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PubMed2004

[Soft tissue filling with hyaluronic acid].

PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY: Hyaluronan was discovered by Karl Meyer in 1934 in the vitreous humor of cattle eye. Hyaluronic acid, (AH), is a natural polysaccharide and a ubiquitous component of the extra cellular matrix. It is largely biocompatible and has a short half life. In the early 1990's, preceded by the use of bovine collagen, AH started to be employed in the fields of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery; currently it is a major intervention product in both soft tissue augmentation and facial volume loss treatments. Often well tolerated, AH, has high water retention properties and is an effective tissue volumizer. Industry first attempted to extract AH from rooster comb, then through bacterial fermentation and succeeded in increasing its lifespan by cross linking. However, industrially produced AH can contain residues from the manufacturing process. It thus appears critical to us to be informed of the process used in manufacturing AH including the reticulant utilized. Manufacturers should be legally required to publish this data as well as to conduct physiochemical follow-up studies over the short, mid and long terms. LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS: In Europe, CE marking is a prerequisite to market injectable products. However, a CE marking does not necessarily imply that the product's efficacy and side effects have been assessed objectively in clinical studies. However, this marking is expected to fall into line with the US legislation, where the marketing of any medicinal product is subject to FDA approval, based on comprehensive animal and clinical studies and on more systematic and better centralised side effect reporting. We have examined most of the products used in Europe and internationally in 2004, whether of animal or bacterial origin, reticulated or non-reticulated, and used to restore, increase volume or as a product vector. Before injecting these products, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of their absolute and relative contraindications and anaesthetic requirements, differences between types of wrinkles to fill in and indicated techniques, differences between concerned regions or tissues, and the impact of associated cosmetic treatments. These resorbable injectable products have mild and, more importantly, short-lived side effects. However, in patients with a relative contraindication, a double test is justified, as allergic reactions are known to occur in 1 to 3% of patients. It is also advisable not to inject HA in a site previously injected with a non-resorbable product. More precise statistics on results and side effects based on double-blind randomised studies are still wanting, due to the lack of legal requirement and effective centralisation of data. Therefore, all side effects must be reported to improve our knowledge as well as the safety of injections. CONCLUSION: Although their duration of effect is limited, HA products are the most commonly used fillers, before collagens. Many questions have yet to be answered, but they produce very significant results in filling procedures. Both clinicians and patients praise these products for their tolerance, resorbable nature, and limited side effects.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2006

Recovery of nitrotoluenes in wastewater by solvent extraction.

Toluene extraction was utilized to recover 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), 2,6-DNT, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) from wastewater of toluene nitration process. The batch-wise experiments were performed to elucidate the influence of various operating variables on the extracting behavior, including extracting temperature, volume ratios of solvent versus wastewater, agitation time, acidity of wastewater, and extraction stages. It was found that recovery of total organic compounds (TOC) was significantly elevated with increasing extraction temperature. Besides, high volume ratio of toluene/wastewater (2.0) and wastewater acidified to lower pH value enhanced the recovery percentage of TOC, in which extractable tendency was as follows: 2,6-DNT>2,4-DNT>2,4,6-TNT. It is worth noting that the nitrotoluenes in wastewater would be almost completely recovered using three sequential stages toluene extraction at the agitation time of 12min and pH 3.0. It is apparent that this established method is promising for the treatment of wastewater from toluene nitration processed industrially.

Dinitrobenzenes↗
PubMed1976

Preparation and evaluation of two microbiological media from shrimp heads and hulls.

Two peptones were extracted from raw shrimp waste after autolytic digestion. Digests were derived from shrimp heads and shrimp hulls, both of which are by-products of the shrimp processing industry. Digests were evaluated for suitability in supporting growth of microorganisms by measuring the total cell mass produced by five genera of bacteria and five genera of fungi in broths formulated from the peptones. Comparison was made to five commercially available medium preparations and a catfish peptone. A 0.5% solution of the lyophilized shrimp head digest, heated at 121 C for 15 min, resulted in a cloudy suspension. However, the digest supported excellent growth of fungi and good growth of bacteria. A heated 0.5% solution of the hull digest was clear and supported good growth of both bacteria and fungi.

Autolysis↗
PubMed1984

Occupational asthma in snow crab-processing workers.

The prevalence of occupational asthma was studied in two snow crab-processing industries in operation since 1980. Before the 1982 season, all except 10 of the 313 employees were investigated by a questionnaire, prick skin tests with common allergens, crab n and crab-boiling water extracts, and spirometry. The diagnosis was confirmed in 46 (15.6%) workers (including 33 of 64 subjects with a history highly suggestive of occupational asthma in the previous seasons) by (1) specific inhalation challenges in 33 subjects (one immediate, nine dual, and 23 late asthmatic responses) and/or (2) a combination of monitoring of peak expiratory flow rates (n = 12) and significant changes in bronchial responsiveness to histamine (n = 16) as well as in spirometry (n = 18) after reappearance of symptoms on return to work. Positive skin tests to crab (p less than 0.001) and, to a lesser degree, smoking history (p = 0.03) but not atopy (p greater than 0.05) were related to the presence of occupational asthma. A high prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis (35 of 46) and urticaria (16 of 46) was also documented in the affected individuals.

Asthma↗
PubMed1991

Is there an industrial future for phytopharmaceutical drugs? An outline of UNIDO programmes in the sector.

Although a substantial proportion of the health-care expenditure of developing countries is spent on the acquisition of drugs, this is only sufficient to serve about a quarter of their population. Therefore it is inconceivable that WHO's goal of HEALTH FOR ALL by the year 2000 could even be approached without consideration being given to the role in health care systems of herbal medicines. In this endeavour, traditional herbal medicines must perforce be granted the benefits of modern science and technology to serve future global needs. Here we are addressing both a contigency situation as well as a long term one. In developing nations there is a dire need for an improved supply of therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases that are characteristic of deprivation and poverty. In addition herbal medicines promise to provide both concepts of therapy, as well as therapeutic agents in areas where modern medicine has few answers. UNIDO's programmes for technical assistance to developing nations aim at the fullest utilisation of traditional herbal-based pharmacopoeias in addressing both these situations. They have employed a multi-disciplinary approach to the industrial production of herbal medicines. The projects endeavour to utilise the natural flora, judiciously, for selection, domestication and crop-wise cultivation of medicinal plant species for industrial processing. National R & D efforts have been strengthened to include the development of expertise in several areas such as instrumental analyses, biological assessment of raw materials as well as products. Process technology development has received special attention. A versatile poly-functional pilot plant has been developed to enable the production of herbal preparations as well as extracts and phytochemicals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1987

Management of wastewater from soap and food industries: a case study.

This paper presents the wastewater management of an industrial complex which produces different products, i.e. soap, perfume extract, macaroni, jam and juices. A continuous monitoring programme for departmental as well as final effluents was carried out for almost 3 months. Characterization of the composite wastewater from both soap and food processing plants indicated that the waste was highly contaminated with organic compounds as indicated by COD and BOD values. Moreover, effluent from the soap manufacturing plant contains significant concentrations of oil and grease amounting to 563 mg l-1. Soap manufacturing effluent and the combined wastes discharged from the whole industrial complex were subjected to different treatment processes, namely dissolved air flotation, chemical coagulation-sedimentation, and biological treatment via a completely mixed activated sludge process. Although coagulation using alum followed by sedimentation removed 52% of COD, residual values did not comply with the regulatory standards. Biological treatment of the composite combined wastewater significantly removed the organic contaminants in wastewater. Average residual BOD, COD, oil and grease values were 30, 92 and 8.3 mg l-1 respectively. Based on the laboratory results a final process design was developed.

Egypt↗
PubMed2001

Increased phospholipid transfer protein activity in Aspergillus oryzae grown on various industrial phospholipid sources.

The effect of industrial carbon sources on phospholipid transfer protein production was investigated. Phospholipid fractions of different composition were prepared from various plant oils (i.e., soybean, rapeseed, and sunflower) according to the Lucas Meyer extraction and purification process. The effect of these fractions on phospholipid transfer protein activity of cell extracts from Aspergillus oryzae grown on medium containing these phospholipids as sole carbon source was studied. It was shown that phospholipid transfer activity was markedly increased by extracts containing a particular phospholipid composition. However, this stimulation depends mainly upon the phospholipid composition of the fraction used as fermentation substrate. Fractions enriched mainly in phosphatidylinositol (Epikuron 110), at the expense of phosphatidylcholine, were the most efficient sources for phospholipid transfer protein production by A. oryzae. Maximal phospholipid transfer activity, as well as biomass production, were increased 4.1- and 9.7-fold, respectively, when cultures were supplemented with Epikuron 110 prepared from sunflower lecithin, as compared to glucose-control cultures.

Aspergillus oryzae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An empirical model on extractive lactic acid bioconversion.

The commercial production of lactic acid through fermentation process has always been in competition with its chemical synthesis process (Kirk Othmer, 1995). Lactic acid produced through the fermentation process has to cope with the problems of purification to meet the required quality standards. An attempt to improve the fermentative production is possible by proper design of an industrial process involving low capital cost for the plant. Also, the low energy costs both in its fermentation and purification, are required. In the commercial interest, the investment cost should be minimised, which is possible only when the cell density in fermenter is high. It means that the inhibitory effect of the product on process kinetics must be minimised. Based on these requirements, the extractive bioconversion technique is one of the approaches to achieve the commercially viable lactic acid production. Extractive lactic acid bioconversion using ion-exchange resin process has already been described in our earlier publications (Srivastava e al., 1992: Roychoudhury et al., 1995) It is always an advantage to develop a process model, thus opening an area of biotechnological improvements to the process. In the present paper, an empirical mathematical model has been described to explain this extractive bioconversion using ion-exchange resin process. It was based on generalised Monod's growth model and Leudeking and Piret equation. The system was defined with the assumption that the microbial growth can be represented as a single reaction; only a very little part of the substrate is utilised for the maintenance of the cells. The effect of end product inhibition on growth and product formation kinetics has also been considered in this model. A non-linear regression technique was used for evaluation of bioconversion kinetic parameters. The fourth order Runge Kutta method was used for solving the differential equations. The results of this process simulation are also discussed in the present paper. It indicates that the use of present technique has minimised the effect of lactic acid inhibition on process kinetics and hence higher productivity and least substrate utilisation for maintenance of cells. A statistical F-test has been performed for determining the validity of the model for a given set of experimental data with a level of significance alpha = 0.05 selected for this extractive batch recycle bioconversion process using ion-exchange resin.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1993

Food demands of the emerging consumer: the role of modern food technology in meeting that challenge.

Traditionally, the food industry has not been driven by technology. However, over the past decade, enormous changes have been introduced because of the changing demographics and evolving lifestyle of the consumer; the public health policies driving these lifestyle alterations; the growing fitness food market, which is a consequence of these changes; and the new aggressive posture taken by the food industry toward use of innovative technologies to satisfy consumer needs. This review is a brief description of the newer, nonbiotechnological food-science approaches that provide an unprecedented array of novel products to satisfy consumer preferences. These include engineered foods, aseptic processing, extrusion, hydroponics, intermediate-moisture foods, microencapsulation, supercritical-fluids extraction, and ingredient technology. Included under the last category is a brief description of fat substitutes that are likely to have a significant effect on the American diet.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Ion exchange extraction of heavy metals from wastewater sludges.

Heavy metals are common contaminants of some industrial wastewater. They find their way to municipal wastewaters due to industrial discharges into the sewerage system or through household chemicals. The most common heavy metals found in wastewaters are lead, copper, nickel, cadmium, zinc, mercury, arsenic, and chromium. Such metals are toxic and pose serious threats to the environment and public health. In recent years, the ion exchange process has been increasingly used for the removal of heavy metals or the recovery of precious metals. It is a versatile separation process with the potential for broad applications in the water and wastewater treatment field. This article summarizes the results obtained from a laboratory study on the removal of heavy metals from municipal wastewater sludges obtained from Ardhiya plant in Kuwait. Data on heavy metal content of the wastewater and sludge samples collected from the plant are presented. The results obtained from laboratory experiments using a commercially available ion exchange resin to remove heavy metals from sludge were discussed. A technique was developed to solubilize such heavy metals from the sludge for subsequent treatment by the ion exchange process. The results showed high efficiency of extraction, almost 99.9%, of heavy metals in the concentration range bound in wastewater effluents and sludges. Selective removal of heavy metals from a contaminated wastewater/sludge combines the benefits of being economically prudent and providing the possibility of reuse/recycle of the treated wastewater effluents and sludges.

Industrial Waste↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Auxiliary phase guidelines for microbial biotransformations of toxic substrate into toxic product.

When an industrial process is developed using the microbial transformation of a precursor into a desired chemical compound, high concentrations of substrate and product will be involved. These compounds may become toxic to the cells. In situ product removal (ISPR) may be carried out, using auxiliary phases such as extractants or adsorbents. Simultaneously, in situ substrate addition (ISSA) may be performed. It is shown that for uncharged substrates and products, the aqueous solubilities of substrate and product can be used to predict if ISPR might be required. When a particular auxiliary phase is selected and the distribution coefficients of substrate and product are known, it is possible to estimate a priori if this auxiliary phase might be good enough and how much of it might be needed for an efficient (fed-)batch biotransformation process. For biotransformation products of intermediate polarity (aqueous solubility of about 1-10 g/L) there seems to be a lack of extractants and adsorbents with the capacity to raise the product concentrations to commercially more interesting levels.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occupational asthma caused by grass pea used in the industrial processing of parquet.

BACKGROUND: although grass pea belongs to the leguminoseae family, allergic reactions to its flour have rarely been described. Clinical and immunological studies were performed to confirm a type I hypersensitivity mechanism in a case of occupational asthma to grass pea flour exposure, used in the industrial processing of parquet. METHODS: occupational asthma was diagnosed according to patient history, PEFR monitoring and a specific bronchial challenge test. Skin prick test with an aqueous grass pea flour extract, specific IgE determinations (CAP assay) and IgE immunoblot tests were performed. RESULTS: skin prick test with the extract showed a positive immediate response, and negative response in controls. Specific IgE to grass pea was positive (9.57 KU/l). Immunoblotting demonstrated the presence of specific serum IgE that recognized 3 proteins in the extract (MW 46, 32 and 28 kDa). PEFR monitoring showed positive results. Bronchial challenge test with the extract elicited an isolated immediate response. CONCLUSIONS: as far as we know this is the first time that IgE mediated occupational asthma caused by grass pea is reported and it is also the first time that its allergens are characterized. Grass pea flour might constitute a relevant occupational allergen in this unreported source of exposure in parquet manufacturers.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1993

Quantitation of organic acids in sugar refinery juices with capillary zone electrophoresis and indirect UV detection.

During sugar refinement, monitoring of organic acids such as formate, tartrate, succinate, malate, glycolate and acetate in the process "juices" is important for process control. Matrix effects can lead to problems in conventional chromatographic ion analysis of these solutions. Capillary zone electrophoresis, with indirect UV detection, has been shown to be a good alternative, requiring almost no sample preparation, other than dilution, and with fast analysis time (less than 7 min). A co-elution problem for the formate-tartrate pair could be solved by adding small amounts of bivalent metal ions to the electrophoresis buffer. Quantitative analyses of the organic acids in the juices from beet sugar production and from the processing of a hydrolysed chicory root extract (Cichorium intybus) are reported.

Acids↗
PubMed2004

Inactivation of the bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy (BSE) agent by the acid and alkaline processes used in the manufacture of bone gelatine.

A validation study was carried out to determine the capacity of the traditional acid and alkaline processes used in the manufacture of bovine bone gelatine to remove and/or inactivate the transmissible agent that causes BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy). Using an accurately scaled down laboratory process that precisely mimicked the minimum conditions of the industrial processes, gelatine (gelatin) was manufactured from industrial starting material that had been spiked with mouse brain infected with the 301V strain of mouse-passaged BSE agent. Clearance factors were determined by titrating the infectivity levels of the infected mouse brain tissue, the gelatine extracts, and the final sterilized gelatine solution. The infectivity level of the spiked starting material was 10(8.4) mouse intracerebral ID(50)/kg (ID(50) is the dose at which half of the challenged animals were infected). Clearance factors of 10(2.6) and 10(3.7) ID(50) were demonstrated for the first stages of the acid and alkaline processes respectively during which the bones are converted to crude gelatine. It was further demonstrated that the complete acid and alkaline processes both reduced infectivity to undetectable levels, giving clearance factors of >/=10(4.8) ID(50) for the acid process, and >/=10(4.9) ID(50) for the alkaline process.

Acids↗
PubMed1989

Ecotoxicological characterization of industrial wastewater--sulfite pulp mill with bleaching.

Different process wastewaters from a sulfite pulp mill with bleaching were characterized by chemical analysis and toxicity tests. The amount of adsorbable organically bound halogen (AOX) from the bleachery was 3.6 kg per ton pulp. The extractable organically bound chlorine was 15% of AOX. Some identified organochlorine compounds in the effluent could be traced in the receiving water. Effluents from the chlorination and alkaline extraction stages and the condensate were the main contributors to the effluent toxicity. The effluents were particularly toxic to the alga Skeletonema costatum. The EC50 value for growth of the alga was 24-29 ml/liter of the total effluent. The toxicity cannot be ascribed to single chemical components in the effluents. Degradation of toxic components occurs after dilution of the effluents in the receiving water. The toxicity may be reduced to 30-50% of the initial toxicity within 1 week. Predictions of toxic effects in the receiving water, based on results of toxicity tests and estimated dilution, indicate that large areas are affected by the discharges. Som observations of the distribution of organisms in the receiving water indicate that predictions from the toxicity tests may be valid.

Animals↗