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Results for “GANGLIA, SPINAL”

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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources

PubMed1991

Fine-structural localization of aldose reductase and ouabain-sensitive, K(+)-dependent p-nitro-phenylphosphatase in rat peripheral nerve.

Aldose reductase was visualized by light and electron microscopy using a goat anti-rat antibody with immunoperoxidase and immunogold, respectively. Ouabain-sensitive, K(+)-dependent, p-nitro-phenylphosphatase, a component of (Na+, K+)-ATPase, was localized at the electron microscopic level by enzyme histochemistry using p-nitro-phenylphosphate as substrate. In peripheral nerve, spinal ganglia and roots, the Schwann cell of myelinated fibers was the principal site of aldose reductase localization. Immunostaining was intense in the paranodal region and the Schmidt-Lanterman clefts as well as in cytoplasm of the terminal expansions of paranodal myelin lamellae and the nodal microvilli. Schwann cell cytoplasm of unmyelinated fibers were faintly labelled. Endoneurial vessel endothelia, pericytes and perineurium failed to bind appreciable amounts of aldose reductase antibody. However, mast cell granules bound antibody strongly. In contrast, p-nitro-phenylphosphatase reaction product was detected in the nodal axolemma, terminal loops of Schwann cell cytoplasm and the innermost layer of perineurial cells. In endothelial cells, reaction product was localized on either the luminal or abluminal, or on both luminal and abluminal plasmalemma. Endothelial vesicular profiles were often loaded with reaction product. Occasional staining of myelin and axonal organelles was noted. Mast cells lacked reaction product.

4-Nitrophenylphosphatase↗

PubMed1978

Myelinated nerve fiber supply and muscle spindles in the respiratory muscles of cat: quantitative study.

The present study was undertaken to provide quantitative data on the myelinated fibers of the phrenic and intercostal nerves and the number of spindles in the main respiratory muscles of the cat. The myelinated component of the phrenic and intercostal nerves was studied in the cat. Histograms of sequency distributions as a function of nerve fiber diameter were established for normal nerves. Certain nerves were then examined 35 to 40 days after excision of the dorsal spinal ganglia. The muscle spindles of the corresponding muscles were counted and localized, and, on the basis of several morphological criteria, were classified with those usually described in the interosseous muscles. The study of the nerves, as that of the spindles, demonstrates clear differences of proprioceptive innervation among the respirator muscles. The lateral part of the diaphragm and the Triangularis sterni have practically no spindles. The external muscles of the first thoracic spaces are very rich in spindles. Respiratory muscles can be ranged in an almost continuous manner between these two extremes.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Morphological observations in the nervous system of prenatal mucopolysaccharidosis II (M. Hunter).

Light and electron microscopic finding in the nervous system of a 23-week-old fetus are reported, in which MPS II was diagnosed prenatally. The degrees of myelination and neuronal differentiation were similar as in a normal fetus of the same age. A storage of mucopolysaccharides in typical vacuolar inclusion bodies was present throughout the peripheral and central nervous system, mainly in cells of mesenchymal origin. "Zebra" bodies and granulo-membranous bodies, which are thought to represent secondard ganglioside accumulation were only found in the well developed neurons of the spinal cord and spinal ganglia, but not in the poorly developed neurons of the cerebellar and cerebral cortex. Mucopolysaccharide storage in endothelial cells of cerebral bood vessels precedes the appearance of lipid storgae in cerebral neurons.

Brain↗

PubMed1988

Processing of neurofilament proteins from perikaryal to axonal type.

In previous studies, neuronal cell bodies, excised by hand from bovine spinal ganglia, were analyzed and heterogeneous intermediate and high molecular weight neurofilament proteins that differed in electrophoretic mobility from their axonal counterparts were demonstrated. In the present experiment, intermediate and high molecular weight neurofilament proteins of the axonal type were treated with alkaline phosphatase, and neurofilament proteins enriched in perikaryal type proteins were labeled with 32P. Results showed that neurofilament proteins were phosphorylated after their translation, in the perikarya and the proximal portion of the axon, and suggested that phosphorylation was responsible for the differences between axonal and perikaryal neurofilament proteins.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Electron microscopic studies on embryonic chick spinal ganglion cells: relationship between microtubules and the Golgi complex.

Spinal ganglia from 11 day chick embryos were fixed immediately after removal, or after a short incubation in media with or without nerve growth factor (NGF), and were subsequently examined by transmission electron microscopy. Qualitatively, incubation did not effect the fine structure of the neuroblasts. Morphometrically, however, NGF was found to cause a marked increase in the amounts of microtubules and microfilaments in the perikarya of the cells with a threefold increase in the volume density of these organelles after 4 h. The cells displayed a prominent Golgi complex, mostly with dictyosomes organized in one continuous band or area. Individual dictyosomes consisted of a stack of 3-6 parallel cisternae associated with small vesicles and occasional larger vacuoles. Microtubules were observed in all parts of the cyotplasm but were particularly numerous within the Golgi area. They occurred both on the forming and maturing sides of the dictyosomes and in the latter site were closely associated with small vesicles and peripheral dilatations of the cisternae. These observations indicate a possible role of microtubules in the organization and function of the Golgi complex.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Electron microscopic studies on embryonic chick spinal ganglion cells: in vitro effects of antimicrotubular agents on the Golgi complex.

Spinal ganglia from 11 day chick embryos were incubated in media containing colchicine or vinblastine and subsequently examined by transmission electron microscopy. Both drugs caused a partial disappearance of cytoplasmic microtubules and a concomitant growth in the number of microfilaments in the neuroblasts. In ganglia treated with vinblastine for 4 h these effects were recorded morphometrically as a decrease of about 80% in the volume density of microtubules and a more than tenfold increase in the volume density of microfilaments. Furthermore, the cells displayed marked structural changes in the Golgi complex. The dictyosomes were mostly distinctly separated from each other and individual dictyosomes showed a decrease number of cisternae and an increased number of closely associated large vacuoles. The results are discussed with regard to the role of microtubules in the organization and function of the Golgi complex in nerve cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Quantitative histological study of spinal afferent innervation on the ventral surface of the cat stomach by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method.

Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to the ventral surface of the cat stomach. We investigated the number, size and distribution of HRP-positive cells in spinal ganglia. The unexpected finding was the wide distribution of these cells from T3 down to L3. This would result in a diffuse pattern of referred pain.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ethanol modulates the ionic permeability of sodium channels in rat sensory neurons.

The effects of ethanol on tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTXs) and tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTXr) sodium channels in rat spinal ganglia were studied using a patch-clamp method. Application of ethanol (10 and 100 mM) to both sides of membranes resulted in decreases in the reversion potentials of both types of sodium channels. In the case of TTXr channels, ethanol decreased their selectivity in relation to Na ions and altered the sequence of ion selectivity of these channels for different cations from row X to row XI of the Eisenman selectivity classification. It is suggested that this change in ion selectivity is associated with ethanol-induced disruption of hydrogen bonds which stabilize the spatial structure of ion channel macromolecules, which may lead to changes in the steric parameters of the pores formed by these channels.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Evidence of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons in the rat hypoglossal nerve trunk.

Previous studies have indicated that the geniohyoid (GH) muscle is innervated by efferent axons from both the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) and ansa cervicalis. To clarify the physiological significance of this dual innervation of the GH muscle, we examined properties of efferent innervations in rat GH muscle using electrophysiological, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing and immunohistochemical techniques. Recordings from the branch of the XII nerve that innervates the GH (GH.Br) revealed that bursts of impulses during fictitious swallowing were conducted via the XII nerve trunk, in which neuronal cell bodies were labeled in the ventrolateral subnucleus of the XII nucleus by HRP tracing. In contrast, in vivo experiments demonstrated that tonic discharges in GH.Br were conducted via the ansa cervicalis. However, HRP-labeled efferent neurons were observed in neither brainstem nor upper spinal cord, but sensory neurons were labeled in the most rostral cervical spinal ganglia via the ansa cervicalis. Tonic activity was abolished in vitro by mecamylamine, an antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), and by pirenzepine, an antagonist of muscarinic M1 receptors. Incubation of isolated XII nerve segments with antisera to vasoactive intestinal peptide, nAChR, and muscarinic M1 receptor yielded small numbers of labeled neurons with each antiserum. All labeled neurons displayed similar diameters and were located approximately 1.5 mm proximal to the bifurcation of the XII nerve into medial and lateral branches. Our findings indicate that GH muscle in the rat is innervated by both somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1998

Sporadic motor neuron disease with severe sensory neuronopathy.

We report a 62-year-old man with sporadic motor neuron disease (MND) of 52 months' duration with progressive sensory disturbance and high cerebrospinal fluid protein content. Neuropathologically, both the upper and lower motor neuron systems were severely affected, and light and electron microscopy revealed Bunina bodies and skein-like inclusions, which are characteristic of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in the remaining anterior horn cells. Moreover, there was severe degeneration without inflammatory infiltrates in the spinal posterior columns, spinal ganglia, and peripheral sensory nerves. These findings suggest that this case may be an unusual variant of sporadic MND with severe somatic sensory system involvement.

Brain↗

PubMed2003

Satellite cell reactions to axon injury of sensory ganglion neurons: increase in number of gap junctions and formation of bridges connecting previously separate perineuronal sheaths.

This study investigated satellite cell changes in mouse L4 and L5 spinal ganglia 14 days after unilateral transection of sciatic and saphenous nerves. The ganglia were studied under the electron microscope in single and serial sections, and by dye injection. Satellite cell responses to axon injury of the neurons with which they are associated included the formation of bridges connecting previously separate perineuronal sheaths and the formation of new gap junctions, resulting in more extensive cell coupling. Some possible consequences of these satellite cell reactions are briefly discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

In vitro effects of chlorpromazine on microtubules and the Golgi complex in embryonic chick spinal ganglion cells: an electron microscopic study.

Spinal ganglia from 11-day-old chick embryos were incubated in media containing chlorpromazine (CPZ), lidocaine or D-amphetamine and subsequently examined by transmission electron microscopy. CPZ and lidocaine both caused a structural modification of the neuroblasts similar to that induced by the microtubular-disrupting drugs colchicine and vinblastine. That is, there was a partial disappearance of cytoplasmic microtubules with a concomitant increase in the number of microfilaments and the dictyosomes of the Golgi complex changed, with the number of narrow cisternae decreasing and the number of associated vacuoles increasing. Moreover, the dictyosomes were more distinctly separated from each other than in control ganglia. D-Amphetamine did not give rise to any clear changes in either the microtubular system or the Golgi complex and, furthermore, opposed the colchicine-like effects of CPZ. On the basis of these results it is suggested that the subcellular mechanism of action of CPZ involves the cytoplasmic microtubular system and thus secondarily leads to structural and functional alterations in the Golgi complex, viz., in the case of nerve cells, a disturbance in the production and packaging of material destined for the axon terminals.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

An increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a decrease in Golgi apparatus occur with ionic conditions that block initiation of fast axonal transport.

The ultrastructure of bullfrog spinal ganglia was analyzed after incubation in media containing concentrations of calcium and cobalt known to inhibit export of proteins from the soma to the axon. Although most somal organelles were morphologically unchanged by the various incubation media, striking changes were seen in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and the Golgi apparatus (GA). In order of effect, calcium-free medium (CFM), normal medium supplemented with cobalt (NM--Co), and CFM supplemented with cobalt (CFM--Co) produced increasing amounts of SER coupled with decreasing densities of GA stacks. In the extreme case, CFM--Co incubation resulted in a nearly 10-fold increase in SER volume as well as in a virtually complete depletion of GA stacks. Axons originating within the ganglion were also examined and showed little change after the various incubations. The rank order of the altered incubation media in producing morphological changes was the same as the relative effectiveness of the media in depressing the fast axonal transport of [3H]protein within the dorsal root ganglion neurons. The morphological and biochemical results are discussed with respect to establishing the localization of the calcium-dependent step(s) that has been proposed to occur in the neuronal soma during the initiation of axonal transport.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Receptor for protons in the membrane of sensory neurons.

The neurons isolated from spinal ganglia and from the ganglion of trigeminal nerve of a rat were investigated in the conditions of intracellular perfusion and voltage clamp. Many cells responded to rapid changes of the external pH from 7.4 to l.9 and lower values by pH-dependent desensitizing inward current. This current was saturated at pH 5.4 (pKa 6.2) and carried by Na+ and K+ ions )PK:PNa approximately equal to 0.1). The discovered mechanism is capable of producing depolarization of the neuronal membrane in response to a weak acidification of the external medium.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Voltage-clamp studies of the inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid response by glucocorticoids in bullfrog primary afferent neurons.

Acute effects of glucocorticoids on the response to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were examined in primary afferent neurons in bullfrog spinal ganglia, using intracellular and voltage-clamp recording techniques. Prednisolone and hydrocortisone (5 microM to 1 mM) caused a dose-dependent decrease in the amplitude of GABA-induced depolarization, while having no effect on the membrane potential and resistance of the neuron. Prednisolone depressed the muscimol-induced depolarization. Nipecotic acid, a blocker of GABA uptake, did not influence the inhibitory action of prednisolone. Voltage-clamp analyses showed that the inward current induced by an iontophoretic application of GABA (GABA current) was suppressed by prednisolone and hydrocortisone. The depression of the GABA current is neither due to a blockage of open channels nor a facilitation of the desensitization of GABA receptors. Prednisolone shifted the dose-response curve of the GABA current downward. The double-reciprocal (Lineweaver-Burk) plot showed that the maximum GABA current was reduced by prednisolone, suggesting a non-competitive antagonism. These results suggest that glucocorticoids suppress the GABA-induced chloride current, decreasing the number of functional channels associated with GABAA receptor.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1989

Glutamate-immunoreactive sensory neurons in quail neural crest cell culture.

This study addresses the question of whether embryonic sensory neuroblasts of the quail are glutamate (Glu)-immunoreactive as a neurotransmitter in vivo and when grown in neural crest cell culture. Using a monoclonal antibody against carbodiimide-treated glutamate, we found a subset of neural crest-derived cells in culture. They were large, round and contained long pseudouni- or bipolar processes. There was Glu-immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of the soma and more intense fluorescence within processes. Double-labeling experiments using a monoclonal antibody to Glu in conjunction with polyclonal antibodies to either neurofilament (NF), substance P (SP), or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) revealed that: (1) the Glu-immunoreactive cells are a subpopulation of NF-positive sensory neuroblasts; (2) intensely Glu-immunoreactive cells were usually SP-negative. However, cells less intensely staining with both antibodies were observed as well; (3) the Glu-immunoreactive cells were TH-negative, whereas TH-positive adrenergic neuroblasts were Glu-negative; and (4) frozen sections of the spinal ganglia of 9- and 15-day-old quail embryos contained Glu-immunoreactive cells. These data combined indicate that the Glu-immunoreactive cells are a subpopulation of the sensory neuroblasts that were previously identified in neural crest cell cultures with antibodies against NF proteins and the stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1). The results should prove valuable in future studies on the mechanisms that govern neural crest cell differentiation into autonomic and sensory neurons.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Effects of administration of ciliary neurotrophic factor on normal motor and sensory peripheral nerves in vivo.

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) has a variety of effects on different neuronal populations in vitro, but little has been reported concerning its effects in vivo. This study examined the effects of CNTF administration on peripheral nerves both in young growing rats and in more mature animals. In both young and fully grown rats, CNTF stimulated levels of substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide in sensory spinal ganglia. In immature rats, CNTF increased compound nerve conduction velocity and motor nerve conduction velocity. By contrast, electrophysiological measurements were not affected in fully grown animals. There was a biphasic dose response to CNTF for the electrophysiologic changes with larger changes noted at a dose of 0.1 micrograms/g body weight than at a dose of 0.25 micrograms/g. There were no behavioral changes noted at either dose of the factor. These observations indicate that CNTF administration in vivo can influence neural physiology, and suggest that the factor may be useful for the treatment of disorders involving either sensory or motor peripheral nerves.

Aging↗

PubMed1990

Traces of mercury in organs from primates with amalgam fillings.

In order to trace possible accumulations of mercury, three vervet monkeys received occlusal amalgam fillings, three others maxillary bone implants of amalgam, and three untreated monkeys served as controls. One year later all animals were sacrificed by transcardial perfusion with glutaraldehyde. Tissue sections from different organs were subjected to silver amplification by autometallography and analyzed at light and electron microscopical levels. It was found that amalgam fillings (total, 0.7-1.2 g) caused deposition of mercury in the following tissues: spinal ganglia, anterior pituitary, adrenal, medulla, liver, kidneys, lungs, and intestinal lymph glands. In monkeys with maxillary silver amalgam implants (total, 0.1-0.3 g), mercury was found in the same organs except for liver, lungs, and intestinal lymph glands. Organs from the three control animals were devoid of precipitate. To evaluate whether silver released from the corroding amalgam fillings added to the staining pattern, tissue sections were exposed to potassium cyanide prior to being autometallographically developed. This treatment removes all traces of silver, leaving mercury sulfide accumulation untouched. By comparing sections that had been exposed to cyanide with untreated parallels no difference was seen in the pattern confirming that mercury was the only catalyst present in the tissue. These results strongly support what has been suggested previously that dental fillings in primates cause absorption of mercury released from amalgam fillings through lungs and intestinal tract, and that depending on exposure mercury is distributed to most organs and will eventually be found in the central nervous system. The present data also show that silver released from the corroding filling is not absorbed.

Animals↗