SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Musculoskeletal System”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

What cardiovascular defect does my prenatal mouse mutant have, and why?

Since the advent of mouse targeted mutations, gene traps, an escalating use of a variety of complex transgenic manipulations, and large-scale chemical mutagenesis projects yielding many mutants with cardiovascular defects, it has become increasingly evident that defects within the heart and vascular system are largely responsible for the observed in utero lethality of the embryo and early fetus. If a transgenically altered embryo survives implantation but fails to be born, it usually indicates that there is some form of lethal cardiovascular defect present. A number of embryonic organ and body systems, including the central nervous system, gut, lungs, urogenital system, and musculoskeletal system appear to have little or no survival value in utero (Copp, 1995). Cardiovascular abnormalities include the failure to establish an adequate yolk-sac vascular circulation, which results in early lethality (E8.5-10.5); poor cardiac function (E9.0-birth); failure to undergo correct looping and chamber formation of the primitive heart tube (E9.0-11.0); improper septation, including division of the common ventricle and atria and the establishment of a divided outflow tract (E11.0-13.0); inadequate establishment of the cardiac conduction system (E12.0-birth); and the failure of the in utero cardiovascular system to adapt to adult life (birth) and close the interatrial and aorta-pulmonary trunk shunts that are required for normal fetal life. Importantly, the developmental timing of lethality is usually a good indicator of both the type of the cardiovascular defect present and may also suggest the possible underlying cause/s. The purpose of this review is both to review the literature and to provide a beginner's guide for analysing cardiovascular defects in mouse mutants.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Trends in papers presented at meetings of the Society for Pediatric Radiology.

The abstracts of papers presented at the 1959-1994 meetings of the Society for Pediatric Radiology were reviewed and tabulated for organ system and imaging modality chiefly discussed and for number of authors per paper. Among organ systems, the musculoskeletal system and extremities were favored at first, then relatively ignored, then favored again. Interest in the central nervous system and head has been at a high level for the last decade. In modalities, plain radiography and fluoroscopy were dominant for more than 20 years but have now fallen to a much lower level of interest. Ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography have passed all the older techniques and, collectively, have accounted for a large majority of the presentations for the last decade. Changes have been much greater in imaging techniques employed than in organ systems discussed. The number of authors per paper presented grew from 1.0 in 1959 to 1.7 for the 1960-1964 period to 4.1 for the 1990-1994 period.

Congresses as Topic↗

PubMed1991

Presence of embryotoxic factor in the sera of neonates affected by myelomeningocele: a study on chick embryo.

An experimental study on chick embryos was conducted where 0.02 mL of serum, taken from five neonates (1 to 7 days of age) with myelomeningocele was injected separately into the fertile white leghorn eggs, at zero hour of incubation. A total of 150 experimental and 135 control eggs were injected. It was observed that the embryos of chick exposed to experimental serum had an increased frequency of embryonic death and/or gross abnormalities as compared with the control group (chi 2 = 32.07; P less than .001). The anomalies observed were those of neural tube, gastrointestinal system, and musculoskeletal system. In addition, there was a generalized growth retardation among experimental embryos. These malformations are probably due to an embryotoxic factor, which is present in the serum of the baby with myelomeningocele and has been transmitted transplacentally.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Survival after blood transfusion: a study at Rouen university hospital].

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to estimate short term survival rate after blood transfusion according to various criteria. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients admitted and transfused from January, 1 until June, 30 1996 at Rouen university hospital were retrospectively included, and their status (alive or dead) was determined. The characteristics of patients admitted and transfused were compared to the overall population of inpatients. Independent factors associated with mortality six months after blood transfusion were evaluated using Cox model. RESULTS: During the study period, 1887 patients were transfused. These patients were older, more often admitted in surgical or in intensive care units, and had a longer duration of stay, than the overall inpatients population. The survival rate at six months in transfused patients was 76.1%. Mortality rate at six months was independently higher in patients aged 75 and older, in men, in patients admitted in intensive care units, or transfused with homologous fresh-frozen plasma or packed platelet blood cells. Mortality rate was lower in patients who underwent a surgical procedure, in children under 16, and in patients whose stay was classified in "Circulatory system disorders", "Musculoskeletal system and connective tissues disorders or trauma", or "Injuries, allergy or poisoning". CONCLUSION: In this study implemented in a teaching hospital inpatients receiving blood transfusion, the survival was mainly associated with the severity and characteristics of the diseases requiring transfusion.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Death before birth: clues from gene knockouts and mutations.

A survey of mouse gene knockouts, transgene insertions and spontaneous mutations that are lethal prenatally reveals that surprisingly few developmental disturbances lead to death of the embryo and early foetus. These disturbances include failure to establish and maintain a vascular circulation, and failure to make the transition from yolk-sac-based to liver-based haematopoiesis. The embryo must also establish gestation-dependent routes of nutritional interaction with the mother, including implantation, formation of a yolk-sac vascular circulation, and formation of a chorioallantoic placenta. A number of embryonic organ and body systems, including the central nervous system, gut, lungs, urogenital system and musculoskeletal system, appear to have little or no survival value in utero.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Usefulness of musculoskeletal ultrasonography in a University Department of Radiology].

The excellent architectural analysis of muscles, tendons and nerves, the dynamic assessment of theses structures and the easy comparison with the controlateral side explain the usefulness of ultrasonography in the assessment of many musculoskeletal diseases. This technique also represents a pleasant way to learn the musculoskeletal anatomy and allows a better understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of the musculoskeletal system. Finally, musculoskeletal ultrasonography is more and more used in clinical and fundamental research studies.

Humans↗

PubMed1991

Dynamic evaluation of the equine upper respiratory tract.

Each case of suboptimal equine athletic performance should be evaluated in a comprehensive manner, including physical examination; clinical pathologic analysis; and evaluation of the neurologic system, the musculoskeletal system, and the upper and lower respiratory system. A vital part of this examination is the clinical evaluation of dynamic upper respiratory tract function of the horse during treadmill exercise, which allows the observation of upper respiratory tract function during conditions simulating competitive racing. It generally is agreed that the endoscopic identification of an upper respiratory tract abnormality in the resting horse does not necessarily indicate a clinical problem. It is equally certain that the absence of an upper respiratory abnormality at rest does not rule out the presence of an intermittent obstruction during strenuous exercise. Although many upper respiratory abnormalities may be diagnosed at rest (specifically, most cases of continual epiglottic entrapment and total laryngeal paralysis) the diagnosis of intermittent DDSP, intermittent EE, and some cases of idiopathic laryngeal neuropathy necessitates the observation of the upper respiratory tract during strenuous exercise. This diagnostic technique allows absolute documentation of whether upper airway dysfunction is a contributing factor to inadequate athletic performance in each individual horse. In the decade to come, it is clear that the evaluation of potential upper respiratory tract dysfunction as a cause of exercise intolerance should be performed before specific recommendations are made for treatment in each equine athlete. In many cases, this evaluation has circumvented the unnecessary attempt at correction of suspected but nonexistent respiratory dysfunction. Thus, these horses benefit from a continuation of a comprehensive performance evaluation, enabling an elucidation of the true cause of inadequate performance. The routine use of this diagnostic technique at Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine's Equine Sports Medicine Center has greatly expanded the documentation of the diversity of upper respiratory dysfunctions that can occur. It also has enabled a precise description of the anatomic abnormalities resulting in each case of upper airway obstruction. In addition, this new knowledge has made us cautious regarding conventional treatment regimens and allowed the capability to individualize attempts at surgical and managemental correction of each dysfunction to optimize the success of the treatment for each horse.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Detection and analysis of adverse drug reactions in a general hospital's emergency department].

OBJECTIVE: To detect and analyze adverse drug reactions (ADR) leading to emergency room visits in our hospital, as well as their severity and outcome, and medications most commonly involved, from selected alerting diagnoses. METHOD: A retrospective study for the period from January 2003 to December 2004, where all reports by the emergency department including our wanted diagnoses were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 1,626 reports with alerting diagnoses were found, of which 444 (27.3%) were confirmed as potential adverse drug reactions. Of 444 cases, 345 (77.7%) were discharged to their homes and 90 (20%) were admitted. In all, 52.9% of adverse drug reactions were considered moderate, and 19.6% were considered serious. The major age group involved was that of patients older than 65 years (65.1%), and was involved in 83.9% of adverse drug reactions. Drugs most commonly involved included insulins (26.1%), diuretics (17.3%), digoxin (10.9%), and oral antidiabetics (9.5%). Major organs and systems involved included the endocrine system (55.6%), musculoskeletal system (11%) and cardiovascular system (10.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Drugs commonly used in clinical practice, including insulins, diuretics or oral antidiabetics induce many of the adverse reactions that lead patients to visit emergency departments. A closer monitoring of therapies is still needed to prevent adverse drug reactions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Pathogenic mechanisms of fibromyalgia.

The symptomatology characterizing fibromyalgia comprises three systems: the musculoskeletal system with widespread muscular pain, neuroendocrine disorders, and psychological distress including anxiety and depression. Fibromyalgia is predominantly found in middle aged women. Though the most prominent symptom of fibromyalgia is pain in defined regions of the locomotor system, the numerous other somatoform and psychological disorders suppose a common primary disturbance which is considered to originate within higher levels of the central nervous system. Studies of the entire endocrine profile of fibromyalgia patients support the hypothesis that an elevated activity of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) neurons determines not only many symptoms of fibromyalgia but may also cause alterations observed in the hormonal axes. Hypothalamic CRH neurons thus may play a key role not only in resetting the various endocrine loops but possibly also nociceptive and psychological mechanisms as well

Aging↗

PubMed2004

X-linked agammaglobulinemia: a survey of 33 Iranian patients.

In order to determine the clinical and laboratory features of X-linked agammaglobulinemia, the records of 33 male patients with XLA were reviewed during 22 years (1980-2002) in the Iranian referral center of primary immunodeficiency disorders. The patients' ages ranged from 20 to 360 months (median 113 months). The median age at the onset of the disease was 8 months and the median age of diagnosis was 48 months, with a median diagnosis delay of 33 months. Almost all of the patients presented common infectious diseases, which were: pneumonia, otitis, diarrhea, sinusitis, and arthritis. During the course of illness, infections in the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, and musculoskeletal system were seen in 93.9%, 75.8%, 33.3%, and 21.2% of XLA patients, respectively. The most common complications of these patients were chronic infections in 75.8% of them, including: chronic otitis media, chronic sinusitis, chronic diarrhea, and bronchiectasis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Hospitalizations among employees in the Danish hotel and restaurant industry.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to provide a broad picture of the morbidity among employees in the Danish hotel and restaurant industry. METHODS: Cohorts of all 20-59-year-old employees in the Danish hotel and restaurant industry in the years 1981, 1986, 1991 and 1994 were formed to calculate age-standardized hospitalization ratios (SHR) and time trends (1981-1997) for many different diagnoses. RESULTS: Both for women and men, significantly higher SHRs were found for infectious and parasitic diseases, neoplasms, diseases in the nervous system and sense organs, diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the respiratory system, diseases of the digestive system and diseases of the musculoskeletal system among employees in hotels and restaurants than in the digestive system and diseases of the musculoskeletal system among employees in hotels and restaurants than in the working population at large. Furthermore, among women a significantly elevated risk was found for injuries in the lower extremities, injuries in the upper extremities and head injuries, and among men a high risk was found for head injuries and a low risk for ruptures in ligaments and muscles. The trend assessments did not detect any significant changes in SHRs over time. CONCLUSION: Employment in the Danish hotel and restaurant industry is associated with an elevated hospitalization risk due to many diseases, which may be related to occupation and lifestyle. In line with the official policy of reducing inequality in health, focus should be placed on the health problems in this group.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Are Gulf War veterans suffering war-related illnesses? Federal and civilian hospitalizations examined, June 1991 to December 1994.

A previous epidemiologic study demonstrated no unexplained increase in risk for postwar hospitalization among Gulf War veterans who had remained on active duty. The authors sought to expand this study to include Reserve and separated military personnel. They examined hospitalization data from the Department of Defense, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), and the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development hospital systems for the years 1991-1994. Since denominator data were not available, the authors compared the proportional morbidity ratios (PMRs) of hospitalization discharge diagnoses (both large categories and specific diagnoses) between Gulf War veterans and other veterans of the same era. There were no indications that Gulf War veterans were suffering increased PMRs for infectious diseases; neoplasms; endocrine diseases; blood diseases; skin conditions; or diseases of the nervous system, circulatory system, or musculoskeletal system. However, these veterans did experience proportionally more hospitalizations for various specific diagnoses, namely, fractures and bone and soft-tissue injuries (Department of Defense and California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development), various diseases of the respiratory (including asthma) and digestive systems (VA), and diverse symptom diagnoses (VA). While these findings may be influenced by chance or by a number of potential confounders, including health registry participation, they merit further examination using other study designs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Congenital malformations and maternal drinking water supply in rural South Australia: a case-control study.

A case-control study, carried out in the Mount Gambier region of South Australia, investigated the relationship between mothers' antenatal drinking water source and malformations in offspring. It was prompted by earlier descriptive findings of a statistically significant, and localized, increase in the perinatal mortality rate in Mount Gambier, due principally to congenital malformations affecting the central nervous system and multiple organ systems. Available for statistical analysis were 218 case-control pairs, from the period 1951-1979, individually matched by hospital, maternal age (+/- 2 years), parity and date of birth (+/- 1 month). Compared with women who drank only rainwater during their pregnancy (relative risk (RR) = 1.0), women who consumed principally groundwater had a statistically significant increase in risk of bearing a malformed child (RR = 2.8). Statistically significant risk increases occurred specifically for malformations of the central nervous system and musculoskeletal system. Reanalysis of the data by estimated water nitrate concentration demonstrated a nearly threefold increase in risk for women who drank water containing 5-15 ppm of nitrate, and a fourfold increase in risk for those consuming greater than 15 ppm of nitrate. A seasonal gradient in risk was evident among groundwater consumers, ranging from 0.9 for babies conceived in winter, 3.0 in autumn, to 7.0 and 6.3 for spring and summer conceptions, respectively. Linear logistic regression analysis, controlling for risk factors not accounted for in the study design, showed that maternal water supply, infant's sex, and mother's area of residence all contributed significantly to the risk of malformation. These results are discussed in relation to previous experimental and human descriptive studies, suggesting a plausible mechanism for nitrate-induced teratogenesis.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1979

Health problems of anaesthetists and their families in the West Midlands.

A survey of all anaesthetists in the West Midlands region--that is, 10% of all the anaesthetists in England and Wales--showed that one in 10 of their children had been referred to a consultant because of a congenital or nonacquired anomaly. Abortions among anaesthetists' families were also common but more so when the mother was an anaesthetist. The anomalies were concentrated particularly in the central nervous system and musculoskeletal system, and girls were worst affected. The mean birth weights were below normal, more so when the mothers were anaesthetists. Girls with anomalies were particularly underweight. Other effects observed were unexpected infertility, cancer both in the adults and in the children, and, possibly, impaired intellectual development in the children. Many anaesthetising areas were inadequately ventilated, and scavenging devices despite their inefficiency are recommended as a stopgap measure. The results of the study closely resemble those of other studies with similar high response rates to requests for information.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Contribution of Latin America to pharmacovigilance.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacovigilance activities have been ongoing for 4 decades. However, little is known (especially outside of the area) about the contribution of Latin America to this field. OBJECTIVE: To review and quantify the published literature on pharmacovigilance in Latin American countries. DATA SOURCES: We searched electronic databases including MEDLINE (1966-2004), EMBASE (1980-2004), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-2004), Toxline (1992-2004), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (1982-2004), Sistema de Información Esencial en Terapéutica y Salud (1980-2004), and the Pan American Health Organization Web site (1970-2004) for articles on pharmacovigilance or adverse drug reactions in any of the 19 major Latin American countries. Papers were retrieved and categorized according to content and country of origin by 2 independent reviewers. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: There were 195 usable articles from 13 countries. DATA SYNTHESIS: Fifty-one of the papers retrieved dealt with pharmacovigilance centers (15 national centers, 10 hospitals, 26 other), 55 covered pharmacovigilance itself (21 theoretical papers, 9 with description of models, 25 educational papers), and 89 were pharmacoepidemiologic studies of adverse drug reactions (69 case reports, 13 observational cohorts, 2 cohort studies, 1 randomized clinical trial, 4 clinical papers on adverse reaction management). Studies have increased exponentially since 1980. Five countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Venezuela) published reports from national centers. No studies were found from 6 countries: Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, or Uruguay. Most studied categories were antiinfectives and drugs affecting the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and musculoskeletal system. CONCLUSIONS: Contributions of Latin American countries to the field of pharmacovigilence have been remarkable, considering the constraints on these countries. A need exists for an increased number of formal pharmacovigilance studies and research using methodologically stronger pharmacoepidemiologic models.

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions↗

PubMed1996

Volume rendering of visible human data for an anatomical virtual environment.

In this work, we utilize the axial anatomical human male sections from the National Library of Medicine's Visible Human Project to generate three-dimensional (3-D) volume representations of the human male subject. The two-dimensional (2-D) projection images were produced by combining ray tracing techniques with automated image segmentation routines. The resultant images provide accurate and realistic volumetric representations of the Visible Human data set which is ultimately needed in medical virtual environment simulation. Ray tracing techniques provide methods by which 2-D volume views of a 3-D voxel array can be produced. The cross-sectional images can be scanned at different angles to produce rotated views of the voxel array. By combining volume views at incremental angles over 360 degrees a full volumetric representation of the voxel array, in this case the human male data set, can be computer generated and displayed without the speed and memory limitations of trying to display the entire data array. Additional texture and feature information can be obtained from the data by applying optical property equations to the ray scans. The imaging effects that can be added to volume renderings using these equations include shading, shadowing, and transparency. The automated segmentation routines provide a means to distinguish between various anatomical structures of the body. These routines can be used to differentiate between skin, fat, muscle, cartilage, blood vessels, and bone. By combining automated segmentation routines with the ray-tracing techniques, 2-D volume views of various anatomical structures and features can be isolated from the full data set. Examples of these segmentation abilities are demonstrated for the human male data set which include volume views of the skeletal systems, the musculoskeletal system, and part of the vascular system. The methods described above allow us to generate lifelike images, NURBS surface models, and realistic texture maps of specific anatomical structures. We have the capability to generate images that are both accurate and lifelike, much like photographic anatomical atlases. We can also generate images, models, and textures that have the clarity of medical artwork/illustrations, by highlighting the coloring of the ray traced structures with conventional colors instead of the natural color of the specimen. We are currently in the process of generating a comprehensive reference atlas of volume rendered images of the human body, soon to be published by Mosby-Year Book. The segmentation techniques needed to create this atlas also offer the accuracy and realism needed to create surface models and texture maps for a virtual environment for surgery simulation.

Anatomy, Cross-Sectional↗

PubMed2003

Long-term disability among aviators in Japan Air Self-Defense Force: analysis of 260 cases.

BACKGROUND: As part of a study of the risks associated with aviator incapacitation, we identified the diseases that caused long-term disability (LTD) among aviators in the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF), and then assessed the magnitude of the problem that each group of diseases represented with regard to the safety of flight. METHODS: Case-notes for JASDF aviators who stopped work for more than 3 mo during 1980-2002 were identified from all files kept at the Medical Evaluation Section of the Aeromedical Laboratory. The case-notes were divided into four age groups and analyzed by diagnostic category or injury. RESULTS: We identified 260 aviators with LTD, including 217 active-duty pilots and 43 navigators with flying status. Of those, 59 cases (22.7%) had permanent disability for flight. About 75% of LTD cases could be attributed to five diagnostic categories: neoplasms, nervous system and sense organs, circulatory system, digestive system, and musculoskeletal system. Peaks in LTD were found in the 20-29 and 40-49 age-groups. In the younger group, 78.2% of the patients were students, of whom 23 were found to have a disability associated with a preexisting medical condition which was not detected in the initial screening process for pilots. In the 20-29 yr age-group, the most common reason for LTD was the nervous system and sense organs, while in the 40-49 yr age-group it was the circulatory system. CONCLUSION: Reduction in the frequency of LTD might be accomplished by improving the medical screening process for applicants and emphasizing the prevention of circulatory diseases during a pilot's career.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Use of animal models for space flight physiology studies, with special focus on the immune system.

Animal models have been used to study the effects of space flight on physiological systems. The animal models have been used because of the limited availability of human subjects for studies to be carried out in space as well as because of the need to carry out experiments requiring samples and experimental conditions that cannot be performed using humans. Experiments have been carried out in space using a variety of species, and included developmental biology studies. These species included rats, mice, non-human primates, fish, invertebrates, amphibians and insects. The species were chosen because they best fit the experimental conditions required for the experiments. Experiments with animals have also been carried out utilizing ground-based models that simulate some of the effects of exposure to space flight conditions. Most of the animal studies have generated results that parallel the effects of space flight on human physiological systems. Systems studied have included the neurovestibular system, the musculoskeletal system, the immune system, the neurological system, the hematological system, and the cardiovascular system. Hindlimb unloading, a ground-based model of some of the effects of space flight on the immune system, has been used to study the effects of space flight conditions on physiological parameters. For the immune system, exposure to hindlimb unloading has been shown to results in alterations of the immune system similar to those observed after space flight. This has permitted the development of experiments that demonstrated compromised resistance to infection in rodents maintained in the hindlimb unloading model as well as the beginning of studies to develop countermeasures to ameliorate or prevent such occurrences. Although there are limitations to the use of animal models for the effects of space flight on physiological systems, the animal models should prove very valuable in designing countermeasures for exploration class missions of the future.

Animals↗