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PubMed2004

Neural regulators of innate immune responses and inflammation.

The nervous system regulates immune function and inflammation. Experimental evidence shows an important role of the autonomic nervous system in the bidirectional communication between the brain and the immune system, underlying the ability of the brain to monitor immune status and control inflammation. Here we review the involvement of the autonomic nervous system in regulating inflammation, with a focus on the vagus nerve. The clinical implications of the recently discovered anti-inflammatory role of the efferent vagus nerve are also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Recognition of plasmodium falciparum proteins by mannan-binding lectin, a component of the human innate immune system.

The mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a serum protein, which is involved in the immune defence against viruses, bacteria and parasites. Children who have mutations in the MBL gene that lead to a MBL deficiency are more susceptible to infectious diseases and are more likely to suffer from severe malaria. In this report we investigate the interaction between MBL and the proteins of red blood cells infected with the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Protein extracts were separated on MBL-sepharose columns. After the elution of bound material, the proteins were detected either by Western blot with human antibodies, or radioactive labelling with 35S-methionine or 3H-glucosamine. MBL recognises proteins of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes that are immunogenic in humans, parasite-derived and glycosylated. Whether the proteins identified in the different assays are identical remains to be explored. MBL added to in vitro cultures of P. falciparum, however, does not inhibit parasite growth. The positive effect of MBL in the blood of malaria patients could be caused by detoxification of parasite products.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Early innate immune response and redistribution of inflammatory cells in the bony fish gilthead seabream experimentally infected with Vibrio anguillarum.

An obvious difference between the immune system of fish and mammals is that fish lack both bone marrow and lymph nodes; in their place, the head-kidney acts as a major haematopoietic and lymphoid organ in adult fish, whereas the thymus, spleen and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues are common to both fish and mammals. This suggests that differences exist in antigen presentation and naive lymphocyte stimulation, a prerequisite for the initiation of adaptive immune responses. Intraperitoneal injection of the bony fish gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) with intact Vibrio anguillarum, as a particulate bacterial antigen, results in the mobilisation of head-kidney leucocytes to the peritoneal cavity and priming of their respiratory burst activity. We have also observed the rapid infiltration of acidophilic granulocytes, which are leucocytes functionally equivalent to mammalian neutrophils, into the spleen. These cells may be involved in antigen capture and transport to the spleen, since an apparent association between mobilised acidophilic granulocytes, bacterial antigens and proliferating lymphocytes has been seen in this organ. Collectively, these results suggest that, in addition to being actively involved in bacterial clearance, fish phagocytic granulocytes play a role in the initiation and support of the adaptive immune response.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Antimicrobial peptides in innate immunity of the human intestine.

The intestinal mucosa has to withstand exposure to a variety of substances, challenges in pH, temperature, and osmolarity; and, finally, bacterial products which might induce local and systemic inflammatory responses. The mucosal integrity is conserved by a defense system which consisting of constitutive and inducible mechanisms. These include the physical barrier function; the secretion of factors into the lumen, such as mucins and antibacterial substances; the mucosal immune system; and, finally, the ability of the mucosa to reconstitute once damage has occurred. The homeostasis and integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa ultimately depends upon the balance between defensive and aggressive factors. While the physical barrier function was formerly believed to play the major role in mucosal protection against luminal bacteria, the recent discovery of Toll-like receptors and antimicrobial peptides in the intestinal epithelium has modified the concept of intestinal defense towards a more active character, which will be discussed in this review.

Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides↗
PubMed2003

Endogenous production of antimicrobial peptides in innate immunity and human disease.

Antimicrobial peptides are diverse and evolutionarily ancient molecules produced by all living organisms. Peptides belonging to the cathelicidin and defensin gene families exhibit an immune strategy as they defend against infection by inhibiting microbial survival, and modify hosts through triggering tissue-specific defense and repair events. A variety of processes have evolved in microbes to evade the action of antimicrobial peptides, including the ability to degrade or inactivate antimicrobial peptides, or suppress host production of the peptide in response to infection. Animal models and clinical investigations have shown that an absence of cathelicidin or defensin antimicrobials can lead to disease. In this article, we review important recent advances in understanding the biology of antimicrobial peptides and their role in normal immunity and human disease.

Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides↗
PubMed1989

Innate immunity.

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Animals↗
PubMed1991

Innate immunity.

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Animals↗
PubMed1992

Antibiotic peptides as mediators of innate immunity.

Antibiotic peptides are widely distributed in nature. Almost all function as membrane-active agents, disrupting target-cell permeability. Several exhibit a striking selectivity for single-celled microbes over metazoan cells, and as such are amongst the simplest components of the animal's defensive system, which distinguishes environmental microbes from 'self'.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Innate immunity to a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen.

The murine response to Listeria monocytogenes has long been considered a paradigm of T-cell-mediated immunity. There is, however, substantial evidence that T-cell-deficient mice are capable of surviving a L. monocytogenes challenge. Recently, advances have been made in our understanding of the cell biology and pathogenesis of infection.

Animals↗