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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Some influences of tonic vibration reflexes on the position sense of the contralateral limb.

Mechanically vibrating a skeletal muscle elicits reflex activation of that muscle, a phenomenon which is known as the tonic vibration reflex. We explored in eight individuals how vibration of their right biceps brachii or triceps brachii muscle influenced their ability to point with their left arm to visual targets and to set that arm to particular apparent positions. The position sense of the pointing arm was affected systematically by contralateral vibration with the influence being considerably greater when the biceps brachii rather than the triceps brachii of the contralateral arm was stimulated. This asymmetric effect was related to the different densities of muscle spindle innervation of the biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles and to their patterns of reflex organization within the spinal cord. The altered position sense of the pointing arm led to errors both for pointing movements with the arm to visual targets and for positioning movements of the arm into specified spatial configurations.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Trunk position sense in the frontal plane.

Twenty healthy volunteers (ages 18 to 25 years) were tested for their ability to sense the lateral position of the top of their thoracic spine. When moved slowly from side-to-side in the frontal plane with vision occluded and pelvis immobilized, they could sense the position of a midline point on the skin at the T1 level to within 3 mm of a mean center position in relaxed standing tests, and to within 9 mm in supine tests. When subjects centered themselves actively, or additionally, contracted trunk flexor or extensor muscles to predetermined levels of activity, no increase in trunk positioning accuracy was found. The effect of a lateral pelvic tilt or lateral trunk moment had little effect on trunk positioning accuracy, but always induced a characteristic trunk offset. No differences were found in any of these results between males or females, or gymnasts or nongymnasts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Relationships between oral sensory feedback skills and adaptation to delayed auditory feedback.

The relationship between adaptation to delayed auditory feedback (DAF) and oral sensory feedback as measured by tasks of oral form discrimination (OFD) was investigated. In addition, the interactions between OFD ability and attempts to heighten subjects' awareness of oral feedback while speaking under DAF conditions by giving instruction to subjects as well as the condition of instruction itself were studied with adaptation to DAF as the dependent variable. Analyses of the data indicated a relationship between OFD ability and adaptation to DAF and an interaction between OFD ability and instruction. The study's rationale and results are discussed within the context of servosystem theory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Discriminating between action memories: children's use of kinesthetic cues and visible consequences.

The present experiments examined the sorts of cues that might be available to facilitate children's ability to discriminate between memories for their own actions. In Experiment 1, 7 and 10 year olds engaged in two types of tracing exercises (using a pencil and a finger; a stylus and a finger; or a stylus and a pencil). Discrimination performance was better when distinguishing between memories involving the use of a pencil vs. a finger than in either of the other two cases. In Experiment 2, children traced and imagined tracing pictures using one of these three tools. Discriminations between memories for tracing and imagined tracing varied with the type of tool involved and interacted with the type of tracing activity (tracing vs. imagining). These differences in discrimination performance demonstrated the importance of kinesthetic cues and visible consequences for children's memory discriminations.

Attention↗
PubMed1987

The drawing of squares and diamonds: a perceptual-motor task analysis.

The aim of the present study was to establish the role of perceptual-motor factors in copying an equilateral four-sided figure. Children, 5 to 12 years, and adults, were asked to copy the figure presented in either "square" or "diamond" orientation under five conditions: control; large model presentation; neutral picture frame surround; partial visual information reduction; and total visual information loss. The model was present at all times. Scores were orientation and angular variability. Developmental trends were found for both figures; the diamond was less well performed than the square at all ages tested. Three perceptual-motor factors were found to be important: formulation of the movement plan; movement programming, and sensory feedback. The difficulty of the diamond is thought to be due to the high programming and hence planning demands in drawing oblique lines. Both kinaesthesis and sequential vision are important factors in drawing; and only from 12 years of age are environmental cues used efficiently to orient the figure.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutrients and behaviour: research strategies for the investigation of taste characteristics, food preferences, hunger sensations and eating patterns in man.

Although, as described elsewhere in this report, the consumption of particular nutrients can modify behaviors that are not directly related to eating, it seems highly likely that the main function of nutrient-induced changes in neurotransmitter synthesis is to provide the brain with information about what has been eaten, which the brain can then utilize in deciding what to eat next. This chapter summarizes research strategies and techniques which have been used to assess the effects of drugs and diseases on appetite and food consumption, and which might also be useful in exploring the effects of particular nutrients. Crude measures of total food intake and of global hunger ratings are probably too insensitive to reveal the subtle effects of many nutrients. Some alternative procedures allow the assessment of particular aspects of feeding behaviour, (e.g. food or nutrient choice), and of the relationships between such behaviour and the individual's metabolic and physiological state, sensory functions, taste hedonics, and affective response to foods.

Behavior↗
PubMed1981

Oral kinesthesia in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

In trials on normal subjects and patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), interdental dimension discrimination (IDD) was tested by assessing the ability of subjects to discriminate between pairs of sticks of different dimensions held between the upper and lower teeth. The IDD ability of the DMD patients was significantly inferior to that of the normal subjects. Further, DMD patients tended to overestimate the dimension of the first stick of each pair even more than did normal subjects. Vibration applied to the mandible seemed to lessen such inaccuracies of oral kinesthesia in the DMD patients. These results are compatible with the idea that muscle receptors, especially muscle spindles in jaw closing muscles, are mainly responsible for IDD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Agraphesthesia. A disorder of directional cutaneous kinesthesia or a disorientation in cutaneous space.

Tests for graphesthesia and for directional cutaneous kinesthesia (DCK) were performed on a large series of neurological patients and normal subjects, in addition to the standard tests for discriminative sensation. Defects in graphesthesia and DCK were found with lesions at all levels of the nervous system. Graphesthesia was more often and more severely affected than DCK. These functions when impaired were always associated with other sensory defects (directional joint kinesthesia, two-point discrimination, etc.) in different combinations. It appears DCK is probably the basis for graphesthesia. Recent experimental studies have provided an anatomic and physiologic basis for DCK and for graphesthesia. These studies have also discredited wide-held beliefs on the transmission of discriminative sensation through the spinal cord. In this light, the history of ideas about sensation and its mediation is reviewed, and it is concluded that DCK alone deserves to be called a "posterior column function". Graphesthesia and DCK are discussed as kinesthetic functions implying orientation in cutaneous sensory space. These are compared to stereognosis and braille reading, which are complex derived functions depending also on motion, but directed towards recognition in external haptic space. Graphesthesia and DCK should both be considered as distinct forms of somatic sensibility which are valuable adjuncts to the clinical sensory examination.

Brain↗
PubMed1986

Positive effects of tactile versus kinesthetic or vestibular stimulation on neuroendocrine and ODC activity in maternally-deprived rat pups.

Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that even short-term separation of preweanling rat pups from the mother produces adverse effects in the pup. These include alterations in ornithine decarboxylase activity and in the secretion of growth hormone and corticosterone. The present study demonstrates that while intermittent heavy stroking effectively reverses or prevents all the changes associated with maternal deprivation neither kinesthetic nor vestibular stimulation affects these responses. The results verify earlier findings from this laboratory indicating that tactile interactions between rat pups and their mother modulate pup physiology and provide experimental support for the hypothesized role of tactile stimuli on early infant development.

Animals↗