationship and interactions between "beneficial" exercise training and "harmful" strenuous exercise have not been researched. This study was designed to determine whether regular moderate exercise training could affect the changes of percentage of T-lymphocytes induced by a single bout of strenuous exercise. A protocol to run uphill on a 10 degrees tilted treadmill for 4 weeks was employed as moderate exercise training in mice, while a sedentary control group of mice was exposed to the same handling stress without training. The trained and untrained mice were then exposed to a single bout of strenuous exercise until exhaustion. Total leukocytes were collected from spleen and peripheral blood at 0 hr, 3 hrs, and 24 hrs postexhaustion, as well as from the control groups. Flow cytometric analyses were conducted to determine the percentages of selected leukocyte populations. It was demonstrated that moderate exercise training prevented the decrease of CD4+ but stimulated the increase of CD25+ CD8+ T-lymphocytes induced by a single bout of strenuous exercise, indicating an adaptive response that can affect changes of leukocyte subpopulations.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Daily exercise attenuates the sympathetic nerve response to exercise by enhancing cardiac afferents.

"Central command" may initiate the sympathoexcitatory responses at the onset of exercise by shifting the operating point of the arterial baroreflex toward higher pressures. Daily exercise (DE) attenuates the sympathoexcitatory responses to submaximal exercise. This DE-induced adaptation may be due, in part, to an enhanced inhibitory influence of cardiac afferents. This is suggested because cardiac afferents exert a tonic inhibitory influence on the arterial baroreflex which is enhanced by DE. Therefore, the influence of cardiac afferents on the regulation of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) during exercise was examined in a group of sedentary and age-matched DE rabbits. The rabbits were instrumented with a Silastic catheter inserted into the pericardial sac, electrodes around the renal sympathetic nerves, and catheters in the femoral artery and vein. In the sedentary rabbits, treadmill exercise (12 m/min, 20% grade) significantly increased mean arterial pressure (delta 18 +/- 3 mmHg), heart rate (delta 36 +/- 3 beats/min), and RSNA (delta 295 +/- 23%). More importantly, cardiac afferent blockade (2% intrapericardial procainamide) did not significantly alter the RSNA response to exercise in the sedentary rabbits. DE did not alter the mean arterial pressure (delta 15 +/- 1 mmHg) or heart rate (delta 55 +/- 8 beats/min) response to exercise; however, RSNA (delta 252 +/- 9%) was significantly reduced. In contrast to the sedentary rabbits, cardiac afferent blockade in the DE rabbits significantly increased the RSNA response to exercise (delta 417 +/- 30%). These results suggest that DE attenuates the RSNA response to dynamic exercise due, in part, to an enhanced inhibitory influence of cardiac afferents.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1975

Effects of previous exercise with arms or legs on metabolism and performance in exhaustive exercise.

The ability of additional muscles to perform after certain other muscles of the body had been exercised to exhaustion was studied in three male subjects. Exhaustive exercise was performed in two series: series L-A, a bout of leg exercise preceded a bout of arm exercise; series A-L, arm preceded leg (6-min recovery between bouts). Biopsies were taken during the course of each experiment from both the deltoideus and vastus lateralis muscles for determination of ATP, creatine phosphate, lactate, and pyruvate. Exhaustive exercise led to marked elevations in lactate and decreases in ATP and CP in exercised muscle and marked increases in blood lactate concentration. Similar changes, especially in lactate, were observed during and after the first exercise bout in nonexercised muscle. When arm or leg exercise was performed as the second bout, decreases in performance time were observed as compared to performance as the initial bout. It is suggested that the performance potential of muscle is decreased because of internal changes elicited by elevated blood lactate and/or blood H+ concentrations brought about by other muscle groups previously exercised to exhaustion.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2006

Acute exercise and GLUT4 expression in human skeletal muscle: influence of exercise intensity.

To examine the influence of exercise intensity on the increases in vastus lateralis GLUT4 mRNA and protein after exercise, six untrained men exercised for 60 min at 39 +/- 3% peak oxygen consumption (V(O2 peak)) (Lo) or 27 +/- 2 min at 83 +/- 2% V(O2 peak) (Hi) in counterbalanced order. Preexercise muscle glycogen levels were not different between trials (Lo: 408 +/- 35 mmol/kg dry mass; Hi: 420 +/- 43 mmol/kg dry mass); however, postexercise levels were lower (P < 0.05) in Hi (169 +/- 18 mmol/kg dry mass) compared with Lo (262 +/- 35 mmol/kg dry mass). Thus calculated muscle glycogen utilization was greater (P < 0.05) in Hi (251 +/- 24 mmol/kg) than in Lo (146 +/- 34). Exercise resulted in similar increases in GLUT4 gene expression in both trials. GLUT4 mRNA was increased immediately at the end of exercise (approximately 2-fold; P < 0.05) and remained elevated after 3 h of postexercise recovery. When measured 3 h after exercise, total crude membrane GLUT4 protein levels were 106% higher in Lo (3.3 +/- 0.7 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.3 arbitrary units) and 61% higher in Hi (2.9 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.8 +/- 0.5 arbitrary units) relative to preexercise levels. A main effect for exercise was observed, with no significant differences between trials. In conclusion, exercise at approximately 40 and approximately 80% V(O2 peak), with total work equal, increased GLUT4 mRNA and GLUT4 protein in human skeletal muscle to a similar extent, despite differences in exercise intensity and duration.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Exercise and subsequent sleep in male runners: failure to support the slow wave sleep-mood-exercise hypothesis.

10 male joggers participated in a 3-week experimental protocol designed to look at the effects of three levels of energy expenditure (no exercise, regular exercise, and double exercise) on mood and subsequent nocturnal sleep focusing on REM sleep and delta sleep parameters. Exercise conditions were well discriminated by daily (F(2,18) = 65.8, p less than 0.0000) mean hip activity counts during monitored field exercise and by the mean weekly body weights (F(2,14) = 7.24, p less than 0.007). Subjects slept for 2 nights in the laboratory following each exercise condition and filled out two brief, clinical self-rating scales each night prior to sleep. These two self-rating instruments together index 105 somatic and psychobiological symptoms that are subsumed by the five major clinical symptom clusters of: Depression, Mania, Anxiety, Cognitive Disorganization, and Organicity. There were no significant differences in manually scored whole-night sleep parameters with the exception of REM latency (F(2,18) = 3.63, p less than 0.05), and there were no significant differences in self-ratings of psychobiological symptoms by night or exercise condition. These results are discussed in the context of failure to support either the slow wave sleep-exercise hypothesis or the exercise-mood elevation hypothesis.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Low-intensity exercise training attenuates cardiac beta-adrenergic tone during exercise in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Acute and chronic exercise decrease peripheral sympathetic nerve activity, but the effect of exercise training of varying intensity on the sympathetic control of heart rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats has not yet been described. The effect of low and high intensities of exercise training on the vagal and sympathetic activities that control heart rate at rest and during dynamic exercise at 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 mph for 4 minutes per stage was investigated in sedentary (SED, n = 11), high-intensity (HT, n = 12), and low-intensity exercise-trained (LT, n = 13) spontaneously hypertensive rats. Exercise training was performed on a treadmill for 60 minutes, 5 days per week for 18 weeks, at 55% maximum oxygen consumption for the LT group and 85% for the HT group. Vagal and sympathetic activities were studied after administration of methylatropine (3 mg/kg) and propranolol (4 mg/kg), respectively. The LT group had a significantly lower heart rate (at 0.5, 0.8, 1.0 mph versus rest: 410 +/- 7, 464 +/- 9, and 295 +/- 6 beats per minute [bpm], respectively) than the HT (440 +/- 6, 453 +/- 7, 474 +/- 5, and 315 +/- 4 bpm) and the SED (474 +/- 11, 500 +/- 11, 523 +/- 10, and 327 +/- 3 bpm) groups. Sympathetic effect (LT: 84 +/- 10, 88 +/- 12, 105 +/- 12, and 9 +/- 4; HT: 123 +/- 8, 125 +/- 7, 133 +/- 7, and 34 +/- 7; SED: 130 +/- 13, 143 +/- 12, 150 +/- 10, and 38 +/- 7 bpm) and sympathetic tonus (LT: 125 +/- 6, 121 +/- 5, 112 +/- 6, and 91 +/- 6; HT: 145 +/- 9, 136 +/- 6, 142 +/- 8, and 118 +/- 7; SED: 136 +/- 6, 129 +/- 6, 132 +/- 7, and 118 +/- 8 bpm) were significantly decreased by low-intensity exercise training. In conclusion, low- but not high-intensity exercise training causes resting bradycardia and attenuation of tachycardiac response during progressive dynamic exercise in spontaneously hypertensive rats. This effect can be attributed to a significantly decreased beta-adrenergic tone that controls heart rate.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Replacing a Swiss ball for an exercise bench causes variable changes in trunk muscle activity during upper limb strength exercises.

BACKGROUND: The addition of Swiss balls to conventional exercise programs has recently been adopted. Swiss balls are an unstable surface which may result in an increased need for force output from trunk muscles to provide adequate spinal stability or balance. The aim of the study was to determine whether the addition of a Swiss ball to upper body strength exercises results in consistent increases in trunk muscle activation levels. METHODS: The myoelectric activity of four trunk muscles was quantified during the performance of upper body resistance exercises while seated on both a stable (exercise bench) and labile (swiss ball) surface. Participants performed the supine chest press, shoulder press, lateral raise, biceps curl and overhead triceps extension. A repeated measures ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test was used to determine the influence of seated surface type on muscle activity for each muscle. RESULTS & DISCUSSION: There was no statistically significant (p < .05) difference in muscle activity between surface conditions. However, there was large degree of variability across subjects suggesting that some individuals respond differently to surface stability. These findings suggest that the incorporation of swiss balls instead of an exercise bench into upper body strength training regimes may not be justified based only on the belief that an increase spinal stabilizing musculature activity is inherent. Biomechanically justified ground based exercises have been researched and should form the basis for spinal stability training as preventative and therapeutic exercise training regimes. CONCLUSION: Selected trunk muscle activity during certain upper limb strength training exercises is not consistently influenced by the replacement of an exercise bench with a swiss ball.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Effect of prior exercise above and below critical power on exercise to exhaustion.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether the intensity of prior exercise altered the time to exhaustion at critical power (CP). METHODS: Eleven participants volunteered to take part in the study (mean +/- SD: VO2max 4.1 +/- 0.5 L x min(-1); age 30.1 +/- 7.2 yr; body mass 74.6 +/- 9.1 kg) and completed three trials to exhaustion at their CP under differing prior exercise conditions: 1) a control trial (CON); 2) a trial preceded by three 60-s efforts at 110% CP (severe); and 3) a trial preceded by three 73-s efforts at 90% CP (heavy). All trials followed a 5-min baseline at 50 W. RESULTS: Time to exhaustion was significantly lengthened after prior heavy exercise (1071 +/- 18 s) when compared with CON (973 +/- 16 s, F = 9.53, P = 0.006). However, there was no effect on TTE after prior severe exercise (967 +/- 16 s). Oxygen deficit was significantly reduced from that in CON (3.8 +/- 0.2 L) after prior heavy (3.2 +/- 0.3 L) and prior severe exercise (3.1 +/- 0.3 L, F = 10.95, P = 0.001). Concurrently, there was a significant reduction in the magnitude of the VO2 slow component (SC) in the trials with prior exercise (197 +/- 34 and 126 +/- 19 mL x min(-1) after heavy and severe exercise, respectively) when compared with CON (223 +/- 31 mL x min(-1), F = 9.62, P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Prior heavy exercise does appear to improve the time to exhaustion at CP by approximately 10% and is associated with a reduction in the VO2 SC. However, the reduction in the SC, with no change in performance after prior severe exercise, suggests that a reduced SC may not necessarily lead to improved TTE.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

The effect of digoxin on exercise capacity and exercising cardiac function in cystic fibrosis.

The ability of digoxin to increase exercise capacity and stroke volume (SV) during exercise was evaluated in ten patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) ages 12 to 20 years with moderate to severe degrees of airway obstruction but no history of heart failure. A double-blind crossover trial of digoxin versus placebo was carried out. An evaluation of exercise performance was undertaken upon entry into the study, and after each of the one-week periods in which digoxin 0.25 mg/day or placebo was taken. Exercise testing consisted of a progressive exercise test on a cycle ergometer to measure maximum work capacity (Wmax) and a steady state test at 2/3 of the baseline Wmax. During the steady state test, the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured and cardiac output (Q) was calculated by the indirect Fick (CO2) method. From Q and heart rate (HR), SV was derived. After digoxin, Wmax was unchanged. On steady state exercise HR was unchanged, but there was a slight but significant fall in Q due to a fall in SV. The decrease in SV was associated with exercising hypoxemia. We conclude that digoxin did not increase exercise capacity or improve exercising cardiac function in patients with moderate to severe airway obstruction due to CF.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Exercise-and post-exercise metabolism of the lower leg in patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency.

Exercise- and post-exercise metabolism were studied in the lower legs of six subjects without known arterial insufficiency and in sixteen claudicants. Lower leg blood flow was measured with a thermodilution catheter in the popliteal vein. The catheter allowed blood sampling from the calf before, during and after an exhaustive, stepwise increasing load exercise on a bicycle ergometer. A higher oxygen extraction and higher lactate release during exercise in claudicants than in normal subjects persisted in the post-exercise period (P less than 0.05). Leg arteriopoplitealvenous differences of free fatty acids (FFA) showed an inverse intergroup relationship to that of glucose. Being higher in claudicants than in normal subjects during exercise (P less than 0.05). However, net uptake of FFA was not significantly different in the groups of legs although it appeared increased relative to glucose in claudicants both during and after the exercise. Thus no statistically significant substrate preference was detected although the results suggests a preference for FFA relative to glucose in legs with arterial insufficiency. The study furthermore demonstrated the lag of exercise metabolism into the post-exercise period in such legs and a close relationship between this metabolic delay and the severity of the disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Influence of Pre-Exercise Muscle Temperature on Responses to Eccentric Exercise.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that altering the pre-exercise muscle temperature would influence the magnitude of muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise. SUBJECTS: Female students who had no experience in resistance training were placed into either a microwave treatment group (n = 10) or an icing treatment group (n = 10). DESIGN AND SETTING: Subjects in each group performed 12 maximal eccentric actions of the forearm flexors of each arm on 2 separate occasions separated by 4 weeks. Before testing, the exercise arm was subjected to either passive warming (microwave) or control for the microwave treatment group or cooling (icing) or control for the icing treatment group. The control arm performed the same exercise protocol without treatment. Limbs were randomized for treatment or control and order of testing. Deep muscle temperature increased by approximately 3 degrees C after the microwave treatment and decreased approximately 5 degrees C after the icing treatment. MEASUREMENTS: We evaluated changes in maximal isometric force and indirect markers of muscle damage, including range of motion, upper arm circumference, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase activity, in the microwave and control and icing and control groups using a 2-way, repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: All measures changed significantly (P <.01) after exercise, but neither of the treatments demonstrated significant effects on most of the variables compared with the control. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that pre-exercise cooling does not affect the magnitude of muscle damage in response to eccentric exercise. Similarly, pre-exercise passive muscle warming did not prove beneficial in attenuating indicators of muscle damage. Thus, any beneficial effects of warm-up exercise cannot be attributed to the effects of increased muscle temperature.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Effect of circular motion exercise on bone modeling and bone mass in young rats: an animal model of isometric exercise.

The aims of the study are to develop a non-invasive animal model of circular motion exercise and to evaluate the effect of this type of exercise on bone turnover in young rats. The circular motion exercise simulates isometric exercise using an orbital shaker that oscillates at a frequency of 50 Hz and is capable of speeds from 0-400 rpm. A cage is fixed on top of the shaker and the animals are placed inside. When the shaker is turned on, the oscillatory movement should encourage the animals to hold on to the cage and use various muscle forces to stabilize themselves. Rats at 8 weeks of age were trained on the shaker for 6 weeks and static and dynamic histomorphometric analyses were performed for the proximal tibial metaphysis and the tibial shaft. The exercise resulted in no significant effect on animal body weight, gastrocnemius muscle weight and femoral weight. Although the bone formation rate of cancellous and cortical periosteum was increased by the exercise, trabecular bone volume was decreased. The exercise increased periosteal and marrow perimeters and the cross-sectional diameter of cortical bone from medial to lateral without a significant increase in the cortical bone area. These results suggest that circular motion exercise under force without movement or additional weight loading will cause bone-modeling drift with an increase in bone turnover to reconstruct bone shape in adaptation to the demand in strength. Since there is no additional weight loading during circular motion exercise, the net mass of bone is not increased. The bone mass lost in trabecular bone could possibly be due to a re-distribution of mineral to the cortical bone.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1982

Anaerobic threshold for long-term exercise and maximal exercise performance.

The anaerobic threshold during graded exercise (GXT, AT1) was determined as the exercise level initiating a curvilinear increase in ventilation (VE), and during prolonged exercise (PXT, 40 min, AT2) as the maximal exercise level where still a steady state for VE can be reached. Subjects were 8 healthy males, 20 to 53 years of age. Maximal exercise capacity was estimated by means of 1) VO2 max 2) max time on bicycle ergometer at 200 Watts and 3) maximal distance run within 12 min (Cooper test). VO2 max was significantly related to AT1, GXT (r = 0.85, 0.01 less than p less than 0.001) and to AT2, PXT (r = 0.75, 0.05 less than p less than 0.01). Also a significant correlation was found between the endurance exercise capacity (= 200 Watts) and both AT1 (r = 0.80; 0.05 less than p less than 0.01) and AT2 (r = 0.84; 0.01 less than p less than 0.001). Finally only AT2 was significantly correlated with the Cooper test (r = 0.81; 0.01 less than p less than 0.001), no significant relationship was found for AT1 (r = 0.68; p less than 0.05). In conclusion AT1 reached the highest correlation with a short maximal exercise test such as VO2 max, in contrast to AT2, which showed the highest correlation with endurance exercise such as Cooper test or maximal exercise time at 200 Watts.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Chronic training with static and dynamic exercise: cardiovascular adaptation, and response to exercise.

To determine the acute and chronic effects of static and dynamic exercise upon the cardiovascular system, two groups of athletes were studied and compared to untrained control individuals. Thus, 12 long distance runners (LDR) and 17 competitive weight lifters (CWL) were compared to 10 light controls (LC) and 14 heavy controls (HC). The echocardiographically measured left ventricular mass (LVM) was shown to be increased in both groups of athletes. When this mass was related to lean body mass, the LDR demonstrated a significantly increased LVM, whereas the CWL had a LVM similar to that of the HC. During static handgrip exercise, the LDR maintained a relative bradycardia and, consequently, a lower calculated double product when compared to the LC, whereas the CWL reacted similarly to the HC. Further, the LDR demonstrated higher end-diastolic and higher end-systolic volume indices than the LC during static exercise. The exercising stroke volume index and the cardiac index were, however, not significantly different in the LDR compared to the LC. In contrast to the LDR, the cardiovascular dynamics of the CWL changed in a manner very similar to that of the HC during static exercise. This information suggests, therefore, that endurance training alters both the absolute and relative left ventricular mass and the response of the cardiovascular system to static exercise. On the other hand, static exercise training increases the absolute but not the relative left ventricular mass. Also, the immediate hemodynamic response to static exercise is similar in athletes who train with this form of exercise compared to untrained control subjects.

Adult↗