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PubMed2005

RNAi-induced silencing of embryonic tryptophan oxygenase in the Pyralid moth, Plodia interpunctella.

Gene silencing through the introduction of double-stranded RNA (RNA interference, RNAi) provides a powerful tool for the elucidation of gene function in many systems, including those where genomics and proteomics are incomplete. The use of RNAi technology for gene silencing in Lepidoptera has lacked significant attention compared to other systems. To demonstrate that RNAi can be utilized in the lepidopteran, Plodia interpunctella, we cloned a cDNA for tryptophan oxygenase, and showed that silencing of tryptophan oxygenase through RNAi during embryonic development resulted in loss of eye-color pigmentation. The complete amino acid sequence of Plodia tryptophan oxygenase can be accessed through NCBI Protein Database.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Olestra consumption is not associated with macular pigment optical density in a cross-sectional volunteer sample in Indianapolis.

The associations between the intake of the fat-substitute olestra and the concentrations of macular carotenoid pigments and serum lutein and zeaxanthin were investigated in a volunteer cross-sectional sample in Indianapolis. The study was conducted in January through March, 1998 after olestra-containing savory snacks had been sold in central Indiana for a year. Volunteers (n = 280) aged 18-50 y were recruited to make a single clinic visit during which macular pigment optical density (MPOD) was determined by psychophysical flicker photometry, serum was obtained for determination of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration, usual intake of olestra, carotenoids and nutrients were assessed by 1-y food frequency questionnaire, and health habits including smoking, physical characteristics such as eye color, demographics and medical history were determined by questionnaire. Intake of olestra at least one time per month for the past year was reported by 81:280 subjects and their mean, median and 90(th) percentile intakes were 1.09, 0.34 and 2.43 g olestra/d, respectively. Mean macular pigment optical density was not significantly different between olestra consumers and nonconsumers (0.213 +/- 0.014 vs. 0.211 +/- 0.010) nor was serum lutein and zeaxanthin concentration (0.361 +/- 0.017 vs. 0.375 +/- 0. 013 micromol/L) or intake (1242 +/- 103 mg/d vs. 1042 +/- 58 mg/d) in one-way or two-way ANOVA. Olestra intake was not associated with MPOD or serum lutein and zeaxanthin before or after correction for significant covariates of MPOD. Thus, olestra intake over the past year in a cross-sectional volunteer sample in Indianapolis was not associated with MPOD.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Sunscreen use, wearing clothes, and number of nevi in 6- to 7-year-old European children. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Melanoma Cooperative Group.

BACKGROUND: Previous epidemiologic studies have suggested that sunscreen use is associated with an increased risk of melanoma skin cancer. Because high nevi (mole) count in adults is a strong predictor of melanoma, we conducted a study examining the number of nevi in 6- to 7-year-old European children, according to their sunscreen use. METHODS: Whole-body and site-specific counts of nevi 2 mm or larger were performed in 631 children in their first year of primary school in four European cities. Independently, parents were interviewed regarding sun exposure, sunscreen use, and physical sun protection of their child. RESULTS: After adjustment for sun exposure and host characteristics (e.g., skin phototype, eye color), the relative risk for high nevus count on the trunk was 1.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-2.59) for the highest level of sunscreen use and 0.59 (95% CI = 0.36-0.97) for the highest level of wearing of clothes while in the sun. The sun protection factor had no effect on nevus counts despite a high median value of 17.4. Sunburn number was not associated with nevus count. The highest risk associated with sunscreen use was found among children who had never experienced sunburn. CONCLUSIONS: In white, European children, sunscreen use appears to be associated with development of nevi, probably because it allows longer sun exposures. Wearing clothes may be an effective way to prevent proliferation of nevi. Since a high nevus count is a strong predictor of melanoma, sunscreen use may be involved in melanoma occurrence because it may encourage recreational sun exposure.

Child↗
PubMed1994

The w/w+ SMART is a useful tool for the evaluation of pesticides.

Genotype-dependent variability in the response of several Drosophila strains to hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) has been studied using the white/white+ (w/w+) somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART). Among the tester strains, there were three wild-type laboratory strains (Leiden-S, Oregon-K and 91-C) and three insecticide-resistant strains (Haag-79, Hikone-R and 91-R). The response to HMPA of larvae from a cross between two wild-type strains (Leiden-S and Berlin-K) was also measured. The strains have been evaluated in terms of spontaneous frequencies of mosaic eyes, lowest effective dose and dose-response relationship. Strong variability was found among the strains, the best performance to HMPA being obtained with the strain Oregon-K. In addition, a series of pesticides structurally related to HMPA, such as dimefox, hexamethylmelamine, hexazinone, alachlor, CAM, pirimicarb, dimetilan, thiram and methabenzthiazuron have been tested with the Oregon-K strain. Some of these pesticides had already been shown to be genotoxic in other systems, whereas others have either not been tested or gave negative results in in vitro systems. Although genotoxicity was expressed only within a narrow dose range, all pesticides were genotoxic in the w/w+ system with the Oregon-K strain. Thus, these compounds may be a genotoxic hazard to man. These results suggest the suitability of the strain Oregon-K for genotoxicity testing with the w/w+ eye mosaic system, although more information about the performance of this strain with other compounds must be obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMed2003

Germline mutations induced by N-nitroso-N-ethylurea do not affect the inserted copia retrotransposon in a Drosophila melanogaster wa mutant.

The white-apricot (wa) mutant of Drosophila melanogaster is characterized by a copia retrotransposon inserted in the second intron of the white locus. After germinal exposure to the alkylating agent N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, we have obtained new phenotypes in the offspring, mainly lighter eye colour, but not revertants to the original phenotype. Subsequent genetic crosses showed that only 3 out of 13 new mutant phenotypes were allelic. Three white gene regions were analysed by Southern blot in order to determine the nature of the mutations. These three regions were the 5' regulatory region, the copia insertion site and the 3' coding region. The results obtained indicate that the treatment does not induce the total or partial excision of copia in the white locus. Two of the new allelic mutants present a 5' or 3' deletion in the white locus. The other new phenotypes seem to be caused by mutations being induced in other loci acting as modifiers, most of them located on the X chromosome.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMed1997

Investigation of an excess of melanoma among employees of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

As a follow-up to an observed fourfold excess of malignant melanoma among workers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Alameda County, California, the authors conducted a case-control interview study of 31 cases diagnosed during the period 1969-1980 and 110 individually matched controls. Respondents were queried regarding familial cancer history, health history, general health behaviors, socioeconomic status, sun-exposure history, skin sensitivity to sunlight, and detailed occupational and occupational exposure history. Measurements were taken of constitutional risk factors such as eye color and skin reflectance. The associations between nonoccupational risk factors and case status were consistent with those reported from population-based studies of malignant melanoma. Several occupational indicators of risk were strongly associated with case status. These included chemist duties (odds ratio (OR) = 8.0), as well as work around high explosives (OR = 3.0), volatile photographic chemicals (OR = 3.0), and sources of ionizing radiation (OR = 3.7). Multivariate analyses of these risk associations suggested each to have a reasonably independent relation to case status. After adjustment for constitutional and occupational risk factors of interest, the odds ratio associated with reported work around sources of ionizing radiation remained elevated (OR = 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.0-7.6). The authors believe these results to be sufficiently suggestive to warrant additional studies of occupational factors and risk for malignant melanoma of the skin.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Cross-sectional study of recurrent herpes labialis. Prevalence and risk factors.

Consecutive blood donors at 25 sites in southern Wisconsin were interviewed in 1985 to ascertain recurrent herpes labialis histories, other perioral conditions, and status on possible predisposing factors and correlates of lesion recurrence. The prevalence of recurrent herpes labialis was 32.9%. Of the cases, 51.3% reported at least two recurrences per year, 8.6% characterized their condition as severe, and 10% sought medical care. Relations were examined between recurrent herpes labialis and family history of the disease, ethnicity, complexion, hair and eye color, other chronic perioral conditions, solar radiation, exposure to dental procedures, and smoking. The risk of recurrent herpes labialis associated with disease in various first-degree family members, estimated by age-adjusted odds ratios (nominal 95% confidence intervals) were: mother, 3.30 (1.86-5.84); father, 3.80 (1.80-8.12); sister(s), 3.93 (2.25-6.89); and brother(s), 6.81 (3.14-15.04). Ethnicity and phenotypes were not related to disease status. Cases had a higher prevalence of recurrent aphthous ulcers (odds ratio = 3.00, 95% confidence interval = 1.79-5.02) and reported more exposure to solar radiation and more extensive dental histories.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tests for linkage and other interactions in the honey bee.

No linkages were found in 31 new combinations of visible mutants, nor in 5 new combinations with the X locus, conducted mainly with eyeless (e), garnet (g), short (sh), truncate (tr), and wrinkled (wr). Eyeless was epistatic to eye colors; cream (cr), and ivory (i) were epistatic to garnet (g). Selective mortality was invariable with e, sh, and tr, and occasionally with bl, cd, and g.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Solar ultraviolet radiation exposure does not appear to exacerbate HIV infection in homosexual men. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of sun exposure on HIV progression. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey nested within a longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1155 white HIV-seronegative and 496 white HIV-seropositive homosexual men, of whom 142 seroconverted during the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: T-helper lymphocyte decline and AIDS. RESULTS: No positive correlation was found between the development of AIDS or loss of T-helper lymphocytes and (i) phenotypic characteristics associated with enhanced ultraviolet radiation (UVR) sensitivity (hair or eye color, skin type), or (ii) reported UVR exposure (sun lamp/tanning bed use, frequency of beach vacations, sunscreen use), or (iii) composite score of UVR sensitivity and exposure history. The composite scores and individual measures of risk were not correlated with rate of T-helper lymphocyte decline (slope) based upon rank correlation (correlation coefficient, 0.04; P = 0.32). In fact, individuals purposefully seeking the sun had slower T-helper lymphocyte declines. Sensitivity to UVR was also not significantly associated with AIDS [odds ratio (OR), 1.11 per unit of higher composite score; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.66-1.88; P = 0.63]. Among individuals who were HIV-infected at baseline, those who have been purposely seeking sun exposure were less likely to have AIDS (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.39-1.11; P = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that phenotypic characteristics of high UVR sensitivity and exposure are not highly correlated with decline in T-helper lymphocyte count or with progression to AIDS.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Corneal tattooing to reduce glare in cases of traumatic iris loss.

The traumatic loss of iris is often associated with symptoms of glare, which can be debilitating. This symptom may be benefitted by wearing a contact lens with a clear, central optical zone and opacification of the remainder. The patient who is contact lens-intolerant may be helped by tattooing of all of the cornea except the central visual axis. Four patients who had traumatic iris loss and who were treated by this technique reported reduced glare as well as improvement in the cosmetic appearance of the eye. Although corneal tattooing is an ancient procedure, it continues to be of benefit for selected patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Preferred density of sunglasses.

Light- and dark-eyed observers, ranging in age from 17 to 67 years, compared six pairs of sunglasses whose neutral density filters transmitted either 0.8, 2.5, 4.8, 8.9, 15.8, or 91.2% of the light. The sunglasses were worn in bright sunlight both in summer and winter and rated for comfort as to the light-level which they admitted to the eyes. In addition, the observers took a test of resolution acuity with each pair of filters. Observers of both eye colors and of every age group preferred, on the average, sunglasses which reduced the light level to 1000 to 1400 cd/m2. These preferred filters are much denser than typical commercial sunglasses. Resolution acuity declined significantly for the older observers with filters denser than the preferred ones.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The effect of sun exposure in determining nevus density in UK adolescent twins.

We report a study of 221 teenage twin pairs to examine the genetic and environmental determinants of nevi representing the most potent phenotypic risk factor for melanoma. Our published heritability analysis estimated that nevi are mainly genetically determined. In this paper we examine the role of sun exposure. We report a correlation between nevus density and sun exposure, particularly that acquired in hotter countries than in the UK (mean nevus density 41 per m2 in those in the highest quartile of exposure vs 24 per m2 in those with no exposure, p<0.0001). We were not able to demonstrate a protective effect for either sun protection cream or shirt wearing. By including phenotypic variables and reported sun exposure into the heritability analysis, we conclude that 66% of the total variance of nevus count is attributable to genetic effects: 7% associated to eye color, 6% to hair color, and 1% to reported skin type, which leaves 52% as to yet unidentified genetic factors. Of the 25% of variation attributable to environmental influences, one-third is estimated to be because of sun exposure on hot holidays.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Cloning and characterization of the white gene from Anopheles gambiae.

A 14 kb region of genomic DNA containing the X-linked Anopheles gambiae eye colour gene, white, was cloned and sequenced. Genomic clones containing distinct white+ alleles were polymorphic for the insertion of a small transposable element in intron 3, and differed at 1% of nucleotide positions compared. Sequence was also determined from a rare 2914 bp cDNA. Comparison of cDNA and genomic sequences established an intron-exon structure distinct from Drosophila white. Despite a common trend in Anopheles and Drosophila of weak codon bias given low levels of gene expression, codon usage by Anopheles gambiae white was strongly biased. Overall amino acid identity between the predicted mosquito and fruitfly proteins was 64%, but dropped to 14% at the amino terminus. To correlate phenotypically white-eyed strains of A. gambiae with structural lesions in white, five available strains were analysed by PCR and Southern blotting. Although these strains carried allelic mutations, independently generated by gamma radiation (three strains) or spontaneous events (two strains), no white lesions were detected. Significantly, another non-allelic X-linked mutation, causing an identical white-eyed phenotype, has been correlated with a structural defect in the cloned white gene (Benedict et al., 1995). Taken together, these observations suggest that the white-eyed mutants analysed in the present study carry mutations in a second eye colour gene and are most likely white+.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗
PubMed1980

Generalised siderosis from an iris foreign body.

A case is presented of generalised siderosis resulting from a foreign body lodged in the iris. The diagnosis was made 10 years after the initial injury, when the patient presented with another, quite unrelated, eye injury. The metal particle was removed after tests revealed that ocular function was impaired with raised intra ocular pressure, severe field loss and an abnormal electroretinogram (E.R.G.).

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Clinical behavior of 100 cutaneous malignant melanomas.

The last 100 patients with malignant melanoma were studied following actual methodology, with these results: mean age at diagnosis was 55.3 years; mean age at the beginning of disease was 51.8 years. Lesions were more frequent in patients with pale skin; there was no predominance of any color of eyes. Forty-nine percent of the patients were referred with a previous nevus which was confirmed only in 7%. One tumor developed on a giant pigmentary congenital nevus. Lesions showed no preponderance in one sex. Four percent of patients had multiple lesions. Familial background was found in 5%. The localization was most often to the head and neck, trunk, and legs. The most frequent types were SSMM and NMM; the first one on trunk and the second one on legs. The SSMM was observed in younger people than NMM. Level IV was seen in the greatest number of cases, with an average thickness of 3.07 mm. In SSMM, level III predominated, while in NMM, level IV predominated. The average thickness of SSMM was 1.82 mm; that of NMM was 6.25 mm. Our data are representative of malignant melanoma in Argentina. Therapy and evolution of lesions will be analyzed with an appropriate long-term follow-up.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ultraviolet carcinogenesis in nonmelanoma skin cancer part II: review and update on epidemiologic correlations.

The relationship between ultraviolet radiation and nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is further elucidated by a review of case-control studies relating type of exposure to the development of NMSC. Intermittent sun exposure is important in the pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma, whereas cumulative exposure is important for both basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The regional distribution of NMSC is also in areas of sun exposure. Furthermore, there are inherent risk factors for the development of NMSC that include hair and eye colors. Once an individual develops NMSC, he/she has increased risk of developing basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or melanoma.

Basal Cell Carcinoma↗