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PubMed1994

Allergy to cow's milk proteins in mother's milk or in hydrolyzed cow's milk infant formulas as assessed by intestinal permeability measurements.

An intestinal permeability test analyzing the differential urinary elimination of lactulose and mannitol orally ingested at the same dosage allowed us to establish a significant correlation between alterations of intestinal permeability and ingestion of reputedly hypoallergenic foods, breast milk, and hydrolyzed protein formulas in some infants with cow's milk allergy. In all, clinical disappearance of symptoms was observed after removal of milk from the mother's diet and/or elimination from the child's diet of any cow's-milk-based hypoallergenic formula.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Use of infant formulas with reduced antigenic content. Committee on Nutrition of the French Pediatrics Society].

Three types of infant formulas with reduced antigenic content are presently available: formulas with partially hydrolyzed proteins (hypoallergenic formulas), formulas with extensively hydrolyzed proteins, and amino-acids mixtures. There respective indications for preventing, postponing or treating allergic manifestations are presented, recalling that breast milk remains the best recommendation. Patent cow milk allergy requires extensively hydrolyzed proteins formulas.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Fatty acid composition of prepared infant formulas.

The fatty acid composition of eight American, eight European, and four Japanese prepared infant formulas were determined and compared with fat sources listed on labels. Unsaturated fatty acids ranged from 20 to 83 per cent of the total. Generally, the fatty acid composition was consistent with the types of ingredients used; those with corn or soy oil had the highest levels of unsaturated fat, and those with milk fat the lowest; formulas of mixed composition fell in between. The formulas were compared with values for the fatty acid composition of human milk in the literature.

Dietary Fats↗
PubMed1989

Enterobacter sakazakii infections in neonates associated with intrinsic contamination of a powdered infant formula.

We report an outbreak of Enterobacter sakazakii infection and colonization in neonates related to an infant formula contaminated during the manufacturing process. The outbreak occurred in a 20-bed neonatal intensive care unit during a six-week period in 1988, and involved a total of four infants. Three infants had sepsis and three had bloody diarrhea; all patients responded to intravenous antibiotics and recovered without complications. The E sakazakii isolated from the formula had the same plasmid and multilocus enzyme profile as those isolated from patients. This outbreak demonstrates the significance of commercially contaminated formulas and emphasizes the need to limit contamination and multiplication of bacteria in enteral formulas.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1991

Immunogenicity evaluation of protein hydrolysates for hypoallergenic infant formulae.

Casein and soy protein were enzymatically hydrolyzed for potential use in a hypoallergenic infant formula. To assess the relative immunoreactivity of the hydrolysates, rabbits were immunized with either the intact proteins or the protein hydrolysates using a vigorous immunization protocol. Serum samples were tested using ELISA methods that quantitated IgG antibody specific for the immunizing protein hydrolysates and the corresponding intact proteins. The results showed that the protein hydrolysates had substantially lower immunogenicity than the parent proteins. Also, antibody specific for the parent protein showed very low cross-reactivity with the hydrolysates. Both of the protein hydrolysates seem to be promising candidates for use in hypoallergenic infant feeding systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

GFAAS determination of selenium in infant formulas using a microwave digestion method.

A method for determining the selenium content of infant formulas is proposed. It includes wet digestion with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in medium pressure teflon bombs in a microwave oven and determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The absence of interferences is checked. Values obtained for the limit of detection (19.4 ng/g), precision (RSD = 2.2%) and accuracy by analysis of a reference material show that the method is reliable.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

Improved method for quantifying vitamin D in proprietary infants' formulas and in breast milk.

In this new method for quantifying vitamin D in infants' formulas and breast milk, after repeated lipid extraction, samples are further purified by passage through Sep-Pak cartridges, followed by liquid chromatography, then quantified by competitive protein-binding assay. Analytical recovery is estimated by use of added 3H-labeled vitamin D. For repeated assays of a reconstituted proprietary powdered milk formula in two runs, the intra-assay vitamin D values were 9.0 (SD 1.4) (n = 6) and 8.9 (SD 1.6) micrograms/L (n = 7) (t = 0.07). Assay of a proprietary liquid formula yielded values of 14.9 (SD 0.9) micrograms/L (n = 6). For each, the results agreed with the vitamin D content shown on the label. Vitamin D concentrations in breast milk from two groups of lactating mothers of different social class and nutritional status were 2.3 (SD 1.4) (n = 7) and 2.0 (SD 1.7) micrograms/L (n = 7). Overall recoveries ranged from 65 to 75%. Only 2 mL of milk is required, which facilitates sample collection, and the assay is less time-consuming than other current methods.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed1986

Determination of lactulose and soya oligosaccharides in infant formula milk feeds.

A paper chromatography technique is described for the separation and quantification of minor sugars in infant formula milks. The precision and reliability of the technique are described. Infant milk feeds of various types were analysed and found to contain up to 11.4 mmol/l of the non-absorbed sugar lactulose. Soya derived feeds may contain a significant residue of non-absorbable oligosaccharides.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2003

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infant formula and blood pressure in later childhood: follow up of a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether supplementation of infant formula milk with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) influences blood pressure in later childhood. DESIGN: Follow up of a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Four study centres in Europe. PARTICIPANTS: 147 formula fed children, with a reference group of 88 breastfed children. INTERVENTION: In the original trial newborn infants were randomised to be fed with a formula supplemented with LCPUFAs (n=111) or a formula without LCPUFAs but otherwise nutritionally similar (n=126). In the present follow up study the blood pressure of the children at age 6 years was measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure. RESULTS: 71 children in the LCPUFA supplementation group (64% of the original group) and 76 children in the non-supplementation group (60%) were enrolled into the follow up study. The LCPUFA group had significantly lower mean blood pressure (mean difference -3.0 mm Hg (95% confidence interval -5.4 mm Hg to -0.5 mm Hg)) and diastolic blood pressure (mean difference -3.6 mm Hg (-6.5 mm Hg to -0.6 mm Hg)) than the non-supplementation group. The diastolic pressure of the breastfed children (n=88 (63%)) was significantly lower than that of the non-supplemented formula group but did not differ from the LCPUFA formula group. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with LCPUFAs during infancy is associated with lower blood pressure in later childhood. Blood pressure tends to track from childhood into adult life, so early exposure to dietary LCPUFAs may reduce cardiovascular risk in adulthood.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed2005

Effects of feeding an infant formula containing Lactobacillus GG on the colonization of the intestine: a dose-response study in healthy infants.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine whether feeding Lactobacillus GG (LGG) at varying levels (10 to 10 cfu/day) would result in colonization, defined as > or =1,000 cfu of LGG per gram of stool in 3 of 5 samples collected during the feeding period. METHODS: Infants received unsupplemented formula during a 7-day baseline, 1 of 4 formulas containing 0 (control), 10 (low), 10 (medium), or 10 (high) cfu of LGG per day during a 2-week test, and unsupplemented formula during a 2-week follow-up. Baseline, test, and follow-up stool samples were evaluated for levels of viable LGG. RESULTS: During test, supplemented infants were colonized, compared with control (P < 0.05). Median stool counts of LGG (log10 cfu/g) in colonized infants were 5.24 (low), 6.05 (medium), and 5.97 (high). LGG persisted in the stools for 7 to 14 days after discontinuing LGG. No differences were observed among groups in stool consistency, flatulence, fussiness, or adverse events. CONCLUSION: A 2-week oral administration of 10 to 10 cfu/day LGG was well tolerated; all levels successfully colonized the intestinal tract of healthy, term infants.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1995

Antimicrobial activity of lipids added to human milk, infant formula, and bovine milk.

Lipids previously shown to have antiviral and antibacterial activity in buffers were added to human milk, bovine milk, and infant formulas to determine whether increased protection from infection could be provided to infants as part of their diet. Fatty acids and monoglycerides with chain lengths varying from 8 to 12 carbons were found to be more strongly antiviral and antibacterial when added to milk and formula than long chain monoglycerides. Lipids added to milk and formula inactivated a number of pathogens including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Haemophilus influenzae, and Group B streptococcus. The results presented in this study suggest that increased protection from infection may be provided to infants at mucosal surfaces, prior to the digestion of milk and formula triglycerides, by the addition of antimicrobial medium chain monoglycerides to an infant's diet.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Clostridium difficile in normal infants and sudden infant death syndrome: an association with infant formula feeding.

Large numbers Clostridium difficile were found in the stools of two victims of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). This prompted a study of normal infants in the SIDS age group. Thirty-two infants were studied, using two selective culture techniques and two assays for bacterial products. Thirteen of the normal infants (39%) were found to carry C difficile, and fecal toxins were detected in eight of these, four with cytotoxin detectable at 10(-4) or higher dilution. Colonization was observed in one of 13 (7%) breast-fed babies and 12 of 17 (71%) of those whose primary milk source was infant formula (P less than .01). Fecal C difficile toxin was detected only in the latter group. The isolation of C difficile or its toxins in the stools of infants with SIDS, diarrhea, or even if large quantities of fecal cytotoxin are present.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed2001

Cow's milk-specific cellular and humoral immune responses and atopy skin symptoms in infants from atopic families fed a partially (pHF) or extensively (eHF) hydrolyzed infant formula.

BACKGROUND: Hydrolyzed milk formulas are recommended to feed infants at high risk of atopy if breast-feeding is not possible. We studied the specific cellular and humoral immune response to cow's milk proteins and occurrence of atopic dermatitis under different feeding regimens: two hydrolyzed infant milk formulas (partially [pHF] and extensively hydrolyzed [eHF]) and under exclusive breast-feeding (BF). METHODS: Seventy-two infants from families with atopic symptoms were randomized in the pHF and eHF groups, respectively. At 6 and 12 months of age, peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation along with specific IgG and IgE to cow's milk proteins was determined in infants fed pHF or eHF, respectively, and those who had not yet received any formula at 6 months of age (BF). Cases of atopic dermatitis were recorded throughout the first 12 months of life, and their severity was evaluated with SCORAD points. RESULTS: A significantly decreased proliferation to cow's milk caseins was found in the pHF group compared to the exclusively breast-fed group. Medians of stimulation indexes for CAS at 6 months were as follows: pHF 1.18; n=24; BF 1.70; n=24 (P=0.033, Mann-Whitney U-test). Higher levels of plasma IgG antibodies to BCAS were found in infants fed pHF than in those fed eHF at 12 months. Optical density (OD): (25th percentile; median; 75th percentile): pHF: 0.00; 0.14; 0.38; n=30; eHF: 0.00; 0.03; 0.14; n=28; P=0,089, Mann-Whitney U-test. Cow's milk-specific IgE was detected at 6 months as follows: BF: 3 of 24; eHF: 2 of 21; pHF: 0 of 23. The number of cases of atopic dermatitis and their severity did not differ among the groups during the first 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Feeding pHF appears to suppress cow's milk-specific cellular responses and stimulate specific IgG production. Specific IgE sensitization can occur also with breast-feeding.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Longitudinal study on selenium content in human milk particularly during early lactation compared to that in infant formulas and cow's milk in Japan.

239 samples of human breast milk were collected from 36 healthy Japanese women. Selenium content of the samples was determined mainly by highly sensitive fluorometric analysis with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene. The highest selenium content, 247 micrograms/kg, was found on the first day postpartum. The arithmetic mean of selenium content was higher in colostrum (< 4 days) 47 micrograms/kg (SD 42, n = 116) than in transitional milk 24 micrograms/kg (SD 13, n = 87) or in mature milk (> 10 days) 10 micrograms/kg (SD 4, n = 36). Selenium content was also determined for six brands of commercial infant formula powder (32-58 micrograms/kg) based on cow's milk, seventeen brands of cow's milk (10-25 micrograms/kg) and eight brands of powered cream for cofee (9-162 micrograms/kg). The average selenium content was significant lower in the liquid formula prepared for infant lactation, 6.0 micrograms/L, than in the human colostrum and transitional milk. The dietary selenium intake of newborns fed on colostrum is estimated to be in the range of 2-12 micrograms per day.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Solubility and digestibility of milk proteins in infant formulas exposed to different heat treatments.

There are presently several fundamentally different technologies to produce infant formulas (IF), such as sterilization, spray-drying, and treatment at ultrahigh temperature (UHT). The effects of heat treatment on milk proteins in IF were analyzed by column chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and Kjeldahl analysis, revealing strong protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions in processed milk. These interactions were more pronounced in conventionally (in-can) sterilized than in spray-dried (powdered) and UHT products confirming their temperature dependency. Analysis of raw materials, intermediate and end products of IF processing revealed that after homogenization the first indications of protein denaturation occurred, but that in-can sterilization as the final heat treatment caused irreversible denaturation of proteins and strong protein-lipid interactions. Lowering of the pH to 4-5, which is physiological for the stomach of young infants, enhanced the interactions. Support for an impairment of protein digestibility was given by in vitro analysis of protein digestibility, demonstrating significantly lower digestibility of in-can sterilized IF compared to their spray-dried and UHT counterparts. To investigate the effect of heat treatment on chemical reactions, i.e., occurrence of Maillard products, we showed by a fluorimetric assay that the amount of "available" lysine is lower in sterilized than in powdered IF. Our findings suggest that a more differentiated view regarding the protein quality of IF is needed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Visual acuity loss in rhesus monkey infants fed a taurine-free human infant formula.

This study examined the effects of dietary taurine deprivation on visual development in rhesus monkeys. From birth to 3 months of age, rhesus monkeys were fed a taurine-free, soy protein-based infant formula, or the same formula supplemented with taurine. The early postnatal development of visual function was assessed with behavioral measurements of visual acuity. Plasma taurine levels in the taurine-deprived group fell to 35-50% of control values, as in human infants fed similar formulas. The visual acuity of the taurine-deprived infants was significantly impaired: acuity thresholds differed from control values by nearly a factor of 2 at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age. The loss of acuity is associated with morphological changes in photoreceptors, particularly cones in the foveal region. These results provide direct evidence that taurine is essential for normal visual development in primates, and they support the nutritional importance of taurine for human infants.

Age Factors↗