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PubMed1998

Vector-borne parasitic diseases--an overview of recent changes.

This paper summarises the impact of different changes (environmental, ecological, developmental) on the one hand, with the impact of control measures on the other. The former group of changes have tended to exacerbate the incidence and prevalence of vector-borne parasitic diseases while the reduced public funds available for the health sector have reduced disease surveillance systems. However, some vector control/eradication programmes have been successful. Vector control in onchocerciasis and Chagas' disease and immediate host control in Guinea worm have reduced the public health importance of these disease. This contrasts, with malaria, where the complexity of different ecological situations and the variable vector ecology have made control difficult and epidemics frequent and unpredictable. Advances in our knowledge of how to implement and sustain insecticide-impregnated bednets which reduce morbidity and mortality in under 5-year olds will be a key issue for the coming years. In African trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis, where control is dependent on effective diagnosis and surveillance followed by high-cost drug treatment, the health services are faced with major challenges--lack of drug availability and diagnostics no vector control--the diseases in some areas assuming epidemic status yet health services are unable to respond. Human African trypanosomiasis and visceral leishmaniasis are fatal if untreated, and require an emergency response approach. Changing vector distribution of Glossina is related to the ability of riverine flies of Glossina palpalis group to adapt to new vegetation patterns. In leishmaniasis changes have occurred in the distribution of the disease associated with development impact, urbanisation, civil unrest and changed agroforestry practice.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Human eosinophils and parasitic diseases: light and electron microscopy evidence of interaction with sheep erythrocyte.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible formation of spontaneous rosettes between human eosinophils and sheep erythrocytes. In patients with parasitic diseases a percentage of 15.7 +/- 6 (range 6-23%), eosinophils were able to form rosettes. Each rosette showed as few as four to eight erythrocytes attached per eosinophil. Two types of interaction were observed at the electron microscope: point attachments and large surface contacts. In patients with non-parasite induced eosinophilia the formation of rosettes is decidedly below the above-mentioned percentage (less than 2%) or totally absent. It follows that during parasitic infections with blood eosinophilia, whatever the mechanism responsible, the formation of spontaneous rosettes could be diagnostic significance and might reflect qualitative or quantitative modifications in the eosinophil population.

Cell Survival↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Lymnic snails from the microregion of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil with an emphasis on parasite disease vectors].

A malacological survey to detect foci of transmission of schistosomiasis and other parasitic diseases was undertaken into water-courses from 13 municipalities of microregion of Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. From 1990 to 1996, 22,066 snails were collected. From those, 378 (1.7%) were found infected by trematodes: Biomphalaria glabrata (7,920), infected by Schistosoma mansoni (1.9%), Echinostomatidae (1.2%), Strigeidae (0.6%), Cercaria minense (0.1%) and Derogenidae (-0.1%); B. straminea (4,093) infected by Strigeidae (0.6%), Echinostomatidae (0.2%), Clinostomatidae (-0.1%) and two unidentified cercariae; B. tenagophila (1,338), infected by Strigeidae (0.1%) and Physa marmorata (1,776) by Echinostomatidae (1.6%). The snails Biomphalaria peregrina, B. occidentalis, B. schrammi, Drepanotrema depressissimum, D. lucidum, D. cimex, Physa cubensis, Lymnaea columella, Melania tuberculata, Idiopyrgus souleyetianus, Pomacea sp, Anodontites sp and Ancylidae were found noninfected. Snails from 9 municipalities were infected by S. mansoni and from 11 by other trematodes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Emile Brumpt's contribution to the characterization of parasitic diseases in Brazil, 1909-1914.

During the first thirty years of the XXth century, parasitologists and epidemiologists who were at the origin of the nosography and etiology of parasitic diseases were faced with several overlapping problems. A person can be infected simultaneoulsy by several different parasites. The delineation of clinical signs is an essential step, in the field and without the help of the laboratory, to identify the various parasitic pathologies and to propose the most likely diagnoses. The use of photography as a nosographic tool enabled the French parasitologist Emile Brumpt (1877-1951) to set up clinical pictures, given the multiplicity of pathologies on a given patient (for instance, goitre and ankylostomiasis, ankylostomiasis and myxoedema, "sylvan" leishmaniasis and palpebral oedema, goitre and Chagas' disease). We will set the paper on a part of Brumpt's photographic archives which he constitued during his missions to South America between 1913 and 1914.

Brazil↗
PubMed1989

[New anthelmintics and new treatment systems for the control of parasitic diseases of cattle in pastures].

Advanced knowledge of the epizootiology of parasitic gastroenteritis and the introduction of new anthelmintics and new application systems allow new strategies to control parasites of cattle on pastures. Ideally, parasitic gastro-enteritis is prevented by evasive grazing, i.e. the animals are driven every two weeks to new and not yet contaminated pastures, and the application of anthelmintics is not necessary. Midsummer treatment is most effective when combined with a move to non-contaminated pastures (Weybridge dose and move system). Following the introduction of the slow-release-devices, the prophylaxis of parasitic gastro-enteritis became much easier. The device, which is usually called bolus, is administered before turnout and it results in an effective reduction of the infection risk throughout the grazing season. Treatment following 3, 6 and 9 weeks after turnout prevents the development of dangerous numbers of infective larvae on the pasture in the second half of the grazing season. This system is known as Glasgow model. The pulse-release boluses follow the same principle and they offer the advantage of application at turnout and of releasing the anthelmintic in full doses at intervals. Treatment at the beginning of housing is only necessary when measures to prevent parasitic gastro-enteritis during the grazing season were not sufficient. All strategic measures reduce the risk of lung worm disease, but they do not prevent lung worm infection completely. On farms with a high lung worm pressure, additional control measures may be necessary. In areas with high risk of liver fluke infection, treatment in July may reduce pasture contamination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Popular education as a tool for redirecting strategies to deal with infectious and parasitic diseases].

There has been a comprehensive debate among different methodological approaches in Primary Health Care Services which inform different types of action to deal with infectious diseases, some of them emphasizing the community involvement in the search for solutions. This study aimed to clarify methodologies for popular education in the health field, specifically those most appropriate for the present institutional context, besides analyzing their meaning in dealing with infectious and parasitic diseases. The study involved a health center on the outskirts of the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. While working to improve this clinic's educational practices, the author attempted to identify and investigate the difficulties and potentialities in the relationship between health professionals and the population. He also focused on showing how cultural, cognitive, and subjective issues can both hamper and facilitate the health services' functioning, indicating the need for health organizations to deal with such issues in a systematic and clear-cut way. This action-based research thus centers on participant observation, whereby involvement in the problems of malnourished children led to a series of changes in the relationship with the local community.

Brazil↗
PubMed1993

[Parasitic diseases in Dong-Eui-Bo-Kam].

Dong-Eui-Bo-Kam is a medical book of Korean traditional medicine, which is of encyclopedic characteristics. Its contents imply almost every field of medicine. There are also descriptions of human parasites in this book under the title of 'Worms'. Worms described in the book are Sam-Shi-Choong, Ku-Choong (nine worms) and Oh-Jang-Choong (worms of five organs). Among these Sam-Shi-Choong are not real worms, but quite mythological ones which have been mentioned in the religious Taoism. It is well-known that Dong-Eui-Bo-Kam has Taoistic characteristics. We can verify this characteristics by the fact that it mentions Sam-Shi-Choong on the top of the title 'Worms'. Dominant pathologic theory in the traditional medicine is a kind of balance theory, which defines the healthy state as the harmonious equilibrium of body elements. On the contrary parasitic diseases suppose real agents as the causes of diseases. This point of view appeares to be quite different from traditional pathologic view.

History, Modern 1601-↗
PubMed1997

Deer and their parasites: disease or coexistence?

The occurrence of different parasites in roe (Capreolus capreolus), and red deer (Cervus elaphus) were examined during the period 1972-1995. Deer shot at random or found dead were examined and parasitological status of a farmed red deer herd has been observed regularly. Age, carcass weight, physical condition and pathological features were checked or measured. Of the parasites, 38 species in roe and 18 in red deer were identified and at least 11 of them were shared by both hosts. None of them seems to be pathogenic for these hosts, not considerating local alterations. Disease or mortality together with excessive parasite burden were found only in specimens or herds living in captivity. Beside lungworms, protozoans as well as hair louse may occur in high intensity due to the stress-related diathesis of the host organism. Therefore the relation of deer and their native parasites can be considered as a coexistence rather than a harmful impact of the latter. Parasites of direct development can serve as bioindicators, monitoring the health status of the host individuals, herds or their habitat quality. Finally, the indigenous parasitofauna of roe and red deer and the large variety of their other intermediate and final hosts represent a colourful example of biodiversity.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The treatment and control of parasitic diseases.

In many parts of world, transmission of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum can no longer be controlled by insecticides. Furthermore, this species has developed an amazing capacity for resistance to polyvalent drugs. The advent of new drugs and the possibility of developing a vaccine offer some hope for control of falciparum malaria. The fact that the spread of many parasitic diseases is promoted by contaminated water supplies resulting from inadequate waste disposal raises important questions about the relevance of current research. The control of some endemic infections, like Chagas' disease, would be better served by delivery of available technology than by improved science education. Discovery of means to promote self-help programs in rural communities will be an important aspect of research in disease control in the future.

Africa↗
PubMed1990

[Hepatectomy in repeated operations on patients with parasitic diseases of the liver].

The results of resection of the liver in repeated operations on patients with parasitic disease of the liver are discussed. Operations were conducted on 22 patients with alveococcosis and 7 patients with echinococcosis. By means of the method of atypical liver resection radical operations were performed on 20 patients (69%) and palliative resections of the liver in 9 patients (31%). The palliative resections were combined with cryodestruction of the remaining parasitic tissue, which improved the therapeutic effect significantly and prolonged the patients' survival. The volume of the resection ranged from a segment to one half of the liver. The fatality rate was 6.8%.

Adult↗