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PubMed2006

A cognitive neuroscience perspective on psychopathy: evidence for paralimbic system dysfunction.

Psychopathy is a complex personality disorder that includes interpersonal and affective traits such as glibness, lack of empathy, guilt or remorse, shallow affect, and irresponsibility, and behavioral characteristics such as impulsivity, poor behavioral control, and promiscuity. Much is known about the assessment of psychopathy; however, relatively little is understood about the relevant brain disturbances. The present review integrates data from studies of behavioral and cognitive changes associated with focal brain lesions or insults and results from psychophysiology, cognitive psychology and cognitive and affective neuroscience in health and psychopathy. The review illustrates that the brain regions implicated in psychopathy include the orbital frontal cortex, insula, anterior and posterior cingulate, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, and anterior superior temporal gyrus. The relevant functional neuroanatomy of psychopathy thus includes limbic and paralimbic structures that may be collectively termed 'the paralimbic system'. The paralimbic system dysfunction model of psychopathy is discussed as it relates to the extant literature on psychopathy.

Affect↗
PubMed2000

Can squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) learn self-control? A study using food array selection tests and reverse-reward contingency.

Eight squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were presented with 2 stimulus arrays, namely 1 and 4 pieces of food, but they received only the array other than the one they reached for. In this reverse-reward condition, all monkeys initially showed a strong preference for the larger array. One monkey learned to reach toward the smaller array when a large-or-none reward contingency was applied (i.e., no reward followed a reach toward the larger array, but this array was given for a reach toward the smaller array). When correction trials and time-out were added to the large-or-none procedure, all remaining monkeys except 1 learned this form of self-control. Performance was maintained when correction trials were discontinued, the original reverse-reward condition was rerun, and novel array-size pairs were presented. This study demonstrates one form of self-control in a New World primate and shows the reverse-reward procedure to be a potentially valuable method for assessing species and individual differences in self-control and numerosity-related abilities.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Efficacy of neuroleptic medication in pervasive developmental disorders of childhood.

A number of studies pertaining to the use of antipsychotic medication in the treatment of pervasively disordered children are reviewed. The drugs examined are chlorpromazine, haloperidol, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine, lithium, and other miscellaneous agents. Medication side effects are also reviewed with particular attention to extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia. Although methodological problems complicate the interpretation of the studies, the results support the use of antipsychotic medication in this population. The agents do not have the specificity for psychotic ideation that is seen in adult patients, but are useful for symptoms such as hyperactivity, stereotyped behavior, aggressiveness, impulsivity, self-abusive behavior, and social adaptation.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Resemblances of twins and their parents in pattern A behavior.

A twin study was conducted to determine the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the development of Pattern A behavior. Thirty-five sets of college-aged MZ twins and 21 sets of DZ twins completed the lenkins Activity Survey for Health Prediction. This self-administering questionnaire yields scales measuring Pattern A behavior and its related traits of Speed and Impatience, Job Involvement, and Hard-driving Competitiveness. Results showed a modest genetic component for the Hard-driving Competitive aspect of Pattern A. Data were also presented regarding resemblances between the twins and their parents on Pattern A.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Self-monitoring and consumer psychology.

Research on the relations between self-monitoring differences and two important areas of consumer behavior, reactions to specific advertising approaches and product evaluation strategies, is reviewed and evaluated. First, research on the responsiveness of high and low self-monitors to image-oriented and product-quality-based advertising attempts is addressed. Although findings generally indicate that high self-monitors are more responsive to image-oriented ads and that low self-monitors are more responsive to quality-based appeals, these results have not been robust. Possible reasons for this inconsistency are explored. Second, research on the means by which high and low self-monitors evaluate consumer products is examined. Findings suggest that when judging product quality, low self-monitors tend to rely on product performance and high self-monitors more likely use the product's image-enhancing capabilities. Additionally, research indicates that self-image/product-image congruency is generally a more important concern for low self-monitors, but high and low self-monitors' differential reliance on this congruency might be moderated by the situations in which the product is typically used. Additional possible delimiting conditions of these general findings are discussed.

Behavior Control↗
PubMed1992

Hyperactivity and delay aversion--I. The effect of delay on choice.

Two experiments are reported in which hyperactive and control children repeatedly chose between small immediate and large delayed rewards. In experiment 1, the best choice option was manipulated by varying levels of delay after reward delivery. In experiment 2 it was manipulated by changing the economic constraint (10 minutes or 20 trials). Both groups were equally efficient at earning points under most conditions, but hyperactive children exhibited a maladaptive preference for the small reward under the trials constraint. The results suggest that hyperactive children were more concerned to reduce overall delay levels than either to maximize reward amount or immediacy.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1995

Self-control in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of added stimulation and time.

Preference for larger-delayed versus more immediate-smaller rewards was studied in 5- and 6-year-old typical boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in a repeated measure design. The effect of adding stimulation on preference also was studied. Boys with ADHD chose delayed-larger rewards significantly less than did typical boys. Adding stimulation reduced motoric behavior, but did not affect choice. As rates of motoric activity increased in boys with ADHD, their preference for delayed, larger rewards decreased over time. These findings argue for the external validity of choice tasks in the study of ADHD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Executive cognitive functioning predicts reactive aggression in boys at high risk for substance abuse: a prospective study.

This study assessed the ability of executive cognitive functioning (ECF) to predict reactive aggression in boys at high and low risk for substance abuse using a 2-year prospective design. ECF is defined as the self-regulation of goal-directed behavior. Reactive aggression involves impulsive hostile reactions committed with little forethought. ECF was measured using five neuropsychological tests in 198 10- to 12-year-old boys with (SA+) and without (SA-) a paternal history of substance abuse/dependence. Reactive aggression was measured, 2 years later, using a composite index of items derived from two self-report measures. It was hypothesized that ECF would predict reactive aggression, and that this relation would be stronger for the SA+ compared with the SA- boys. SA+ subjects demonstrated lower ECF scores and higher reactive aggression scores, compared with SA- controls. ECF predicted reactive aggression in the SA+ group (beta = 0.37, p = 0.001), but not in the SA- group (beta = 0.09, p = NS). This suggests that compromised ECF may be a risk factor for reactive aggression in SA+ youth. The hypothesis that the relation between ECF and reactive aggression is a manifestation of a mild dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex is discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed1993

Ganser syndrome followed by major depressive episode.

A case of complete Ganser syndrome resolved after one week, but was immediately followed by a major depressive episode. The two disorders had a common cause, which is best encapsulated in a psychodynamic formulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Behavioral economics without anomalies.

Behavioral economics is often conceived as the study of anomalies superimposed on a rational system. As research has progressed, anomalies have multiplied until little is left of rationality. Another conception of behavioral economics is based on the axiom that value is always maximized. It incorporates so-called anomalies either as conflicts between temporal patterns of behavior and the individual acts comprising those patterns or as outcomes of nonexponential time discounting. This second conception of behavioral economics is both empirically based and internally consistent.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Semiology, nosology and criteria for tic disorders.

Precise description of the signs, symptoms, classification and criteria for Tic Disorder and Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS) is important to reduce heterogeneity in studies and to develop hypotheses about the pathophysiology of these disorders. Previous diagnostic categories and criteria for Tic Disorders and GTS in DSM-III and ICD-9 were derived from our study of 114 consecutive patients, questionnaire responses by 31 patients and data on 76 patients from 8 published reports. During the past 20 years we have evaluated 1490 patients for movement disorders, of whom 1210 had GTS and 137 had another tic disorder. Analysis of these data and review of the literature serve as the basis for proposed revision of the signs, symptoms, nosology and criteria for Tic Disorders and GTS.

Compulsive Behavior↗
PubMed1982

[Therapeutic interactions with aggression].

This article deals with the following three problems: 1. Which aspects must be given special consideration in respect of psychological diagnosis and therapy planning in those patients who have been referred to psychiatric treatment mainly because of violence displayed by them? 2. What are the conclusions we can draw from our knowledge of the behaviour of persons whose everyday behaviour patterns seem absolutely normal or even characterized by an inhibition of their aggressive tendencies, and who suddenly and unpredictably perform acts of aggression, and what are the conclusions we can draw from our experience in respect of the therapeutic management of such patients? 3. What is our knowledge regarding the actual course of aggressions and violence between patients and therapeutic personnel in everyday psychiatric ward practice, and what are the conclusions regarding a possible improvement of such interactions by appropriate therapy?

Aggression↗
PubMed1977

Reflection-impulsivity in normal and behavior-disordered children.

The primary index of reflection-impulsivity is Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF), which yields both a latency and an error score. To evaluate further the construct validity of these measures, both the latency and error scores of 9- and 15-year-old normal and "acting-out" behavior-disordered children were compared. Young behavior-disordered children were found to be more impulsive than the other groups on the MFF error measure. No differences occurred on the MFF latency measure. This result is consistent with previous findings with normal children in supporting the construct validity of the MFF error score and raising questions about the construct validity of the MFF latency score. Findings were inconsistent with Kagan's assertion that normal children become more reflective with age. The older behavior-disordered children were more reflective on the error measure than the younger behavior-disordered children and had equivalent error scores to both age groups of normals. This finding suggested a lag in the development of reflection in behavior-disordered children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Acute administration of d-amphetamine decreases impulsivity in healthy volunteers.

This study investigated the acute behavioral effects of d-amphetamine on several behavioral indices of impulsivity. Impulsivity has been defined, variously, as difficulty in inhibiting inappropriate behaviors, inability to wait, insensitivity to delayed consequences or an alteration in the perception of time; standardized procedures have been developed to measure these behavioral dimensions. However, it is not known how drugs affect these measures, and few studies have examined more than one measure in a single study. In this study, 36 healthy men and women participated in three sessions, in which they received placebo, 10 mg, or 20 mg d-amphetamine in randomized order. On each session they performed the following five tasks: the Stop Task, which measures behavioral inhibition, a delay discounting task, which measures the relative value of immediate vs. delayed rewards, a delay of gratification task, a Go/No-Go task, and a time estimation task. Subjects also completed mood questionnaires. Amphetamine produced its expected subjective, mood-altering effects, including increases in POMS Friendliness and Elation scales, and ARCI Euphoria and Stimulant scales. On the measures of impulsivity, amphetamine decreased impulsive responding on three of the tasks: on the Stop Task it decreased Stop reaction times without affecting Go reaction time, on the Go/No-Go task, it decreased the number of false alarms, and on the delay discounting measure, amphetamine (20 mg) decreased k values indicating less discounting of delayed reward. Other measures of impulsive behavior were unaffected. These results suggest that acute doses of amphetamine decrease several forms of impulsive behavior. These findings extend and confirm previous findings in humans and laboratory animals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

An open trial of sertraline in personality disordered patients with impulsive aggression.

BACKGROUND: Biological studies suggest that an abnormality in CNS serotonergic functioning underlies the impulsive, aggressive, and self-destructive behaviors of personality disordered patients. Preliminary data suggest that these behaviors may respond preferentially to agents with serotonergic-enhancing properties. This study evaluated the effectiveness of sertraline, a serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor, as a treatment for irritability and aggression in personality disordered patients. METHOD: Eleven patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for at least one personality disorder were treated with sertraline in an open clinical trial with a flexible dosing schedule. Behavioral ratings for impulsive aggressive behavior and irritability were made at baseline and at Weeks 2, 4, and 8 using a semistructured interview--the Overt Aggression Scale. RESULTS: Nine of 11 patients completed at least 4 weeks of treatment, and 7 patients completed an 8-week trial. Significant changes from baseline on both irritability and overt aggression were noted by the end of 4 weeks, and improvement continued to occur through Week 8. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that sertraline is an effective treatment for impulsive aggressive behavior in personality disordered patients. It supports the hypothesis that different symptom constellations/personality traits have different underlying biological substrates that may respond differentially to pharmacologic agents with specific modes of action. Controlled studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of sertraline and other seronergic agents in the treatment of various dimensions of personality psychopathology.

1-Naphthylamine↗