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PubMed2002

Health promotion activities among working and non-working adult women.

Self report measures of health promotion activities and demographic variables of working women and housewives were analyzed. A sample of 516 female clients (283 of housewives and 233 of working women) were chosen from nine different out patient clinics offering health services to women in Tanta city. Three structured questionnaire sheets were used, namely: (1) Health promoting life style questionnaire (HPLQ), (2) Health value scale (HVS), and (3) self-efficacy. The results showed that a minority of housewives and working women groups correctly tended to practice more health promotion activities. However, the total mean scores of working women were slightly higher ( 362.03 +/- 33.55 out of 522) than that among housewives group (332.77 +/- 31.18). Multiple regression analysis indicated a significant correlation between women scores regarding most of the studied items related to self reported health promotion activities and demographic variables. Higher education (p = 0.004), family income (p = 0.005), and duration of marriage (p = 0.031) were associated significantly with working women who sought more health promotion activities, while education (p = 0.003) and family income (p = 0.028) were associated significantly with housewives group. Finally, the present study proved that work of women (p = 0.000) significantly related to the practice of health promotion behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Student nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward CAM therapies.

Hessig et al (2004) highlight that nurses value complementary and alternative therapies (CAM) but lack the knowledge regarding their application. They suggest that education can affect knowledge and application of CAM in nursing practice. Complementary and alternative therapy input into the pre-registration nursing curriculum is sporadic and higher education institutions need to incorporate CAM therapies more fully into professional education (Department of Health, 2003). This study investigated the knowledge and attitudes student nurses have to CAM therapies and their use in cancer and palliative care. Ethical approval was sought from the ethics committee at the University of Hull. A quantitative evaluative study using a convenience sample of student nurses in their final semester of pre-registration nurse education was used. Data were collected via a questionnaire; the findings demonstrate the respondents' acknowledgement of their limited knowledge of CAM therapies and the study has highlighted the need to continue working towards integrated CAM education into the pre-registration nursing curriculum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Implementing supernumerary learning in a pre-registration diploma in nursing programme: an action research study.

The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for implementing supernumerary learning in a preregistration Diploma in Nursing programme in an Irish hospital. Experiences of student nurses (n = 31), clinical nursing staff (n = 8) and nurse teachers (n = 4) were explored, regarding the introduction of supernumerary status in this programme. An action research approach, employing phenomenological methods for gathering and analysing the data, was used to carry out the study. A framework for implementing supernumerary learning in a Diploma in Nursing programme was developed, based on the study. This framework reflects the level of knowledge, skills and attitudes of individuals partaking in supernumerary learning, and the role of the supervisor in the clinical area at each level. Possible implications of the changing role of the student nurse for nursing practice for education, management and research are suggested.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1992

Policy and practice--an audit of neonatal BCG immunization in Avon.

Two surveys were carried out to audit the Avon Neonatal BCG Immunization Policy. The aim of the audit was to determine whether children with indications for neonatal BCG immunization had received the vaccine before attendance at routine six-week postnatal examination. In the first survey, 15 of 359 (4.2 per cent) infants were identified as eligible for BCG, of whom only two (13.3 per cent) had received it. These findings were discussed with the medical and nursing staff involved in the care of the infants in Avon, and action was taken to improve compliance with the policy. The survey was then repeated to complete the loop of the audit cycle and to observe whether the action taken had the desired effect. Forty of 644 (6.2 per cent) infants were identified as being eligible for BCG immunization in the repeat survey, of whom 32 (80 per cent) had received it. There was a statistically significant difference in results between the first and the second survey (p < 0.0001). It is concluded that completion of the audit cycle can markedly improve clinical practice.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Home infusion therapy: essential characteristics of a successful education process: grounded theory study.

Little research has been published on the education process from the perspective of family caregivers. This article reports the findings from a grounded theory study of caregivers who successfully learned how to deliver home infusion therapy for a family member. The participant sample was drawn from the home infusion service of a metropolitan health maintenance organization in the western United States. The objective of the study was to identify, from the caregiver's point of view, the characteristics of an education process that resulted in the learner's competence with home infusion therapy. The knowledge gained from this study can be used to develop a framework for examining and planning practice guidelines that reflect the expertise of the nurse and the experiences of the learner.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Research awareness: An important factor for evidence-based practice?

BACKGROUND: Despite the growing body of literature, the reality of getting evidence into practice remains problematic. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to establish levels of research awareness amongst registered health care professionals (RHCPs) and the influence of research awareness on evidence-based practice activities. DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a descriptive quantitative study. A convenience sample of 2,126 registered RHCPs working in a large acute hospital in Northeast England, the United Kingdom was used. A self-completion Research Awareness Questionnaire (RAQ) was directed towards measuring RHCP: attitudes towards research, understanding of research and the research process, and associations with practising using an evidence base. Data were entered into a Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) database and descriptive and inferential statistics were used. FINDINGS: A total of 843 questionnaires were returned. Seven hundred and thirty-three (91%) RHCPs overwhelmingly agreed with the principle that evidence-based practice has a large part to play in improving patient care. This point was reinforced by 86% (n = 701) of respondents strongly agreeing or agreeing with the idea that evidence-based practice is the way forward to change clinical practice. Significant associations were noted between levels of confidence to undertake a piece of research and whether the individual had received adequate information about the research process, had basic knowledge and understanding of the research process, or had research awareness education or training. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that RHCPs, regardless of position or grade, have a positive attitude towards research but face many obstacles. The key obstacles are lack of time, support, knowledge, and confidence. To address these obstacles, it is imperative that the organisation adopts a structured and coordinated approach to enable and empower individuals to practice using an evidence base.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1998

[Health habits of health professionals].

The conduct of medical professionals is an important educational point of reference for the many people who see and know them. Nurses and other medical workers are often role models in which their daily health habits may be imitated by their patients, family of friends. With this in mind a study, based on a previously published work in the United States (Health Practices of Nursing Students), was performed to determine, first, if the daily habits of nurses are indeed healthy and adequate to communicate a salubrious lifestyle; second, to see if this group considers themselves capable and responsible for changing those unsanitary habits that they do have. Results of the surveys of 125 subject nurses from the University of Navarra indicate that there is a great amount of consciousness regarding the danger of most unsanitary habits and the need to avoid them, although many of them remain firmly entrenched in their daily lives. The percentage of nurses who felt capable or responsible for changing unhealthy practices was low (67.5%).

Habits↗
PubMed2006

Attitudes to spiritual care among nursing staff in a Swedish oncology clinic.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To identify factors which may influence attitudes to spiritual care, test the relevance of these identified influencing factors in a Swedish nursing context, and replicate a part of a previous study by Strang et al. (Journal of Clinical Nursing 2002;11:48-57) dealing with attitudes to spiritual care in a holistic perspective. A questionnaire was handed out to all nursing staff at a Swedish oncology clinic (n=93) excluding the radiation therapy ward. Data were obtained from 68 nurses or nursing auxiliaries. DESIGN AND METHODS: (i) Literature review of international research reports concerning spiritual care in a nursing context. (ii) Construction of a questionnaire comprising 17 questions with given alternatives based on the previous literature study. (iii) Operationalization of the concept 'attitudes to spiritual care' into some more easily measurable questions through identification in earlier research reports of conceivable indicators of attitudes to spiritual care. (iv) Construction of a suggestion for a definition of the concept 'spiritual care' from the results of Strang et al. (2002) to be used in the questionnaire. (v) Statistical analysis of the data from the questionnaire and a comparison with previous studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The replicating part of the study are mainly in accordance with Strang et al. (2002) and lead to the conclusions that holistic care (i) is desirable, (ii) should include spiritual needs of the patients and (iii) is not yet realized in Swedish health care. The identified influencing factors are relevant in a Swedish nursing context. The factors influencing the largest number of indicators of attitudes to spiritual care are 'non-organized religiousness' and 'degree of comfort while providing spiritual care'. Other influencing factors are: 'belief in God', 'belief in life after death', 'organized religiousness', 'profession', and 'the perceived degree of education in spiritual care'. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Knowledge of attitudes towards spiritual care among nursing staff and factors influencing these attitudes will improve the possibilities of meeting the spiritual needs of patients.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2006

Western health practitioners' view about African traditional health practitioners' treatment and care of people living with HIV/AIDS.

African traditional health practitioners are an important source of health care for many South Africans. Thus, they are a health resource in this society. However, the integration of traditional health practitioners into the mainstream of health care is a complex process. Various factors contribute to this complexity, including the skepticism and reservation with which some western health practitioners view traditional health practitioners. This paper highlights the perceived strengths and weaknesses of the traditional healing system for people living with HIV/AIDS, as perceived by western health practitioners. The use of traditional practitioners as a choice of health care is attributed to both the strengths and weaknesses of this system of health care. The strength of the traditional healing system is in its sharing of the worldview and belief system of its users, it being an alternative to an inefficient western health care system (official system), privacy and absence of time limitations per consultation, treating patients psychologically, and scientifically unexplained physiological relief of the symptoms of specific illnesses. The perceived weaknesses of the traditional healing system include harmful treatment regimens, especially for people living with HIV/AIDS; prolonging the seeking of appropriate health care when traditional remedies fail to produce the desired effect; destroying interpersonal relationships of people living with HIV/AIDS through witchcraft accusations; psychological torment caused by the belief that HIV/AIDS can be cured by traditional remedies/intervention; and increasing the workload of western practitioners who are requested by patients to conduct multiple HIV tests after undergoing various traditional treatment regimens to cure HIV/AIDS. It is recommended that traditional practitioners be encouraged to adapt harmful traditional healing practices to the benefit of their patients in a non-judgemental and non-critical manner. In addition, joint workshops should be conducted with traditional and western practitioners to demystify traditional healing practices.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1998

Prostate cancer screening and beliefs about treatment efficacy: a national survey of primary care physicians and urologists.

PURPOSE: To describe practice patterns and beliefs of primary care physicians and urologists regarding early detection and treatment of prostate cancer. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: National probability samples of primary care physicians (n=444) and urologists (n=394) completed mail survey instruments in 1995. Physicians were asked about their use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing for men of different ages and their beliefs about the value of radical prostatectomy, external-beam radiation therapy, and watchful waiting for men with differing life expectancies. RESULTS: Most primary care physicians report doing PSA tests during routine examination of men older than 50 years of age. The majority say they continue to do them on patients over 80 years and to refer men with abnormal values for biopsy. In contrast, only a minority of urologists would recommend PSA tests or biopsy for abnormal values for men over 75 years of age. More than 80% of primary care physicians and urologists doubt the value of radical prostatectomy for men with < 10 years of life expectancy; more primary care physicians than urologists see probable survival benefit in radiation therapy for patients with life expectancy < 10 years (48% versus 36%) or > 10 years (67% versus 53%). Thirteen percent of primary care physicians and only 3% of urologists consider watchful waiting to be as appropriate as aggressive therapy for men with > 10 years of life expectancy. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care physicians are more aggressive about PSA testing and referral for biopsy than most urologists recommend. Both groups recommend PSA testing and believe that aggressive treatment is more beneficial than existing evidence indicates.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Differences in generalists' and cardiologists' perceptions of cardiovascular risk and the outcomes of preventive therapy in cardiovascular disease.

OBJECTIVE: To compare generalists' and cardiologists' estimates of baseline cardiovascular risk and the outcomes of preventive therapy. DESIGN: Cross-sectional mail survey using written case simulations of typical patients from primary prevention trials for hypercholesterolemia and isolated systolic hypertension, and tertiary prevention studies of coronary artery bypass surgery for chronic stable angina with left main coronary stenosis. PARTICIPANTS: Nationally representative sample of 599 practicing family physicians, general internists, and cardiologists selected from the American Medical Association masterfile. Among eligible physicians, 84 (44%) of 191 family physicians, 77 (40%) of 194 general internists, and 66 (34%) of 194 cardiologists responded. MEASUREMENTS: Estimates of risk at baseline and after therapy, and whether therapy generally would be recommended. RESULTS: For both primary prevention case simulations (scenarios), cardiologists provided lower, more accurate estimates of baseline cardiovascular risk and of absolute therapeutic benefit than either family physicians or general internists. The range of the generalists' estimates was extremely wide. Perceptions of relative risk reduction and treatment recommendations for the primary prevention scenarios did not differ among specialties. Overall, generalists who would not recommend primary preventive therapy in these scenarios appeared to give more accurate estimates than did generalists who would recommend such therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Many generalists have inflated perceptions of cardiovascular risk without treatment and of the benefit of risk-modifying medical treatment. Further study should assess the reasons for these misperceptions and their effect on counseling about primary preventive therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Evaluation of health promotion programmes].

The paper contains a review of definitions of evaluation and discusses the need to evaluate health promotion programmes. The classification of types of evaluation is presented. It is aimed to create a common language of communication between evaluation and the common understanding of terms. The relation between evaluation of health promotion programmes and quality assurance, best practice and evidence based health promotion are discussed.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗