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PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiology of infectious diseases in children in the old states of the Federal Republic of Germany].

This study was done to describe the epidemiology of infectious diseases in children living in the old countries of the Federal Republic of Germany. After an intensive search for literature, data about notifiable diseases, data from insurance agencies and a random test from 700 charts of a general pediatrician were reviewed and analysed in a standardized way for their validity. No single review article on this topic was found. Estimates about the frequency of some specific infectious diseases as well as data about notifiable diseases proved to be unreliable and not useful from a scientific point of view. Published insurance data suggested, that infectious diseases may contribute comparatively little to the morbidity of the population. In contrast, chart analysis revealed that every second visit at a pediatrician's office was prompted by an infectious disease. It is concluded, that there are only insufficient and unreliable data about the epidemiology of infectious diseases in children in the western part of the FRG and that this unsatisfying situation could be changed by using the technique of representative evaluation.

Child↗

PubMed2000

Preventing infectious disease with passive immunization.

Antibodies can prevent infectious diseases by providing passive immune protection. Here we review successful clinical trials of passive immunization and consider some of the unique qualities monoclonal antibodies are now beginning to offer for developing methods for passive immunization against a wide range of infectious diseases.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed2026

CRISPR-Cas and Infectious Diseases: A Decade of Translational Advances in Molecular Biotechnology.

CRISPR-Cas systems have emerged as a versatile tool for diagnosing, treating, and preventing infectious diseases. This review highlights translational advancements in CRISPR-Cas-based applications, concentrating on the past decades in diagnostics, therapeutic genome editing, and vaccine development. The article highlights key platforms like DETECTR and SHERLOCK, which enable rapid, sensitive pathogen detection, and explores CRISPR-Cas9 systems in therapeutic strategies for directly targeting viral genomes and combating antimicrobial resistance. It also examines the role of CRISPR-Cas9 in engineering live-attenuated and personalized neoantigen vaccines. Principal findings demonstrate a clear progression from experimental proof-of-concept to preclinical applications primarily in CRISPR-based diagnostics and the engineering of live-attenuated vaccine candidates, whereas translation in CRISPR-based therapeutics and personalized neoantigen vaccines for infectious diseases remains at earlier, more exploratory stages. CRISPR-based diagnostics have progressed further toward clinical evaluation than therapeutics due to delivery and safety constraints, while personalized neoantigen vaccines are included mainly as an emerging, comparative concept for infectious diseases rather than a mature application. This review uniquely integrates CRISPR-based diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine development within a single infectious disease framework, critically assesses their current maturity, and systematically highlights technical, regulatory, and ethical barriers alongside realistic future priorities. The review concludes that while CRISPR-Cas holds transformative potential for infectious disease management, significant challenges in delivery efficiency, off-target effects, and ethical regulation must be addressed to ensure safe and equitable clinical translation.

Humans↗

PubMed1996

Global climate change and emerging infectious diseases.

Climatic factors influence the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases, in addition to multiple human, biological, and ecological determinants. Climatologists have identified upward trends in global temperatures and now estimate an unprecedented rise of 2.0 degrees C by the year 2100. Of major concern is that these changes can affect the introduction and dissemination of many serious infectious diseases. The incidence of mosquito-borne diseases, including malaria, dengue, and viral encephalitides, are among those diseases most sensitive to climate. Climate change would directly affect disease transmission by shifting the vector's geographic range and increasing reproductive and biting rates and by shortening the pathogen incubation period. Climate-related increases in sea surface temperature and sea level can lead to higher incidence of water-borne infectious and toxin-related illnesses, such as cholera and shellfish poisoning. Human migration and damage to health infrastructures from the projected increase in climate variability could indirectly contribute to disease transmission. Human susceptibility to infections might be further compounded by malnutrition due to climate stress on agriculture and potential alterations in the human immune system caused by increased flux of ultraviolet radiation. Analyzing the role of climate in the emergence of human infectious diseases will require interdisciplinary cooperation among physicians, climatologists, biologists, and social scientists. Increased disease surveillance, integrated modeling, and use of geographically based data systems will afford more anticipatory measures by the medical community. Understanding the linkages between climatological and ecological change as determinants of disease emergence and redistribution will ultimately help optimize preventive strategies.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

[Reported patients with infectious diseases in 1990].

The number of cases of infectious diseases notified in 1990 in accordance with the Infectious Diseases Control and Disease Cause Act are given. Of each A, B and C disease the figures are given separately. The most significant changes as compared with the previous years are discussed.

Communicable Diseases↗

PubMed1990

[Reported patients with infectious diseases in 1989].

The number of cases of infectious diseases notified in 1989 in accordance with the Infectious Diseases Control and Disease Cause Act are given. Of each A, B and C disease the numbers ar mentioned separately. The most significant changes as compared with the previous years are discussed.

Communicable Diseases↗

PubMed1989

[Reported patients with infectious diseases in 1988].

The number of cases of infectious diseases notified in 1988 in accordance with the Infectious Diseases Control and Disease Cause Act is given. Of each A, B and C disease the numbers are mentioned separately. The most significant changes as compared with the previous years are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Infectious diseases in the 21st century: old challenges and new opportunities.

Infectious diseases are the confrontation of two worlds, the microbial world and the world of human physiology. Although these two worlds are as a whole governed by the same laws of nature, they show substantial differences: the microbiological world is 1000 times older, and was initiated by the development of the archaea, the 'living organisms of the extreme': its biomass and its diversity are immense - two to three billion species or 60% of the total biomass of the planet. The number of pathogens that adapted to man, however, is extremely limited - barely 1000. Thus, over billions of years, an evolution of the microbial world took place from 'early life', characterized by chemosynthesis, to the 'modern pathogens', and entailed a dramatic 'concentration' of life conditions and an adaptation towards a narrow range of requirements - those allowing survival in the human body. Within the last two centuries, these two slowly evolving systems, microbial life and human life, were profoundly modified in an unprecedented manner by a third player, human civilization, with its global impact on the environment through physical, chemical, societal, and climatic determinants. An appreciation of the evolution of infectious diseases in the 21st century and of the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies therefore requires a full understanding of these three domains: human physiology, microbiology, and the environment. This review will put major emphasis on the environmental role of civilization on infectious diseases before considering new opportunities to combat them through novel and creative solutions.

Civilization↗

PubMed2005

Dementia associated with infectious diseases.

At the turn of the last century, infectious diseases represented an important cause of health morbidity and behavioral changes. Neurosyphilis, for example, was relatively common at the time and often led to the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. With the advent of effective antibiotic treatment, the association between infectious diseases and dementia became increasingly less frequent, although a resurgence of interest in this area has taken place during the past 15 years with the emergence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). This paper reviews the most frequent infectious causes of dementia, including prion diseases, as well as infections caused by herpes virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), toxoplasmosis, cryptococcus, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, borrelia and cysticercosis.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1997

Infectious disease mortality among infants in the United States, 1983 through 1987.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of infectious disease as a cause of infant mortality in the United States and to identify characteristics at birth associated with subsequent infectious disease mortality. METHODS: Birth and infant death certificate data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) 1983 through 1987 Linked Birth/ Infant Death Data Sets were analyzed. RESULTS: Infection was the underlying cause of death for over 16000 infants, representing the fourth leading cause of mortality in this cohort. Almost 90% of infectious disease deaths during infancy were due to noncongenital infections, and the majority of these deaths occurred during the postneonatal period. Low birthweight, preterm birth, and male gender were independently associated with postneonatal mortality due to noncongenital infection. CONCLUSIONS: NCHS should revise its classification system for causes of infant mortality to incorporate an "Infectious Diseases" category. Future research should be directed toward clarifying the low birthweight-infectious disease mortality relationship and determining the degree to which infection-related infant deaths might be prevented by existing vaccines or improved access to health care.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed2005

Tsunami in South Asia: what is the risk of post-disaster infectious disease outbreaks?

The World Health Organization has warned that in the aftermath of the recent tsunami, infectious disease outbreaks will add to the heavy toll of the disaster itself, possibly even doubling the number of casualties. However, many experts believe the risks of infectious disease outbreaks following natural disasters have been overemphasised and have led to unnecessary and potentially harmful public health activities. This paper discusses the risk and prevention strategies of potential infectious diseases in the aftermath of the tsunami based on a literature review of previous similar disasters and current evidence. Infectious disease outbreaks, if any, will most likely be the consequence of post-tsunami camp situations involving large displaced populations rather than the tidal wave itself. Lessons have been learned from previous large-scale humanitarian crises about the provision of aid and the mitigation of epidemics. This paper examines the risk and preventive strategies of vector- and food/water-borne diseases, measles, acute respiratory infections and meningitis. Alert thresholds at which to trigger outbreak investigations, and standardised guidelines with regard to their control are outlined, based on the Sphere Project.

Communicable Diseases↗

PubMed2006

[Effects of iron deficiency anemia on immunity and infectious disease in pregnant women].

OBJECTIVE: To review the changes in immune function and incidence of infectious diseases in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia (IDA), especially marginalde-ficiency of iron. METHODS: T lymphocyte subsets level (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+), nature kill cells activity (CD16), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and serum IgA, IgG, IgM and complement C3 were determined in 3 different wormen groups, including 69 IDA pregnant women who were diagnosed by Hemoglobin, concentrations of free erythocyte porphrin and serum ferritin from 280 pregnant women during 30-38weeka of gestation, 52 random sampling normal pregnant women and 50 no pregnant women examined before marriage. RESULTS: The prevalenoe of IDA for pregnant women is 24.6%. The average concentration of Hb for pregnant women of IDA is 102.00(6.00 g/L The level of CD3+ and CD4+ cells, the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ cells, serum IL-2 as well as IgG levels in the pregnant women were significantly lower than that of those normal pregnant women (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.01). With the decreasing extent of Hb, these significant immunological indices of pregnant women will degrease. The incidence of infectious diseases in IDA pregnant women was significantly higher than that in normal pregnant women (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There are significantly effects of IDA on cellular immune function and infectious disease during pregnancy. The study on effects of IDA during pregnancy on nature kill cells activity (CD16) and incidence of infectious diseases during puerperium should be continued by increasing sample's number.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of immunopreventable diseases and AIDS on the demand of an infectious diseases department in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, in the course of thirty years (1965-1994).

Brazil's nosologic profile has been sustaining profound modifications. Some occurred because of massive immunization campaigns and socioeconomic and demographic trends. Some yet were pure nosologic transitions, such as the emergence of AIDS. In this demand study it is described how these changes reflected on the 8,630 admission of an Infectious Diseases Department in Niterói, along a thirty year period. Brazilian rural endemic diseases were infrequent (3.45%). Men predominated (62%) all the time, in all age strata and in nearly all diseases. Children under fifteen predominated until 1983. There was, in the case of tetanus, a striking rise in age strata. Institutional mortality dropped from 31% in 1965 to 10% in 1984, but rose since then to 15% in 1994. However, if AIDS patients had not been computed, mortality would have kept descending till 8% at the end of the study period. The crescent unimportance of immunopreventable diseases paralleled with the growing prominence of AIDS. In less than a decade, AIDS ranked fifth among the most frequent diseases in the whole period of thirty years. As opposed to the immunopreventable diseases, neither meningitides nor pneumonia appear to be in decline. AIDS, by its exponential incidence, by its chronic character, and by the uncountable opportunistic infections it determines, imposes itself as a challenge for the coming years.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1992

[A guide to prevent infectious disease due to MRSA].

Now in Japan, infectious diseases due to MRSA is an important problem to solve and it has a growing social interest. It is clearly associated with hospital infections. So most important thing for us is to prevent and treat properly hospital infections. As a result of thorough investigations in a hospital for aged persons and a general hospital, we developed some guidelines to prevent MRSA infections. It is necessary to have a prevention committee in the hospital which will do the followings: Reveal the present condition of hospital infections by thorough investigations, make appropriate choice of antibiotics, good care of patients having infectious diseases due to MRSA, good care of carriers, better use of disinfectants, and education of medical staffs.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2004

Spatial heterogeneity and the persistence of infectious diseases.

The endemic persistence of infectious diseases can often not be understood without taking into account the relevant heterogeneities of host mixing. Here, we consider spatial heterogeneity, defined as 'patchiness' of the host population. After briefly reviewing how disease persistence is influenced by population size, reproduction number and infectious period, we explore its dependence on the level of spatial heterogeneity. Analysis and simulation of disease transmission in a symmetric meta-population suggest that disease persistence typically becomes worse as spatial heterogeneity increases, although local persistence optima can occur for infections with oscillatory population dynamics. We obtain insight into the dynamics that underlie the observed persistence patterns by studying the infection prevalence correlation between patches and by comparing full-model simulations to results obtained using simplified patch-level descriptions of the interplay between local extinctions and between-patch transmissions. The observed patterns are interpreted in terms of rescue effects for strong spatial heterogeneity and in terms of between-patch coherence and synchronization effects at intermediate and weak levels of heterogeneity.

Communicable Diseases↗

PubMed1991

[The changes in infectious diseases and the future of microbiological examination].

Infectious diseases have changed markedly, especially in the background of patients and causative organism. The incidence of immunocompromised hosts has increased in hospitals due to the advances in medical treatment and less virulent organisms now caused infection. The causative organism is very difficult to determine by the conventional microbiological examinations such as culture method. Many new microbiological techniques have been introduced to obtain more accurate results more rapidly. These new methods are mainly immunological and genetical techniques. But these new techniques could not obtain extensive information than culture method, so it is necessary to choose most suitable method for the characteristic of the infectious disease.

Communicable Diseases↗

PubMed1996

[Risk assessment and risk prevention in infectious diseases].

The purpose of risk assessment is to provide source data to state and local health agencies and other administrative departments to aid in the development of approaches for risk management and preventive strategies. In respect of the far reaching consequences it is necessary to have evaluated and accepted measures for the risk assessment. The system of risk assessment was developed in the USA for the assessment of chemical substances and includes the identification of the hazard, the exposure assessment, the dose-response-assessment and the risk assessment. Basis for the risk assessment are detailed information of the chemical substance or the pathogen and epidemiologic data. Preventive strategies and risk management like the stop of production have great social and economic consequences. Risk management must be highly effective. In a historic review it is described that in the past of the former centuries infectious diseases were tried to prevent or control in a wrong manner in consequence of the lack of knowledge about the etiology of infectious diseases. Since Robert Koch there was the beginning of an effective risk assessment and management of infectious diseases. Long time in this century it was thought that infectious diseases wouldn't play any role for the public health. Now it is clear that infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death and disability in the developed and underdeveloped countries and that the risk potential is increasing. Therefore risk-assessment and risk-management developed formerly for chemical substances are necessary for infectious diseases. Specific criteria for-the risk assessment for infectious diseases which are different to chemical substances are discussed like illness related, pathogen related, host related, transmission related factors and general aspects. The most important measures for risk management are discussed.

Communicable Disease Control↗

PubMed2006

Implications of new technology for infectious diseases practice.

New assays for the diagnosis of infectious diseases--particularly those that use molecular technologies--will revolutionize infectious diseases practices, but the fulfillment of the promise is several years away. Problems with currently available molecular assays include a lack of knowledge about the extent of microbial nucleic acid in "normal" hosts, concentration of agent material in small volume samples, lack of microbiologist expertise, lack of adequate reimbursement, and difficulty with validation based on conventional methods. Clinicians must appreciate the shortcomings of new technology to use it effectively and appropriately. However, we are realizing tangible progress in our ability to detect new etiological agents; the availability of rapid, accurate diagnostic tests for previously difficult infections; and advances into new, human response-based paradigms for diagnostic testing.

Bacteria↗