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PubMed2000

Environmental influences on perceptual and motor skills of children from immigrant Ethiopian families.

The purpose of this study was to examine environmental influences on perceptual and motor skills of children from immigrant Ethiopian families in Israel in comparison with those of Israeli-born children. The subjects were divided into groups based on age (6- to 8-yr.-olds and 10- to 12-yr.-olds) and length of time in Israel. The results of this study show that the perceptual and motor performance of 6- to 8-yr.-old, less recent Ethiopian immigrants is similar to that of the recent Ethiopian immigrants of the same age. A difference exists between those two groups and the Israeli-born children of the same age. In the 10- to 12-yr.-old age group, there is a marked difference between the performance of the two groups of Ethiopian immigrants. The difference between the less recent immigrants and the Israeli-born children is smaller for most tasks; however, the less recent immigrants' performance is still poorer than that of the Israeli children. These results are compatible with those of other studies describing the difficulties encountered by children who had not studied in formal educational settings and those who have had that experience.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

Greek Cypriot attitudes toward Turkish Cypriots and Turkish immigrants.

The authors examined the attitudes of 106 Greek Cypriots toward Turkish Cypriots and Turkish immigrants on Cyprus. The authors examined Greek Cypriot attitudes, willingness to cohabit with Turkish Cypriots and Turkish immigrants, and the reasons behind their attitudes in terms of their social-identity perceptions, victimization experiences, and human-rights concerns. A series of repeated measures analyses of variance showed that Greek Cypriots were more willing to cohabit with and had less negative attitudes toward Turkish Cypriots than they were with and toward Turkish immigrants. Women felt more victimized by Turkish Cypriots and Turkish immigrants than did men. Perceived differences in social identity predicted unwillingness to cohabit with Turkish Cypriots. Feelings of victimization predicted negative attitudes toward Turkish Cypriots. Differences in social identity and victimization experiences predicted unwillingness to cohabit with Turkish immigrants. Differences in social identity predicted negative attitudes toward Turkish immigrants. The authors discussed the findings in terms of support for realistic group conflict theories of attitudes and their implications for the coexistence of these ethnic groups in Cyprus and of other ethnic groups in multicultural societies.

Attitude↗

PubMed2002

Absence of Kaposi sarcoma among Ethiopian immigrants to Israel despite high seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) seropositivity in Ethiopian Jewish immigrants to Israel. METHODS: A Western blot assay was used to determine the seroprevalence of HHV-8 in serum samples from 202 randomly selected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative and 47 HIV-positive Ethiopian immigrants; samples were obtained on arrival of the immigrants in Israel. The Israel Cancer Registry provided comprehensive data on the occurrence of KS among Ethiopian immigrants and in the non-Ethiopian population of Israel. RESULTS: A total of 39.1% and 57% of the HIV-negative and HIV-positive Ethiopians, respectively, were infected with HHV-8 (P<.03). However, none of the Ethiopians examined and none of the other HIV-negative Ethiopians among about 45,000 immigrants had KS. Moreover, only 1 (0.85%) of 118 Ethiopian patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) developed KS compared with 49 (12.5%) of 391 non-Ethiopian AIDS patients (P<.001). CONCLUSION: Although HHV-8 infection is common in Ethiopian Jewish immigrants to Israel, these patients almost never develop KS, in marked contrast to the strong association usually observed. The mechanism behind this population's unique protection requires further study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Foreign medical graduates. The experience of the Australian Medical Examining Council and the Australian Medical Council, 1978-1989: implications for medical immigration and the medical workforce.

From July 1978 to March 1989, 1703 foreign medical graduates who entered Australia as immigrants took the examinations of the Australian Medical Examining Council (AMEC) and its successor since 1986, the Australian Medical Council (AMC). Of these, 821 (48.2%) passed the multiple choice question examinations and, of these, 627 (76.3%) passed the clinical examinations. The overall pass rate was 36.8%. The majority of those who passed required more than one attempt to do so. Graduates of medical schools from South Africa, Canada and the United States were, in general, more successful than those from other countries by a large margin. Most candidates were graduates of medical schools in third-world countries and Eastern Europe, and although substantial numbers ultimately passed, few of them had reached the same level of competence as graduates from South Africa and North America. There are many probable reasons for their generally poor performance, the most likely being the quality of their medical education in preclinical and clinical sciences and their lack of substantial postgraduate experience. A second factor for some is their inadequate command of English. A third factor is age. Of 547 candidates who presented for the first time in 1988 and 1989, 258 (47%) were 35 or more years old. Since 1984 medical immigration has trebled and is still rising. At the present rate of growth, foreign graduates sitting the AMC examinations for the first time in 1994 will number approximately 482, which (assuming all pass) will be equivalent to 40% of doctors expected to graduate from the 10 Australian medical schools in that year. In spite of a more than adequate supply of locally qualified doctors, Australia, through easy immigration, has become a target country for foreign medical graduates. The high failure rate in the AMC examinations has led to immigrant-activated political pressure for bridging courses and other concessions. If, as a result, the majority of the immigrants were to pass the AMC examinations and so enter general practice, medical immigration will increase at an even faster rate than it has since 1984, with significant changes in the medical workforce. Some reforms which might avert this are suggested.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Public assistance receipt among immigrants and natives: how the unit of analysis affects research findings.

Differences between immigrant and native households in rates of welfare receipt depend on nativity differences in individual-level rates of receipt, in household size, in mean number of recipients in receiving households, and in household nativity composition. We present algebraic derivations of these relationships and use data from the 1990 and 1991 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to examine empirically the extent to which levels of welfare receipt for immigrants and natives are sensitive to the use of household-, family-, or individual-level units of analysis or presentation. The findings show that nativity differences are statistically significant only at the level of larger units. The results also indicate that if immigrants and natives had identical living arrangements, immigrants' household-level receipt of Supplemental Security Income would significantly exceed natives' receipt even more than it actually does, but the nativity difference in receipt of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) would reverse directions. Moreover, the level of AFDC receipt of immigrant households falls significantly below that of native households when native-born children living in households headed by immigrants are treated as if they were foreign born.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Immigrants and the hospice.

This is the first published report on immigrants and hospices. From 1979 to 1985 St Mary's cared for 74 European, Afro-caribbean and Asian immigrants. Immigrants referred to the Hospice were more likely to be accepted for care than indigenous patients. Women from the Indian sub-continent (mean age 42 years) were the youngest immigrants needing hospice care. European immigrants were older and more likely to receive hospice care than other immigrants.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1999

[Young victims in Oslo--a problem of immigration?].

There has been considerable concern over victimization from violence in Norway over the last couple of years. This study investigated risk groups for victimization with special emphasis on the importance of immigrant background. All students enrolled in the secondary school system in Oslo (ages 13-18, N = 10,812) filled in a questionnaire at school. 79% had a background from Norway, the rest had a background from other countries. 32% had experienced mild victimization, 12% had experienced moderately serious victimization, while 6% had experienced serious victimization--defined as being hurt so hard as to need medical treatment. Serious victimization was related to working-class background, having parents who were economically inactive, living in the eastern part of Oslo, and to immigrant background. However, immigrant adolescents also had low rates of mild and moderate victimization, and thus high rates of non-victimization. These associations to immigrant background persisted, also when we controlled for other variables. Overall, immigrant background is associated with reduced risk for victimization. However, a sub-segment of immigrants are at increased risk of serious violent victimization, also when we control for other risk factors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Tuberculosis among immigrants from developing countries in the province of Milan, 1993-1996.

SETTING: The Province of Milan, which has high rates of immigration from developing countries, and the Villa Marelli Institute (VMI), Reference Centre for Tuberculosis Control of Lombardy. OBJECTIVE: To describe epidemiology and clinical patterns of tuberculosis among immigrants from developing countries (IDCs) in the Province from 1993 to 1996. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of the registries of the Regional Bureau for Public Health and of the VMI concerning immigrant patients with active TB living in the Province. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the available strains to detect recent transmission among immigrants. RESULTS: IDCs represented 22.8% of all TB cases. The standardised incidence rate was eight times higher in IDCs compared to Italians. Of 596 cases notified in IDCs, 524 (87.9%) had been referred at least once to the VMI. Of these, 77.2% were diagnosed within 5 years of arrival, and 86.6% were brought to medical attention because of symptoms. RFLP fingerprinting demonstrated that the mean period of stay in Italy was significantly higher in clustered than in non clustered patients (61.5 versus 37.3 months). Spread to the native population was episodic. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of TB is higher among more recent immigrants (i.e., Peruvians). TB cases are largely due to reactivation of infection occurring in the country of origin. Preventive measures for early diagnosis of disease or chemoprophylaxis of dormant infection are not regularly performed, but should be implemented for those immigrants at high risk.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Paracetamol poisoning among immigrants in a department of hepatology].

INTRODUCTION: An increased incidence of suicides and suicidal behaviour among immigrants has been described in other countries. In Denmark, misuse of paracetamol is suspected in some foreign-born minority groups, although no data have been produced to substantiate this suspicion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of the incidence of paracetamol poisoning in patients admitted to a specialised department of hepatology from 1994 to 1999 was carried out. RESULTS: Of a total of 580 patients, 56 (9.7%) were immigrants, among whom a significant overrepresentation was found of immigrants from Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and Lebanon (observed/expected ratios of 1.95, 4.14, 2.67, and 2.45 respectively). The immigrants differed from the Danish-born patients in that they were younger (21 vs 35 years of age), had a lower level of alcohol consumption (3% vs 30% with regular alcohol abuse), and were in general less severely intoxicated (3% vs 22% developing hepatic encephalopathy). Compared to the Danish-born patients, the immigrants more frequently stated socio-economic problems as the reason for their self-poisoning (29% vs 10%). DISCUSSION: The study demonstrates an overrepresentation of immigrants among patients admitted with paracetamol poisoning in Denmark.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMed2000

[Sexually transmitted infections among immigrants in Denmark. Is it a problem?].

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in immigrants in Denmark. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of surveillance data from 1.8.1990-31.5.2000 for HIV infection and from 1.1.1994-31.5.2000 for gonorrhoea and syphilis. National data on the population mainly per 1.1.1998 were used. RESULTS: Overall, 28% of the notified, newly diagnosed HIV-infected persons were foreigners, a proportion which was 18% for both cases with gonorrhoea and syphilis; 488 (64%) were from Africa, whereas 110 (14%) were from Europe. The estimated annual incidence of first-time diagnosed HIV infection was five times higher in immigrants than in native Danes (22.3 vs 4.1 per 10(5)), namely 161.8 per 10(5) in Africans and 5.6 per 10(5) in Europeans. Similar differences were found for gonorrhoea (6.87 vs 2.14 per 10(5)) and syphilis (1.66 vs 0.16 per 10(5)). In addition, the annual incidence of newly diagnosed HIV was three times higher in male and 16 times higher in female immigrants than in Danes. The incidence of both gonorrhoea and syphilis in Danes was five times higher in men than in women, which was also found for gonorrhoea in immigrants. In immigrants, no real difference in the incidence of HIV and syphilis was found between the two genders. CONCLUSION: The incidence of diagnosed HIV infection, gonorrhoea, and syphilis in Denmark is generally low, but fairly high in certain groups of immigrants. Information, early diagnosis and treatment are central elements in the prevention of STIs and should be adapted for new sub-populations.

Denmark↗

PubMed2001

[Tuberculosis screening coverage of immigrants: marked attrition in follow-up screenings].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the coverage of bi-annual follow-up screening for tuberculosis amongst immigrants, excluding asylum seekers. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Participation in bi-annual chest X-ray screening during the first 18 months was recorded for immigrants who underwent entry screening in 1996 in the following Dutch municipal health services (MHS's): Zuid-Kennemerland (Haarlem), Flevoland (Lelystad), Midden-Brabant (Tilburg) en West-Friesland (Hoorn). The number of immigrants that had left the country before the subsequent screening was taken into account in the Zuid-Kennemerland MHS data on screening coverage. RESULTS: Of the 2147 immigrants who underwent entry screening in 1996 (48% men and 52% women; 68% aged 15-34 years), 1075 (50%; range: 29-76) returned for the first follow-up screening and 620 (29%; 21-61) returned for the second. In MHS Zuid-Kennemerland, 113 of the 777 immigrants who had a chest X-ray at entry had left the country before the first follow-up screening, and another 89 had left before the second. Of the remaining persons, who were probably still in the Netherlands, 454 (68%; 454/777 = 58%) returned for the first follow-up screening, and 166 (29%; 166/777 = 21%) returned for the second. CONCLUSION: The coverage of screening for tuberculosis in immigrants decreased after the obligatory entry screening, even when corrected for those who left the country.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Paracetamol poisoning among immigrants in a department of hepatology.

INTRODUCTION: An increased incidence of suicides and suicidal behaviour among immigrants has been described in other countries. In Denmark, misuse of paracetamol is suspected in some foreign-born minority groups, although no data have been produced to substantiate this suspicion. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study of the incidence of paracetamol poisoning in patients admitted to a specialised department of hepatology from 1994 to 1999 was carried out. RESULTS: Of a total of 580 patients, 56 (9.7%; 95%-confidence interval 7.2-12.1%) were immigrants, among whom a significant overrepresentation was found of immigrants from Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and Lebanon (Observed/Expected-ratios of 1.95, 4.14, 2.67, and 2.45 respectively; p < 0.05). The immigrants differed from the Danish-born patients being younger (21 vs 35 years of age; p < 0.05), having a lower level of alcohol consumption (3% vs 30% with regular alcohol abuse; p < 0.05), and in general being less severely intoxicated (3% vs 22% developing hepatic encephalopathy; p < 0.05). Compared to the Danish-born patients, the immigrants more frequently stated socio-economic problems as the reason for their self-poisoning (29% vs 10%; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates an overrepresentation of immigrants among patients admitted with paracetamol poisoning in Denmark.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMed2001

Folk, traditional and conventional medicine among elderly Yemenite immigrants in Israel.

BACKGROUND: Migration leads to changes in almost all areas of life including health. But how far are health beliefs also preserved, and how far are they affected by the process of acculturation to the host society? OBJECTIVES: To examine the difference between behavior and attitudes towards conventional and traditional medicine among elderly Yemenite immigrants. METHODS: A community-based study was conducted in the Yemenite neighborhoods in the city of Rehovot. All inhabitants of Yemenite origin over the age of 70 were identified from the population register, excluding those who were institutionalized or demented. Social work students interviewed them at home. The questionnaire inquired after health problems in the preceding month. For each of these problems, the respondent was asked whether any mode of treatment had been employed--Yemenite folk remedies, conventional medical care, or other. Their attitudes towards Yemenite folk medicine and conventional medicine were recorded. Socioeconomic data included their current age, age at immigration, year of immigration, marital status, gender, religiosity, and education. RESULTS: A total of 326 elderly people were identified who fulfilled the selection criteria, of whom 304 (93%) agreed to be interviewed. Of these, 276 (91%) reported at least one health problem in the preceding month, providing 515 problems of which 349 (68%) were reported to a conventional medical doctor while 144 (28%) were treated by popular folk remedies. Fifty-nine problems (11.5%) were treated by specifically Yemenite traditional remedies, mostly by the respondents themselves (38/59) rather than by a traditional healer. Immigrants who arrived in Israel over the age of 30 years, as compared to respondents who immigrated at an earlier age and grew up in Israel, were more likely to use traditional Yemenite remedies (24.4% vs. 8.2%, P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Aged Yemenite Jews in Israel prefer modern medicine. The earlier the immigrant arrived in Israel, the more positive the attitude towards modern medicine and the less use made of traditional Yemenite healing.

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of tuberculosis among the immigrant population in Ceuta, Spain].

BACKGROUND: The immigrant populations from sub-Saharan and Maghreb countries are groups in high risk of contracting tuberculosis. An analysis is made of the prevalence of tuberculosis infection among one group of these immigrants in Ceuta for the purpose of finding possible differences in their incidental behavior according to the country or geographical region from which they came. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study of a sample of 2,223 immigrants (1979 males and 244 females) from different African countries (mainly Nigeria, Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Cameroon, Ghana, Sierra Leona, Democratic Republic of Congo and Liberia) at the Calamocarro refugee camp in Ceuta. A Mantoux intradermic reaction test was performed following the previously-established protocol, the data for three cut-off points being presented. RESULTS: The immigrants came from 36 African countries, 89.0% being males and 11.0% females (p < 0.001), respectively averaging in age from 24.9 +/- 4.3 to 23.4 +/- 4.1. A reaction to the Mantoux text of 10 mm or more was found in 32.6%, that is 33.2% among males and 27.9% among females (p = 0.09). Solely 1.1% showing 5-10 mm hardening of probable vaccination-related cause. By geographical regions, the highest rates were found among immigrants from the Democratic Republic of Congo (65.1%) and Cameroon (48.4%), followed far behind by Nigeria (34.0%), Liberia (32.7%), Mauritania (29.1%), Sierra Leona (28.8%), Ivory Coast (27.8%), Guinea-Bissau (27.4%), Ghana (26.3%), Algeria (25.6%), Mali (24.1%) and the Republic of Guinea (20.9%) (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The immigrant population from central African countries shows a higher prevalence of tuberculosis infection, comprising a group at risk of contracting this disease. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance to implement specific programs to actively detect tuberculosis infection during their stay in our city, taking advantage of their being grouped together upon entry into our country, prior to their final emigration to localities throughout the mainland and subsequent mixing among the host country population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Immigration and the earnings of youth in the U.S..

"This article reports findings that have emerged from an effort made at statistically measuring the effects of immigration on the earnings of U.S.-born youth. The presence of immigrants arriving before 1965 has a positive impact on youth earnings. Recently arrived immigrants impact negatively, however. These results are consistent with recent findings that the skill level of immigrants arriving within the last two decades is lower relative to that of immigrants arriving earlier. The results also show that the negative effects diminish as the youth ages, reflecting skill acquisition and job mobility of the young worker into jobs less vulnerable to competition from immigrant workers."

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

[Immigration policies in Argentine law].

This paper analyzes contents of Argentine immigration laws in different periods of Argentine history and refers those contents to the State which enforced the corresponding immigration policies and to the socioeconomic structure they support. The Argentine constitution (1852) and subsequent immigration laws define 2 principal guidelines in population and immigration policies: 1) from 1852 until 1955 immigrants are seen as a part of socioeconomic growth, and 2) after 1955 the theory of national security prevails over considerations of an economic nature. With the return to democracy it should be possible to redefine immigration policies considering the country's demographic requirements and the migrants' own needs.

Americas↗

PubMed1994

The making of an immigrant niche.

"This article speaks to the conceptual and methodological issues in research on the making of an immigrant niche through a case study of immigrant professionals in New York City government." The author argues that "the growth of this immigrant niche resulted from changes in the relative supply of native workers and in the structure of employment, which opened the bureaucracy to immigrants and reduced native/immigrant competition. These shifts opened hiring portals; given the advantages of network hiring for workers and managers, and an immigrant propensity for government employment, network recruitment led to a rapid buildup in immigrant ranks."

Americas↗

PubMed2004

[Are immigrants admitted to emergency psychiatric departments more often than ethnic Norwegians?].

UNLABELLED: Immigrants from non-Western countries occupy a fifth of the beds in an acute psychiatric department. There is a prevailing clinical impression that they have higher morbidity than the traditional Norwegian population. MATERIAL: A one-year cohort of patients, n = 415, was retrospectively investigated, 80 of whom had a non-Western background. RESULTS: The proportion of immigrant patients from the department's catchment area was 49 in 10 000, compared to 52 in 10 000 for traditional Norwegian patients, p = 0.72. Significantly more of the immigrants were men, they were younger, they got more compulsory treatment, and more often a diagnosis of psychosis, but they had less substance abuse problems. Suicidality was evenly distributed in both groups. INTERPRETATION: Our clinical impression of a higher frequency of referral of immigrants was not substantiated. However, it is suggested that immigrants have greater difficulties in presenting their psychiatric problems to a general practitioner; hence they probably develop more severe symptoms before referral. The low incidence of referral of female immigrants could indicate a higher level of functioning, or cultural barriers to exhibiting problems.

Adolescent↗