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PubMedDate not supplied

Human and macaque mastication: a quantitative study.

Significant differences exist between human and Macaca fascicularis patterns of mandibular movement during mastication. Macaque patterns display less asymmetry, more uniformity, and limited lateral excursions when compared to humans for mastication of the same food. Different anatomical structures between the two species offer explanations of the different patterns that were observed. Researchers should use caution when using macaques as models for human mastication.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Development and validation of a multifactorial treatment outcome measure for eating disorders.

The purpose of this investigation was to develop a brief self-report inventory which could be used to evaluate treatment outcome for anorexia and bulimia nervosa. The Multifactorial Assessment of Eating Disorders Symptoms (MAEDS) was constructed to measure six symptom clusters which have been found to be central to the eating disorders: depression, binge eating, purgative behavior, fear of fatness, restrictive eating, and avoidance of forbidden foods. The factor structure of the MAEDS was found to be stable and it was found to have satisfactory reliability and validity. Normative data were collected so that raw scores could be converted to standardized scores. While still in the experimental stages, the MAEDS shows promise as a valid and economical measure of treatment interventions for anorexia and bulimia nervosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A two-layered mechanical model of the rat esophagus. Experiment and theory.

BACKGROUND: The function of esophagus is to move food by peristaltic motion which is the result of the interaction of the tissue forces in the esophageal wall and the hydrodynamic forces in the food bolus. The structure of the esophagus is layered. In this paper, the esophagus is treated as a two-layered structure consisting of an inner collagen-rich submucosa layer and an outer muscle layer. We developed a model and experimental setup for determination of elastic moduli in the two layers in circumferential direction and related the measured elastic modulus of the intact esophagus to the elastic modulus computed from the elastic moduli of the two layers. METHODS: Inflation experiments were done at in vivo length and pressure-diameters relations were recorded for the rat esophagus. Furthermore, the zero-stress state was taken into consideration. RESULTS: The radius and the strain increased as function of pressure in the intact as well as in the individual layers of the esophagus. At pressures higher than 1.5 cmH2O the muscle layer had a larger radius and strain than the mucosa-submucosa layer. The strain for the intact esophagus and for the muscle layer was negative at low pressures indicating the presence of residual strains in the tissue. The stress-strain curve for the submucosa-mucosa layer was shifted to the left of the curves for the muscle layer and for the intact esophagus at strains higher than 0.3. The tangent modulus was highest in the submucosa-mucosa layer, indicating that the submucosa-mucosa has the highest stiffness. A good agreement was found between the measured elastic modulus of the intact esophagus and the elastic modulus computed from the elastic moduli of the two separated layers.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

1H-nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the conformational changes related to the foaming properties of beta-lactoglobulin.

beta-Lactoglobulin (beta-LG) is a whey protein with foaming ability that can be used as a food ingredient. The structural changes that occur during foaming cannot be easily assessed. In combination with deuterium exchange, 1H-NMR allows new insight into the structural features of beta-LG during foaming. beta-Lactoglobulin was dissolved in D2O and forced to foam. During foaming, the amide protons of exposed residues were exchanged for deuterium atoms, which do not appear in the 1H-NMR spectrum. Protein in solutions that had produced unstable foams showed no exchange beyond that found in unfoamed controls, indicating that the structure had remained intact. Protein in solutions that had produced stable foams showed extensive exchange. Protons of both Trp19 and Met107 exchanged with deuterium, indicating that most of the interior had been exposed to solvent. Most of the beta-LG structure was recovered after collapse of the foam. In the early steps of foaming, apparently only random coil or other exposed regions are involved in foam stabilization. More vigorous shear stress forces induce further unfolding of the beta-strands. This unfolding is suggested to be a dynamic, reversible equilibrium between an open and closed conformation of beta-strands that allows not only for interaction of the protein with the air phase but also for some secondary structure to be retained and the original structure to be recovered. Freeze-dry foaming is also discussed.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hysteria and psychosomatic disorders in Portuguese immigrants].

Seventy patients presenting symptoms of hysteria (49 women and 21 men) were selected among patients observed at the Institute Minkowska during the year. This work is part of a research work on socio-cultural and environmental factors which can change mental status of immigrants. These are all portugese workers presenting for the first time atypical mental troubles called by the author: "bastard hysterical syndrome of the immigrant" and characterized partly or totally by the following symptoms: fatigue, anxiety, sense of suffocation, dyspnea, coughing, unilateral chills or generalized chil, abdominal or gastric pains, headaches and "diffused pains", paresthesia, aching back, tears and sorrow, fear of dying or having a cancer, asthenia, leg paresthesia and contractions, vomiting, diarrhea, cardiac pains, palpitations, dizziness and collapsing. These troubles appear sometimes without apparent motives but they are almost always due to a precipitating cause expressed by the patient: a delivery, a familial death, a homosexual proposition, a trauma without importance, a working conflict etc... But the most frequent cause invoked is "the french climate" without knowing precisely what the word "climate" means: atmospheric conditions, athmosphere or reception milieu? This latest interpretation seems more likely after months of psychotherapy. Most patients are not french speaking and cannot write; their origin is rural (familial villages well structured regarding their food and sexual economy), and people well "armed" by a system of defense mechanisms and well adopted conditioned reflexes. In this work, hysteria of the portugese immigrant is compared to childhood hysteria. As the hysterical burst of the child is aimed at calling attention, love of the mother, at finding a solution to a familial or social conflict, the hysterical burst of the immigrant is aimed at the absent family or at its substitutes, the bos, social security, the doctor. Furthermore, the attitude of the hosting Country--wanting and rejecting--is very ambivalent; "tenderness" at the time of reception, followed by indifference. Early attentions are followed by constant interdictions (threat of unemployment, false statements on sexual dangers of the immigrant etc;..). The immigrant, like the hysterical child, is periodically controlled (work and visit cards), supervised (supervisors), The narcistic satisfactions of being called a good worker can be followed by threats of firing in economic crisis. The society of the hosting country requires the immigrant to be identical to this society: language, physical appearance, food. The real paradoxical situation to which the immigrant is confronted and the real or hypothetical fears constitute conditions of experimental neurosis, to which portugese immigrants react very often by a bastard symptomatology of hysterical type, characteristic of displaced man. These preliminary studies are the frame for a future epidemiological survey in this specific population.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[The course of oropharyngeal stage of deglutition after partial supracricoid laryngectomies. Computerized analysis of radiographic imaging. Preliminary report].

On a pilot basis the performed analysis covered the pharyngeal phase of the deglutition act in five patients, in whom supracricoid laryngectomies were carried out due to carcinoma of the larynx. The rentgenocinematographic (Rtgc) examinations were made half a year after the operations, while in 1 patient the studies were carried out twice, the second being performed two years after the operative procedure thus altogether 6 examinations Rtgc were performed. Computerized topocinetic analysis of images Rtgc was made intended for further considerations and measurements, and concurrently assessing the position of the left-behind anatomical structures, the pathway passed by the studied structures, the velocity, the projection of the encircled kinetic path, as well as the distance of individual structures in respect to each other during a complete cycle of the pharyngeal phase. The provided description highlights the significance of good mobility of the left structures in the food bolus passage trough the lower pharynx and other, than that after supraglottal laryngectomy, mechanism protecting the lower respiratory tracts against food leakage into them.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed2002

[Distribution pattern of hair fluoride and its affected factors in coal-exposed environment].

To find out the distribution pattern of hair fluoride and its affected factors in coal-exposed environment, human hairs were collected according epidemiological investigation, and contents of fluoride and other life-relative elements in the samples were determined. Results shown that the fluoride content in human hairs had a notable individual differentia, its distribution pattern was anomalous distribution with average fluoride content 67.08 +/- 64.68 micrograms/g and coefficient of variation 96.42%. There were significant positive correlation between F and Ca, Mn, Se as well as significant negative correlation between F and Ti. Factor analysis shown the fluoride content in human hairs was affected by factors such as inner biochemical reaction, outer geochemical environment, structure of food-web and quality of drinking water.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Laboratory and field studies of Macrocyclops albidus (Crustacea: Copepoda) for biological control of mosquitoes in artificial containers in a subtropical environment.

The cyclopoid copepod Macrocyclops albidus (Jurine) was tested as a potential biological control agent of mosquitoes in laboratory microcosms, in controlled field conditions, and in a 22-mo field experiment using discarded tires. The predator was highly efficient in controlling mosquitoes in all three settings, reaching close to 90% reduction in larval survival under field conditions and exceeding the recommended predation rates for effective mosquito control in laboratory experiments. The predator was most effective on 1-4-d-old larvae. Alternate food and habitat structure significantly influenced the predation rates on mosquito larvae. Once established, the copepod was able to maintain reproducing populations in the field for the duration of the experiments. However, the predator failed to establish populations at four of the experimental field sites. Two of the failures can be attributed to characteristics of the individual tires, such as leaching chemicals, whereas the other two were probably due to site-specific factors. This copepod species is a promising candidate for control of mosquito larvae because it is a widespread and highly effective predator that is capable of establishing and maintaining populations under a wide variety of field conditions. Additionally, M. albidus is relatively easy to culture, maintain, and deliver to the target areas.

Aedes↗
PubMed1988

The brain of the raccoon (Procyon lotor) in stereotaxic coordinates. I. Macroscopic studies.

Comparative anatomical and physiological studies revealed that the different sensory modalities are represented in the neocortex in topographically determined areas. Comparison of the representation field of the forepaw in different species of carnivores reveals an exceptional enlargement of these area in the somatosensory cortex of the raccoon. In this species the forepaws are of primary importance for the exploration of the environment and of the food. The peculiar structural organization of the somatosensory area initiated detailed studies by physiologists. There are now sufficient maps obtained after stimulation of circumscript areas in the forepaw. In order to study the somatosensory cortex by morphological methods (espec. degeneration and tracer methods) the aim of the present study was to establish in a first step stereotaxic data for the raccoon brain, especially for the neocortex in the macroscopic level. We gave information about the fixation of the raccoon head in a David-Kopf-stereotaxic-instrument and about the position of the brain in the skull. At least the raccoon brain in a dorsal and lateral view related to stereotaxic coordinates is demonstrated. The zero-plane is positioned in the interaural line.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1998

Glucosinolates and phenolics as antioxidants from plant foods.

Dietary glucosinolates and flavonoids exhibit anticarcinogenicity by blocking formation of endogenous or exogenous carcinogens and so preventing initiation of carcinogenesis. Glucosinolates act by induction of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferases and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase, and by inhibition of carcinogen-activating enzymes such as cytochrome P450 1A1. Flavonoids and other phenolic antioxidants act by direct free-radical scavenging. The distribution in foods and structure-function relationships for these classes of compounds are reviewed.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1997

Food cravings in young and elderly adults.

Fifty young-adult and 48 elderly Ss participated in a structured interview study on food cravings (defined as an intense desire or longing to eat a particular food). Elderly Ss were less likely than young Ss to report cravings and reported craving a smaller number of different foods. In contrast to a number of other researchers, we found a relationship between dietary restrictions and cravings. Types of food craved differed by gender and age. Women reported significantly more cravings for chocolate and for sweets than did men. However, craving for sweets declined with age among women. Cravings were not evenly distributed throughout the day, but tended to occur in the late afternoon and early evening.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Temporal pattern of locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster.

The temporal pattern of locomotor activity of single Drosophila melanogaster flies freely walking in small tubes is described. Locomotor activity monitored by a light gate has a characteristic time-course that depends upon age and the environmental conditions. Several methods are applied to assess the complexity of the temporal pattern. The pattern varies according to sex, genotype, age and environmental conditions (food; light). Activity occurs clustered in bouts. The intrinsic bout structure is quantified by four parameters: number of light gate passages (counts) per bout, duration of a bout, pause between two successive bouts and mean bout period. In addition, the distribution of the periods between light-gate crossings (inter-count intervals) as function of inter-count interval duration reveals a power law, suggesting that the overall distribution of episodes of activity and inactivity has a fractal structure. In the dark without food, the fractal dimension which represents a measure of the complexity of the pattern is sex, genotype and age specific. Fractality is abolished by additional sensory stimulation (food; light). We propose that time-course, bout structure and fractal dimension of the temporal pattern of locomotor activity describe different aspects of the fly's central pattern generator for locomotion and its motivational control.

Aging↗
PubMed1980

[Increased food motivation in rabbits during prolonged automatic electric stimulation of lateral hypothalamic structures].

An automatic electric stimulation elicited a long-term focus in food motivation centers in rabbits, whose food-getting instrumental activity, EEG and some vegetosomatic parameters were studied. The focus induced the epileptiform EEG activity spreading from the hypothalamus up to the cerebral cortex. The food instrumental responses were either abruptly intensified or inhibited depending on the electrode localization. After cessation of the electric stimulation the focus remained without any sign of fading for one month.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Genes and environment have gender-independent influences on the eating and drinking of free-living humans.

Males and females differ in the amounts of food and fluids they ingest. Previous studies suggest that this may be due to differences in genetic influences on intake. Gender differences in the heritability of food and fluid intake were investigated with 110 identical and 102 fraternal same-sex and 53 fraternal mixed-gender adult twin pairs who were paid to maintain 7-day food intake diaries. Linear structural modeling revealed significant genetic influences on the overall and meal intakes of foods and fluids and specific beverage and food types. No gender differences were found in the genes that influence intake or, for the most part, in the magnitude of the genetic influences on intake. However, gender differences were found for the between-meal intakes of fluids, being influenced by heredity for males but by common, familial, environment for females. The data suggest that intakes are equivalently influenced by inheritance and individual environment for both males and females and that most gender differences are due to a simple multiplicative difference between intakes possibly due to body size and/or caloric expenditure differences.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Sociodemographic characteristics of food handlers and their knowledge, attitude and practice towards food sanitation: a preliminary report.

Diseases spread through food still remain a common and persistent problems resulting in appreciable morbidity and occasional mortality. Food handlers play an important role in ensuring food safety throughout the chain of production, processing, storage and preparation. This study is to explore the pattern of sociodemographic distribution and to determine knowledge, attitude and practice of food handlers towards food-borne diseases and food safety. A total of 430 food handlers were randomly selected from Kota Bharu district and interviewed by using structured questionnaire. Distribution of food handlers was Malays (98.8%), females (69.5%), married (81.4%), working in food stalls (64.2%), involved in operational areas (49.3%), having no license (54.2%) and immunized with Ty2 (60.7%). The mean age was 41 +/- 12 years and the mean income was RM 465 +/- 243/month. The educational level was found as no formal education (10.5%), primary school (31.9%), secondary school (57.0%) and diploma/degree holders (0.7%). A significant number of food handlers (57.2%) had no certificate in food handlers training program and 61.9% had undergone routine medical examinations (RME). Almost half (48.4%) had poor knowledge. Multiple logistic regression showed type of premise [Odd ratio (OR) = 4.0, 95% Confidence interval (CI) =1.8-7.5, p = 0.0004], educational level (OR = 4.0, 95% CI = 1.8-7.4, p = 0.0003) and job status of food handlers (OR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3-0.8, p = 0.0031) significantly influenced the level score of knowledge. No significant difference of attitude and practice between trained and untrained food handlers. Findings of this preliminary study may help in planning health education intervention programs for food handlers in order to have improvement in knowledge, attitude and practice towards food-borne diseases and food safety. Furthermore, it will in turn reduce national morbidity and mortality of food-borne diseases.

Certification↗
PubMed2006

The modified Trait and State Food-Cravings Questionnaires: development and validation of a general index of food craving.

In the present study, the multidimensional Trait and State Food Cravings Questionnaires (FCQ-T and FCQ-S), as developed by Cepeda-Benito, Gleaves, Williams, and Erath, [2000. The development and validation of the State and Trait Food Cravings Questionnaires. Behavior Therapy, 31, 151-173], were modified in order to construct an index of general food craving instead of specific food craving. The factor structure, validity and reliability of the modified questionnaires, renamed as the Trait and State General Food Cravings Questionnaires (G-FCQ-T and G-FCQ-S), were investigated in three separate studies. Firstly, exploratory factor analyses were conducted, which yielded a G-FCQ-T with a four-factor structure, that was considerably shorter as compared to the original (nine-factor) FCQ-T, and a G-FCQ-S of which the factor structure was highly comparable to the original FCQ-S. Secondly, in an attempt to replicate the factor structures of the G-FCQ-T and the G-FCQ-S as found in Study 1, confirmative factor analyses were performed. Results indicated adequate fits for both questionnaires. In addition, the test-retest reliability of both versions was satisfactory and an analysis of the construct validity generally revealed the expected results. In Study 3, the validity of the state version of the G-FCQ was further investigated by relating scores on this questionnaire to indices of food deprivation and satiation. Results indicated that the G-FCQ-S indeed measures food craving as a variable state, which is influenced by situational and temporal variables. Altogether, it can be concluded that the G-FCQ-T and G-FCQ-S are both reliable and valid measures of general trait-like and state-dependent food craving.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of different central nervous system structures of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus in realizing food-getting behavior].

After cutting the nervous chain at different levels, separate fragments of motor component of foodgetting behaviour of the crayfish disappeared. Separation of the supraoesophageal ganglion from the nervous chain results in the abolition of food searching phase, control and organization of aimed locomotions, fixation of the body with respect to the target objects. At the same time the activity of separate functional blocks becomes more evident being realized in automatic regime with the trigger type of its onset. Suboesophageal ganglion structures initiate the spontaneous non-coordinated locomotor activity of the postural and locomotor apparatus and provide for realization of the whole algorhythm: grasping the food, driving the claw to the rostral part of the body, transmission the food to the II-III pairs of walking legs and then to the mouth opening. Structures of the 1st isolated thoracal ganglion realize grasping and holding reflex which is going on slowly and inactively.

Animals↗