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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Use of molecular-genetically bred Coprinus cinereus strains for an efficient isolation of cellulose from rice straw.

Molecular-bred Coprinus cinereus monokaryotic strains with high lignin- and xylan-degrading activities were mixed-cultured at 27 degrees C in the liquid medium containing 0.5% (w/v) cut rice straw and 0.025% MnCl2. After 3 weeks, the culture supernatant was extensively treated with crude cellulase, showing the presence in it of 9.3% of the total cellulose of rice straw. When rice straw treated with 0.1 N NaOH or cultured with Ganoderma applanatum were used, the recoveries of the cellulose increased up to 29%. The same experiments were done by using a non-bred control strain, showing the recoveries of the cellulose from the treated or cultured rice straw to be 8%.

Cellulose↗
PubMed2002

Isoflavone aglycon produced by culture of soybean extracts with basidiomycetes and its anti-angiogenic activity.

Soybean extracts (SBE) containing isoflavone glycosides were cultured with Ganoderma lucidum mycelia producing beta-glucosidase. The anti-angiogenic effects of the cultivated product, containing rich in genistein, named GCP (genistein combined polysaccharide), were assessed with chick chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) and a mouse dorsal air-sac model. Beta-glucosidase produced by the mycelia converted the isoflavone glycosides into aglycons. A test of volunteers showed that serum concentrations of genistein in the subjects treated with GCP (n = 4) at 3 h after administration were significantly higher than those in the subjects treated with SBE (n = 4). GCP inhibited angiogenesis in CAM, and the activity of GCP was greater than that of SBE. GCP inhibited the formation of new vessels induced by colon carcinoma cells in vivo.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of headspace techniques for sampling volatile natural products in a dynamic system.

Commonly used dynamic sorption techniques for collecting biologically active volatile compounds have been compared. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) using two types of fibers (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS, 100 microm, and carbowax/divinylbenzene, CW/DVB, 65 microm) was compared to purge and trap methods (Porapak Q, Tenax TA and charcoal) and a technique based on absorption in methanol in a cooling bath. Sampling was done in a stream of purified air (20 ml/min) in a closed and temperature-regulated (27 degrees C) glass tube, passing over a capillary tube containing a hexane solution of tridecane, heptadecane, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-hexadecanol, ethyl tetradecanoate, alpha-pinene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, cis-verbenol, verbenone, beta-caryophyllene, E,E-farnesol, and geranylgeraniol. With all of the methods, the sampling was performed for a period of 30 min before extraction and analysis was done on a GC-FID system. In general, SPME gave a higher response for all compounds except for alpha-pinene, which was only extracted by the CW/DVB fiber. Purge and trap methods and methanol absorption gave the same response for all substances extracted. None of the methods extracted hexadecanol and geranylgeraniol under the conditions used. However, the SPME equipped with the PDMS coating extracted heptadecane, E,E-farnesol and ethyl tetradecanoate. Our results show that SPME, when selecting the fibers to fit the polarity and volatility of the compounds, is an outstanding extraction method compared to purge and trap and methanol absorption, especially for a qualitative analysis. The best conditions for storing fibers exposed to compounds of high volatility were at low temperatures (6 degrees C) in sealed vials, while the worst way was to leave the exposed fiber unprotected at room temperature (22 degrees C). The dynamic sampling system was effectively tested on a fruiting body of a polypore fungus (Ganoderma applanatum) emitting 1-octen-3-ol, and again SPME showed to be the most sensitive technique.

Biological Products↗
PubMed2000

Themes for mushroom exploitation in the 21st century: Sustainability, waste management, and conservation.

Because many natural resources are limited, sustainability becomes an important concept in maintaining the human population, health, and environment. Mushrooms are a group of saprotrophic fungi. Mushroom cultivation is a direct utilization of their ecological role in the bioconversion of solid wastes generated from industry and agriculture into edible biomass, which could also be regarded as a functional food or as a source of drugs and pharmaceuticals. To make the mushroom cultivation an environmentally friendly industry, the basic biology of mushrooms and the cultivation technology must be researched and developed. This is very true for Lentinula edodes, Volvariella volvacea, and Ganoderma lucidum, which are commonly consumed in Asian communities but are now gaining popularity worldwide. Besides the conventional method, strain improvement can also be exploited by protoplast fusion and transformation. Biodiversity is the key contribution to the genetic resource for breeding programs to fulfill different consumer demands. The conservation of these mushrooms becomes essential and is in immediate need not only because of the massive habitat loss as a result of human inhabitation and deforestation, but also because of the introduced competition by a cultivar with the wild germ plasm. Spent mushroom compost, a bulky solid waste generated from the mushroom industry, however, can be exploited as a soil fertilizer and as a prospective bioremediating agent.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Extract of Reishi polysaccharides induces cytokine expression via TLR4-modulated protein kinase signaling pathways.

We have demonstrated that an extract of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi or Ling-Zhi) polysaccharides (EORP) exerts immunomodulating activities by stimulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines from mouse spleen cells. Interestingly, via responding to LPS in genetic variation of murine macrophage HeNC2 and GG2EE cell lines, and using TLR4 Ab blockage in human blood-derived monocytic macrophages, we have found that the TLR4, but not complement receptor type 3, is a putative receptor of EORP, mediating the consequent immunomodulating events associated with IL-1 gene expression. Based on our studies of reactive oxygen species production, polymyxin B inhibition, and protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity, we ruled out the possibility of LPS contamination in EORP. We have found that EORP differentially modulates the protein kinase (PK)-mediated signal transduction pathways associated with inflammatory cytokine IL-1. In human macrophages and murine macrophage J774A.1 cells, EORP was found to up-regulate IL-1 secretion and pro-IL-1 (precursor of IL-1) as well as IL-1-converting enzyme expression. Specifically, EORP rapidly stimulates PTK-mediated phosphorylation, followed by induction of PKs and activation of MAPKs: ERK, JNK, and p38. Using PK inhibitors in the kinase activity assays, Western blot analyses and IL-1 ELISA, we have extensively examined and dissected the role of individual PK in the regulation of pro-IL-1/IL-1. Our findings establish that EORP-mediated signaling pathways are involved in the pro-IL-1/IL-1 regulation: PTK/protein kinase C/MEK1/ERK and PTK/Rac1/p21-activated kinase/p38.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Oral anticoagulants and medicinal plants. An emerging interaction].

The consumption of herbal medicines is increasing steadily throughout the world, although to our knowledge there are neither studies on their effectiveness nor controls over the quality and safety of these preparations. Considered "food integrators", these preparations are marketed without restriction. It is a common notion that natural therapy has neither side nor toxic effects: allergic reactions, direct toxic effects or those due to contamination, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and heavy metal toxicity have been reported as adverse events caused by herbs. Rather than replacing traditional therapy, most herbal medical treatment is used in conjunction with it. Also, the attending physician is generally not informed that the patient is using herbs. Because Passionflower, hydroalcoholic extracts, Juniper and Verbena officinalis supply variable quantities of vitamin K, they can lessen the effect of oral anticoagulant therapy. Ganoderma Japonicum, Papaw, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Ginseng, Devil's claw, Garlic, Quinine, Ginkgo, Ginger, Red Clover and Horse-Chestnut reinforce warfarin action by heterogeneous mechanisms. They should thus not be used in patients on oral anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet therapy. The scientific community must take into account the adverse events caused by interaction between herbal medicine and conventional therapy, and patients must be informed of the dangers of these preparations. If a bleeding event occurs or the quality of anticoagulant therapy is poor, the clinician should consider the possibility of interaction between conventional therapy and herbal medicine that the patient has neglected to mention he is taking.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Mechanism of action of herbal supplement PC-SPES: elucidation of effects of individual herbs of PC-SPES on proliferation and prostate specific gene expression in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells.

PC-SPES is a herbal mixture used by prostate cancer patients as an alternative form of treatment. Since PC-SPES is derived from eight individual herbs, each with distinct as well as overlapping properties, it is of interest to investigate whether a particular herb in the formulation principally accounts for the biological properties of PC-SPES. We tested the ability of extracts from individual herbs, using amounts estimated to be equivalent to that present in the herbal mixture, to suppress LNCaP cell growth and/or lower PSA expression, in comparison with cells treated with PC-SPES. Cells were incubated with 0, 1, and 5 microl/ml of single herbal extract for 72 h and proliferation/viability was measured by trypan blue exclusion. LNCaP cells treated with 5 microl/ml ethanol extracts of PC-SPES showed a 72-80% reduction in cell growth, and had a similar decrease in cell viability. These results contrasted with cells incubated with 5 microl/ml of individual herbal extract, which suppressed growth in the following order: Dendranthema morifolium Tzvel (85.2% reduction) > Panax pseudo-ginseng (80.9%) > Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch (73%) > Rabdosia rubescens Hara (70.8%) > Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (66.5%) > Ganoderma lucidum Karst (63.5%) > Isatis indigotica Fort (50.0%) > Serenoa repens (14.5%). Analysis of efficacy of individual herbs to control intracellular/secreted PSA levels and the expression of AR and PSA revealed that only Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Serenoa repens lowered intracellular and secreted PSA, while the remaining herbs actually increased PSA expression. Also, no uniform response in AR/PSA was observed in individual herb treated cells, contrary to PC-SPES, which elicited a coordinated change in AR/PSA. Lack of concordance between changes in prostate cell growth and prostate specific gene expression makes it unlikely that the activity of a single herb can account for the overall effects of PC-SPES.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed1999

[Resources and utilization of anticarciogenic medical fungi].

This paper summarizes the resources of anticarcinogenic medical fungi, and the information of distribution, eco-environment. It outlines the present statuts of the exploitation and utilization of some species of common anticarcinogenic medical fungi such as Ganoderma lucidum, Coriolus versicolor, Polyporus frondosus etc. The anticarcinogenic mechanism of medical fungi is discussed. Suggestions on how to development and utilize rationally these resources are offered as well.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Cytotoxic activity of methanol extracts from Basidiomycete mushrooms on murine cancer cell lines.

Crude methanol extracts of 58 mushroom species were screened for their cytotoxic activities against two murine cancer cell lines, L1210 and 3LL, using the tetrazolium assay. A majority of extracts (74%) exhibited IC50 > 100 microg/ml against both cell lines. A most marked activity against one of the cell lines was noted for nine species (14% of the tested species). While Amanitales and Russulales tested were not found active, Polyporales and Boletales gave better results. Four species exhibited a significant cytotoxic activity (IC50 < or = 20 microg/ml) against at least one of the two murine cancer cell lines (Ganoderma lucidum, Meripilus giganteus, Suillus granulatus, S. luteus). The last one had never been investigated for its cytotoxic compounds before.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

New anticancer agents: in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antitumor and antimetastatic actions of various compounds isolated from medicinal plants.

In this review, in the search for the development of new anticancer drugs, the effects of compounds isolated from various medicinal plants on tumor growth and metastasis, using mice bearing a highly metastatic drug-resistant mouse tumor, were studied. The antitumor and antimetastatic actions of stilbene derivatives isolated from Polygonum and Cassia species were examined. Among the stilbene derivatives, resveratrol and cassiagrol A (stilbene dimer) displayed antitumor and antimetastatic actions through the inhibition of tumor-induced neovascularization in in vitro and in vivo models. It was found that two chalcone derivatives from Angelica keiskei roots also inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in tumor-bearing mice through the inhibition of tumor-induced neovascularization and/or the inhibition of immune suppression caused by tumors. Recently, basidiomycete fungi have been used for the treatment of cancer. Then, the low molecular weight substances were isolated from Agaricus blazei and Ganoderma lucidum as antitumor and antimetastatic substances. It is suggested that these substances of basidiomycete also inhibited tumor growth and metastasis to the lung through the inhibition of tumor-induced neovascularization and/or the inhibition of immune suppression caused by tumors.

Agaricus↗
PubMed1991

[Application of 2d NMR techniques in the structure determination of ganosporelactone A and B].

Structure and stereochemistry of ganosporelactone A and B isolated from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum have been elucidated by the use of 1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C COSY, 1H-13C COLOC and NOESY 2D NMR spectroscopy. Ganosporelactone A and B are two novel pentacyclic triterpenoids which may be biogenetically derived from lanostane skeleton through the construction of C16 and C23 bond.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anti-atherosclerotic properties of higher mushrooms (a clinico-experimental investigation)].

Antiatherosclerotic properties of water and alcoholic extracts of 20 types of high-species mushrooms were investigated by evaluation of intracellular cholesterol accumulation and 3H-thymidine inclusion into the cells of the human aortal intima in culture. The influence of a single intake of some mushroom species on antiatherosclerotic properties of the human sera was studied. It has been shown that Ganoderma lucidum and Lentinus edodes possess pronounced antiatherosclerotic properties.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Ling Zhi-8: studies of a new immunomodulating agent.

Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8) is a protein derived from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum and has immunomodulatory capacities. It was shown to be mitogenic toward mouse splenocytes in vitro and immunosuppressive in vivo by reducing antigen-induced antibody formation and by preventing completely the incidence of autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. In this study, the mitogenic effects of LZ-8 on human mononuclear cells are reported. In accordance to its mitogenic effect on mouse splenocytes, LZ-8 proved to be mitogenic for human PBMC. This mitogenic effect of LZ-8 apparently required the presence of monocytes. We also demonstrated it to be immunosuppressive in vitro in a human MLC performed in the absence of monocytes, using purified T cells and EBV-transformed allogeneic B cells. Furthermore, we tested LZ-8 for its possible suppressive effects in 2 different models of allogeneic tissue transplantation. LZ-8 proved to have a significant effect on cellular immunity, since its administration in an allografted mouse skin model resulted in an increased survival time. In a model of transplanted allogeneic pancreatic rat islets, LZ-8 was effective in delaying the rejection process of allografted islets. More frequent or continuous administration resulted in a further prolongation of survival time. No serious side effects of LZ-8 could be discerned in these experiments.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1994

[Current aspects of fungal spores allergy].

In industrialized countries the prevalence of allergic inhalant diseases is some 15-20%. More than 10% of these individuals are sensitized to fungal allergens. Many fungal spores are less than 10 microns in size, which permits penetration into the smaller airways of the lung. Bronchial provocation tests have demonstrated that fungal spores and spore extracts can cause both an early and a late phase reaction in sensitive subjects. Over 80 genera of fungi have been associated with symptoms of respiratory tract allergy. Ascomycetes, basidiomycetes and zygomycetes are the major fungal groups that contain genera known to induce and elicit allergic reactions. These groups contribute most of the spores found in air. Although ascomycetes include the greatest number of any fungal group, only a few species, such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium herbarum, have been investigated in a scientific manner. In recent years spores of basidiomycetes have been tested for allergenicity and some species have been determined to be allergenic, such as Calvatia cyathiformis, Ganoderma applanatum, Pleurotus ostreatus, or Psilocybe cubensis. Compared to pollen-related allergies, diagnosis of fungal allergy is often difficult. Provocative challenge with specific fungal antigens can provide a definitive diagnosis. To date, only three controlled immunotherapy trials with standardized extracts of A. alternata and C. herbarum have shown clinical efficacy. In spite of these studies, immunotherapy with fungal antigens requires further investigations. Thus, the indication for immunotherapy with fungal extracts must be judged by an experienced allergist. Apart from pharmacological management, avoiding or minimizing exposure is the front-line measure.

Allergens↗
PubMed1993

Recent advances in studies on traditional Chinese anti-aging materia medica.

Presented in this paper is a report of our studies on 386 traditional effective anti-aging medications, the effects of which on cell generation, survival time, immunomodulation, improvement of visceral and metabolic functions, and anti-infection, and their trace element contents were further summarized and analysed. This suggests that the investigations of traditional anti-aging materia medica in China are now well under way and some effective drugs and compound prescriptions have been explored, such as Ginseng, Radix Astragali seu Hedysari, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Herba Epimedii, Cordyceps, Ganoderma Lucidum seu Japonicum, Radix Polygoni Multiflori, Radix Acanthopanacis Senticosi, Rhizoma Polygonati, Fructus Lycii, and Poria. However, all of these preliminary results remain to be further investigated.

Aging↗
PubMed1979

Fungal nucleic acids as interferon inducers.

Nucleic acids isolated from the fungi Aspergillus niger x11, Piptoporus betulinus and Ganoderma applanatum reduced the number of vaccinia virus plaques in chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) tissue culture and when administered intravenously to white mice protected them against lethal infection with tick borne encephalitis virus strain K5 (TBE). In CEF tissue culture the nucleic acids of the studied fungi were found to induce small but detectable amounts of a substance with the character of interferon. In vivo only ribonucleic acid from G. applanatum induced a substance showing interferon properties in the spleen of mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Therapeutic effects of substances occurring in higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms: a modern perspective.

This review highlights some of the recently isolated and identified substances of higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms origin that express promising antitumor, immune modulating, cardiovascular and hypercholesterolemia, antiviral, antibacterial, and antiparasitic effects. Medicinal mushrooms have a long history of use in folk medicine. In particular, mushrooms useful against cancers of the stomach, esophagus, lungs, etc. are known in China, Russia, Japan, Korea, as well as the U.S.A. and Canada. There are about 200 species of mushrooms that have been found to markedly inhibit the growth of different kinds of tumors. Searching for new antitumor and other medicinal substances from mushrooms and to study the medicinal value of these mushrooms have become a matter of great significance. However, most of the mushroom origin antitumor substances have not been clearly defined. Several antitumor polysaccharides such as hetero-beta-glucans and their protein complexes (e.g., xyloglucans and acidic beta-glucan-containing uronic acid), as well as dietary fibers, lectins, and terpenoids have been isolated from medicinal mushrooms. In Japan, Russia, China, and the U.S.A. several different polysaccharide antitumor agents have been developed from the fruiting body, mycelia, and culture medium of various medicinal mushrooms (Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes versicolor, Inonotus obliquus, and Flammulina velutipes). Both cellular components and secondary metabolites of a large number of mushrooms have been shown to effect the immune system of the host and therefore could be used to treat a variety of disease states.

Anti-Infective Agents↗