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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Exposure to environmental and mainstream tobacco smoke and risk of spontaneous abortion.

The authors examined the risk of spontaneous abortion from environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in a prospective study of over 5,000 women conducted in California during 1990-1991. Among nonsmokers, there was little association by hours of ETS exposure at home or work (adjusted odds ratio (OR) for any exposure = 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80-1.27), or by paternal smoking. However, the risks associated with ETS exposure were increased among nonsmokers who had moderate alcohol or heavy caffeine consumption. A moderate association with maternal smoking was observed (adjusted OR for > or = 5 cigarettes per day = 1.3, 95% CI 0.91-1.9).

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1980

Model instructional program for mainstreaming handicapped children.

The purpose of this study was to implement and test the effectiveness of an instructional program designed to teach normal children about cerebral palsy. Presentation of the program to 17 first-grade children resulted in a significant increase in the students' knowledge of the disability, compared to that of a control group. Implications of these results for physical and occupational therapists involved in facilitating placement of handicapped children into the least restrictive environment were discussed.

Attitude↗
PubMed2002

"It ain't necessarily so"... Challenging mainstream thinking about bereavement.

Traditional theories about grief and bereavement have been fundamentally and thoroughly challenged, primarily by Stroebe and Stroebe (1987), Wortman and Silver (1989), and Bonanno and Kaltman, (1999). In contrast to the old grief work perspective with its working through, depression, social disclosure of distress, and termination of the relationship to the dead, a completely different new perspective focusing on repression of depressive emotions and thoughts, display of positive emotions, moderate social disclosure, and continuation of the relationship to the dead has been proposed and scientifically supported. Still, the grief work perspective is very popular. In this article, both the old and the new views are challenged, and a more moderate perspective is suggested. Rational and irrational reasons for the old perspective's popularity are suggested. Consequences for therapeutic work (psychotherapy, counseling, nursing) are outlined. Finally, it is underlined that grief may be a meaningful, enrichening experience.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Advancing discourse on health promotion: beyond mainstream thinking.

Attention must be redirected toward health promotion as nursing evaluates the goal of health for all. Confusion regarding health promotion behavior is illustrated by terms with diverse meanings and uses. In a process of critical analysis, five multidisciplinary experts in health promotion responded to a survey targeting the distinction of health promotion, health promotion behavior, health protection behavior, disease prevention behavior, preventive health behavior, health behavior, and healthy lifestyle. Descriptors of health promotion were derived from a multidimensional conception of well-being. Disagreement existed concerning health protection and health behavior. Nursing interventions are linked to reflective discourse regarding health promotion behavior.

Health Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Comparing specialist early years provision for speech and language impaired children with mainstream nursery provision in the UK - an application of the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale (ECERS).

BACKGROUND: This study examines the application of the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale (ECERS) to specialist early years provision for children with developmental speech and language impairment. The scale, which has been used in the national Effective Provision of Pre-school Education (EPPE) study in the UK comprises seven subscales describing the quality of provision along a continuum centred on the following areas: 'space and furnishings', 'personal care routines', 'language reasoning', 'activities', 'interaction', 'program structure', and 'parents and staff'. METHODS: The ECERS was applied to two nurseries funded by the UK charity I CAN by two researchers with inter-rater-reliability coefficients ranging from 0.91 to 0.96. RESULTS: There were notable differences between the specialist early years provision and 'average' nursery provision in the UK. On 7/8 measures the early years centre scores are markedly higher than average pre-school provisions. The standard of education and care for the pre-school provisions included in the EPPE project ranged from below minimal (for the diversity subscale, ECERS-E) to approaching good (for the space and furnishings subscale). In contrast, the early years centres were rated as between minimal to good on areas such as space and furnishings and good to excellent on all other areas. CONCLUSIONS: Clearly specialist services such as those described offer something different from the average. Given results which suggest the positive effects on the children's language abilities of such services it is quite possible that the distinctive characteristics of the nursery environment are responsible for the positive impact. There is a good case for extending the application of the ECERS as a way of helping those providing specialist services start to detect the active ingredients of the provision.

Child Care↗
PubMed2004

Complementary and alternative medicine: the move into mainstream health care.

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in Australia is extensive with over 50 per cent of the Australian population using some form of complementary medicine and almost 25 per cent of Australians visiting CAM practitioners. Expenditure on CAM by Australians is significant. The scope of CAM is extremely broad and ranges from complete medical systems such as Chinese medicine to well-known therapies, such as massage and little known therapies, such as pranic healing. There is a growing focus on CAM in Australia and worldwide by a range of stakeholders including government, the World Health Organization, western medical practitioners and private health insurance companies. CAM practices may offer the potential for substantial public health gains and challenge the way that we view human beings, health and illness. Several issues are emerging that need to be addressed. They include safety and quality control of complementary medicines, issues related to integration of CAM with western medicine and standards of practice. The evidence base of forms of CAM varies considerably: some forms of CAM have developed systematically over thousands of years while others have developed much more recently and have a less convincing evidence base. Many forms of CAM are now being investigated using scientific research methodology and there are increasing examples of good research. Certain forms of CAM, including Chinese medicine in which ophthalmology is an area of clinical specialty, view the eye in a unique way. It is important to keep an open mind about CAM and give proper scrutiny to new evidence as it emerges.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Could mainstream anti-smoking programs increase inequalities in tobacco use? New Zealand data from 1981-96.

OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in the socio-economic and ethnic distribution of smoking in the New Zealand population from 1981 to 1996, and to consider the implication of these data for policies aimed at reducing tobacco consumption. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were taken from 4.7 million respondents to the 1981 and 1996 New Zealand Censuses and 4,619 participants in a 1989 national survey, aged 15 to 79 years. Smoking prevalence rates were calculated by socio-economic position and ethnicity. RESULTS: Smoking prevalence fell in the period 1981-96 in every population group. However, socio-economic and ethnic differences in smoking increased in relative terms. Smoking prevalence ratios comparing the least advantaged with the most advantaged groups increased in men from 1.20 to 1.53 by income, 1.54 to 1.85 by education, and 1.49 to 1.67 by ethnicity. In women, prevalence ratios increased from 1.17 to 1.51 by income, 1.55 to 2.02 by education, and 1.85 to 2.20 by ethnicity. The greatest increase in socio-economic differences may have occurred during the 1980s, the period of greatest overall decline in total population smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Socio-economic and ethnic disparities in New Zealanders' smoking patterns increased during the 1980s and '90s, a period of significant decline in overall smoking prevalence. IMPLICATIONS: Public health programs aimed at reducing tobacco use should pay particular attention to disadvantaged, Indigenous and ethnic minority groups in order to avoid widening relative inequalities in smoking and smoking-related health outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Moving the treatment of alcoholism into the medical mainstream.

This demonstration program for the treatment of alcoholism is based on the premise that alcoholism is a disease and that the primary care physician should play the central role in the overall management of alcoholism. The context of the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) encourages the physician to assume responsibility for the care of the alcoholic and serves as the appropriate setting for the coordination of all modalities required.

Alcoholism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Should alternative treatment be integrated into mainstream medicine?

Healthcare providers and patients are becoming increasingly aware of the options available with alternative medicine or unconventional therapies. This article analyzes alternative medicine, examines rationale for its existence, and outlines some concerns. The author concludes that nurses must take the lead and become educated about this option in healthcare treatments in order to help patients make informed decisions.

Attitude to Health↗