Effect on amphotericin B lipid complex use of a clinical decision support system for computerized prescriber order entry.
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Amphotericin B↗
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Results for “Medical Order Entry Systems”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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Improving the quality of ambulatory health care with enhanced medical information systems: using the computer to diagnose faulty clinical processes.
The lack of consistency in the performance of the processes which implement clinical decisions is an important problem in ambulatory care. Since delayed or neglected actions in patient care may have serious consequences, we studied the use of industrial quality management techniques to determine where three clinical processes could be improved. These quantitative and graphical tools were useful in showing that in some processes, the failure rate could be as high as 33%. However, lack of readily available process data prevented a full analysis of the extent of the failures, so specific suggestions for improvement could not be made. Medical informatics and management specialists have an important role in designing enhanced medical information systems with which to examine and improve patient care processes. This new generation of MIS's should include order entry systems with flags for selected transactions, audit trails for all automated processes, functional integration of the separate departmental information systems, and enhanced communications features.
Ambulatory Care↗
Winning support for physician order entry.
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Academic Medical Centers↗
An info-tech disconnect. Even as groups such as Leapfrog push IT as an answer to quality issues, doctors and executives say, 'not so fast'.
The future is now. A new wave of information technology is gaining wide support outside the hospital industry as a solution to medication errors and patient-safety lapses. But in our survey of information system trends, most firms say they aren't operating or launching a physician order-entry system for drugs or treatments. Consultant Steven Roth, left, says recent examples of disasters have warded off many healthcare executives.
Budgets↗
Post-release drug treatment risks: strategies to minimise harm to patients.
This paper examines the perceptions and causes of drug treatment-related error, and suggests some risk reducing strategies. Interest in medical error surged recently, culminating with an estimate by the US Institute of Medicine in 1999 of 44,000 to 98,000 annual care-related deaths. Public media pressure elicited responses from health care providers, purchasers, internists and health professionals' organisations. A search was made using PubMed, focusing on papers from 1980 to date giving data on trends and causes of in-hospital drug-related error. Papers with estimates of prevalence rates of drug-induced injury in large denominator populations were selected. One hundred and seven papers on drug-related error were identified; 36 clearly defined denominators and compared rates in different groups. Occurrence rates of drug-induced harm were similar (2.2% to 6.7%) in the US and British hospital surveys. The Harvard Medical Practice Study first reliably measured the frequency of care-related patient harm. More reliable and accurate information is needed on the base-line rates of drug-related injury. Whereas there are few precise estimates of drug-induced injury, the evidence suggests that between half and two-thirds of hospital-related harmful events are preventable. Most experts agree that hospitals need to change radically their approach to professional error from one of blaming individuals to overhauling the systems for monitoring, detecting and preventing drug-related error. Hospital managers should implement voluntary, non-punitive, and confidential systems for reporting error, and apply methods of safety enhancement which succeed in high-risk industries. A realistic and achievable target could be halving of current risk. Incentives can be given to event monitoring and pharmacotherapy quality assurance, to encourage timely and accurate reporting. On-line doctors' entry of drug orders and computerised adverse event monitoring also promote error reduction.
Accidents↗
Impact of computerized physician order entry on medication prescription errors in the intensive care unit: a controlled cross-sectional trial.
INTRODUCTION: Medication errors in the intensive care unit (ICU) are frequent and lead to attributable patient morbidity and mortality, increased length of ICU stay and substantial extra costs. We investigated if the introduction of a computerized ICU system (Centricity Critical Care Clinisoft, GE Healthcare) reduced the incidence and severity of medication prescription errors (MPEs). METHODS: A prospective trial was conducted in a paper-based unit (PB-U) versus a computerized unit (C-U) in a 22-bed ICU of a tertiary university hospital. Every medication order and medication prescription error was validated by a clinical pharmacist. The registration of different classes of MPE was done according to the National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention guidelines. An independent panel evaluated the severity of MPEs. We identified three groups: minor MPEs (no potential to cause harm); intercepted MPEs (potential to cause harm but intercepted on time); and serious MPEs (non-intercepted potential adverse drug events (ADE) or ADEs, being MPEs with potential to cause, or actually causing, patient harm). RESULTS: The C-U and the PB-U each contained 80 patient-days, and a total of 2,510 medication prescriptions were evaluated. The clinical pharmacist identified 375 MPEs. The incidence of MPEs was significantly lower in the C-U compared with the PB-U (44/1286 (3.4%) versus 331/1224 (27.0%); P < 0.001). There were significantly less minor MPEs in the C-U than in the PB-U (9 versus 225; P < 0.001). Intercepted MPEs were also lower in the C-U (12 versus 46; P < 0.001), as well as the non-intercepted potential ADEs (21 versus 48; P < 0.001). There was also a reduction of ADEs (2 in the C-U versus 12 in the PB-U; P < 0.01). No fatal errors occurred. The most frequent drug classes involved were cardiovascular medication and antibiotics in both groups. Patients with renal failure experienced less dosing errors in the C-U versus the PB-U (12 versus 35 serious MPEs; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The ICU computerization, including the medication order entry, resulted in a significant decrease in the occurrence and severity of medication errors in the ICU.
Adult↗
Computer-based physician order entry: the state of the art.
Direct computer-based physician order entry has been the subject of debate for over 20 years. Many sites have implemented systems successfully. Others have failed outright or flirted with disaster, incurring substantial delays, cost overruns, and threatened work actions. The rationale for physician order entry includes process improvement, support of cost-conscious decision making, clinical decision support, and optimization of physicians' time. Barriers to physician order entry result from the changes required in practice patterns, roles within the care team, teaching patterns, and institutional policies. Key ingredients for successful implementation include: the system must be fast and easy to use, the user interface must behave consistently in all situations, the institution must have broad and committed involvement and direction by clinicians prior to implementation, the top leadership of the organization must be committed to the project, and a group of problem solvers and users must meet regularly to work out procedural issues. This article reviews the peer-reviewed scientific literature to present the current state of the art of computer-based physician order entry.
Computer User Training↗
Be a watchdog.
Review the advances in computerized prescriber order entry and automated storage and administration devices, which effectively reduce medication errors.
Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems↗
Pharmacy-based automated medication records: methods, application, and a survey of use.
A literature review of articles describing the development and implementation of automated medication administration records is summarized, and the results of a survey undertaken of all hospitals in Missouri to determine the extent of an automated medication administration record (MAR) are reported. For hospitals with an automated MAR, the survey compiled information about the demographics of responding facilities and production and distribution, design, implementation, and procedures for use of automated MARs. The most frequently reported advantages of an automated MAR were a more legible document, increased accuracy, savings in nursing personnel time, and fewer medication errors. The most frequently reported disadvantages were increases in pharmacy personnel time, different interpretation of orders by pharmacy and nursing, and multiple entries required for a medication order to appear correctly on the MAR.
Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems↗
Cholesterol and its oxidized derivatives modulate the calcium channel in human red blood cells.
The human red blood cell was used as a model system in order to study the effect of cholesterol and its medically important oxidized derivatives (OSC = oxidized sterol compounds) on the calcium entry channel. The calcium-ejecting adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) was inhibited by vanadate and the influx of 45Ca2-into the cells measured. The cells were loaded with OSC at concentrations between 0.075 and 1.5 micrograms OSC/10(7) cells. Two classes of OSC could be distinguished: one stimulating Ca2+ influx dose-dependently by almost 100% at maximum concentrations, the other inhibiting it dose-dependently by up to 80%. The calcium channel blocker nitrendipine inhibited influx by 70% at 15 microM. More than 90% of the total stimulation or inhibition was accounted for by an influence on the nitrendipine-inhibitable part of influx, i.e. the calcium channel. Cholesterol (incorporated using liposomes) had a stimulatory (+288%), cholesterol depletion an inhibitory effect on calcium influx (-18%). These results demonstrate that cholesterol and its oxidized derivatives modulate the calcium channel in a highly stereospecific manner and provide new insights into the mechanism of action and the atherogenic effect of these compounds.
Calcium↗
Chemoprevention effects on bronchial squamous metaplasia by folate and vitamin B12 in heavy smokers.
The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of folate and vitamin B12 on bronchial squamous metaplasia with cellular atypia, known to be a precancerous change, in heavy smokers. Cases of squamous metaplasia were recognized on sputum cytologic study. The location of bronchial lesions was identified by bronchofiberoscopy in all cases. The grade of cellular atypia was evaluated on the basis of histologic specimens. Thirty-eight patients with squamous metaplasia, including 21 patients receiving folate and vitamin B12 and 17 patients without any medication, were investigated prospectively for 1 year. Consecutive bronchofiberoscopic examinations were performed in each patient in 3 to 4 months after the first examination in order to evaluate the lesions. Grades of cellular atypia were examined by histologic specimens using a scoring system from 0 to 3. There was no significant difference in mean scores at entry in the medication group (1.7) and control group (1.4). The medication group showed significant decrease in mean scores (0.4) while the control group had no change in mean scores (1.2) at termination. Plasma levels in the medication group were significantly increased at termination of the study while those of the control group showed a slight decrease. The results show that the cellular atypia squamous metaplasia in heavy smokers can be reduced by administration of folate and vitamin B12.
Adult↗
Evaluation of a belief-network-based reminder system that learns from utility feedback.
PRETRIEVE is a belief-network-based, unsolicited information-retrieval system that performs machine learning based on user feedback. We report here on the document-ordering and document-retrieval performance of PRETRIEVE. We developed a test collection of 410 judgments of document utility in a simulated medical order-entry context. We characterized the validity of these judgments, which were elicited from domain experts, by measuring interrater and intrarater reproducibility. We developed a measure of the quality of document orderings similar to the ROC-curve analysis used to evaluate document-retrieval systems. We found that the ordering performance of the PRETRIEVE system was (1) substantially better than random, (2) somewhat less than ideal, and (3) superior to that of versions of the PRETRIEVE system that used relevance feedback instead of utility feedback. Under a set of assumptions, which we make explicit, we found that the documents retrieved by a version of PRETRIEVE that modeled time cost were of higher utility than those retrieved by a similar rule-based system.
Artificial Intelligence↗
Computerized physician order entry and decision support: improving the quality of care.
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Decision Support Techniques↗
Safe chemotherapy administration: using failure mode and effects analysis in computerized prescriber order entry.
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Antineoplastic Agents↗
Information management and informatics: need for a modern pathology service.
Requirements for information technology in pathology now extend well beyond the provision of purely analytical data. With the aim of achieving seamless integration of laboratory data into the total clinical pathway, "informatics"--the art and science of turning data into useful information--is becoming increasingly important in laboratory medicine. Informatics is a powerful tool in pathology--whether in implementing processes for pathology modernization, introducing new diagnostic modalities (e.g. proteomics, genomics), providing timely and evidence-based disease management, or enabling best use of limited and often costly resources. Providing appropriate information to empowered and interested patients--which requires critical assessment of the ever-increasing volume of information available--can also benefit greatly from appropriate use of informatics. General trends in medical informatics are reflected in current priorities for laboratory medicine, including the need for unified electronic records, computerized order entry, data security and recovery, and audit. The increasing demands placed on pathology information systems in the context of wider developmental change in healthcare delivery are explored in this paper.
Data Collection↗
Characteristics and override rates of order checks in a practitioner order entry system.
Order checks are important error prevention tools when used in conjunction with practitioner order entry systems. We studied characteristics of order checks generated in a sample of consecutively entered orders during a 4 week period in an electronic medical record at VA Puget Sound. We found that in the 42,641 orders where an order check could potentially be generated, 11% generated at least one order check and many generated more than one order check. The rates at which the ordering practitioner overrode 'Critical drug interaction' and 'Allergy-drug interaction' alerts in this sample were 88% and 69% respectively. This was in part due to the presence of alerts for interactions between systemic and topical medications and for alerts generated during medication renewals. Refinement in order check logic could lead to lower override rates and increase practitioner acceptance and effectiveness of order checks.
Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems↗
Paper versus computer: feasibility of an electronic medical record in general pediatrics.
BACKGROUND: Implementation of electronic medical record systems promises significant advances in patient care, because such systems enhance readability, availability, and data quality. Structured data entry (SDE) applications can prompt for completeness, provide greater accuracy and better ordering for searching and retrieval, and permit validity checks for data quality monitoring, research, and especially decision support. A generic SDE application (OpenSDE) to support documentation of patient history and physical examination findings was developed and tailored for the domain of general pediatrics. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate OpenSDE for its completeness, uniformity of reporting, and usability in general pediatrics. METHODS: Four (trainee) pediatricians documented data for 8 first-visit patients in the traditional, paper-based, medical record and immediately thereafter in OpenSDE (electronic record). The 32 paper records obtained served as the common data source for data entry in OpenSDE by the other 3 physicians (transcribed record). Data entered by 2 experienced users, with all patient information present in the paper record, served as the control record. Data entry times were recorded, and a questionnaire was used to assess users' experiences with OpenSDE. RESULTS: Clinicians documented 44% of all available patient information identically in the paper and electronic records. Twenty-five percent of all patient information was documented only in the paper record, and 31% was present only in the electronic record. Differences were found in patient history and physical examination documentation in the electronic record; more information was missing for patient history (38%) than for physical examination (15%). Furthermore, physical examination contained more additional information (39%) than did patient history (21%). The interobserver agreement of documentation of patient information from the same data source was fair to moderate, with kappa values of 0.39 for patient history and 0.40 for physical examination. Data entry times in OpenSDE decreased from 25 minutes to <15 minutes, indicating a learning effect. The questionnaire revealed a positive attitude toward the use of OpenSDE in daily practice. CONCLUSION: OpenSDE seems to be a promising application for the support of physician data entry in general pediatrics.
Documentation↗
Improving medication safety in a neonatal intensive care unit.
PURPOSE: A revision of the medication-use process intended to reduce errors on a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is described. SUMMARY: A multidisciplinary team conducted a systematic review and implemented multifaceted changes to improve the NICU's medication-use process. These changes were made to improve safety and consistency and make the system more user-friendly. A distinct, unit-specific formulary was created for the drug products used on the NICU. Rules were built into the order-entry computer system for these NICU formulary items to identify doses outside the documented range on the basis of body weight. A unit-specific reference was developed detailing all formulary mnemonics, oral drug compounding and i.v. admixture procedures, and guidelines for appropriate product selection. Emergency medication sheets listing the calculated doses by weight for critical or urgent medications were developed; these sheets are provided for every new admission and are updated weekly. End-product-testing procedures for i.v. admixtures and a medication-checking process for the unit's automated dispensing machine were implemented. CONCLUSION: Systematic changes in the medication-use process designed to reduce the opportunity for errors were implemented on an NICU.
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗