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PubMed1990

Physical exercise enhances plasma levels of extrinsic pathway inhibitor (EPI).

The risk of cardiovascular complications is reported to be several times higher in severe exercise than in daily activity. EPI-mediated inhibition of factor VIIa/thromboplastin enzymatic activity is believed to be an important modulator of blood coagulation during hemostasis. The plasma concentration of EPI, corrected for changes in plasma volume, was determined in healthy male subjects prior to, immediately after and at various time intervals after strenuous exercise of different duration. A slight, but significant decrease in EPI (7.5 +/- 2.8%, p less than 0.03) was found after a short term run (1.7 km), whereas no significant change was seen after a middle term run (4.8 km). In contrast, we observed a marked increase in EPI after a long term run (20.3 +/- 6.9%, p less than 0.03) and in a second group of athletes participating in the Norwegian championship of 30 km cross country skiing (39.9 +/- 10.3%, p less than 0.02). A peak value was reached 2 h after the run, and after that the curve started to approach baseline values. The rise in EPI might reflect a significant release of EPI from the endothelium that is greater than eventually any consumption. Another explanation for this enhancement in EPI might be that the increase in lipoprotein lipase activity after physical exercise causes a rise in the availability of EPI since EPI is known to be associated with lipoproteins in the circulation. It is hypothesized that mobilization of EPI during extensive physical exercise may suppress activation of the clotting system.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Physical exercise and juvenile diabetes--summary and conclusions.

The various metabolic effects of physical exercise in ketotic diabetics, non-ketotic diabetics and non-diabetics are summarized. A favorable metabolic effect is only observed during optimal insulin administration, while in ketotic diabetics exercise may aggravate the metabolic situation. The use of exercise as a tool in the routine treatment of young diabetics is described. Activity-produced hypoglycemia should be prevented through an adequate food intake and through patient education. Regular exercise may postpone the appearance of diabetic microangiopathy.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1↗

PubMed1997

Influence of moderate physical exercise on insulin-mediated and non-insulin-mediated glucose uptake in healthy subjects.

To establish the relative importance of insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness during exercise using Bergman's minimal model, 12 nontrained healthy subjects were studied at rest and during 95 minutes of moderate exercise (50% maximum oxygen consumption [VO2max]). Each subject underwent two frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests (FSIGTs) for 90 minutes, at rest (FSIGTr) and during exercise (FSIGTe). Plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide were determined. Insulin sensitivity (S(I)), glucose effectiveness at basal insulin (S(G)), insulin action [X(t)], and first-phase (phi1) and second-phase (phi2) beta-cell responsiveness to glucose were estimated using both minimal models of glucose disposal (MMg) and insulin kinetics (MMi). Glucose effectiveness at zero insulin (GEZI), glucose tolerance index (K(G)), and the area under the insulin curve (AUC(0-90)) were also calculated. Intravenous glucose tolerance improved significantly during physical exercise. During exercise, S(I) (FSIGTr v FSIGTe: 8.5 +/- 1.0 v 25.5 +/- 7.2 x 10(-5) x min(-1) [pmol x L(-1)]-1, P < .01), S(G) (0.195 +/- 0.03 v 0.283 +/- 0.03 x 10(-1) x min(-1), P < .05), and GEZI (0.190 +/- 0.03 v 0.269 +/- 0.04 x 10(-1) x min(-1), P < .05) increased; however, no changes in phi1 and phi2 were found. Despite a significant decrease in the insulin response to glucose (AUC0-90, 21,000 +/- 2,008 v 14,340 +/- 2,596 pmol x L(-1) x min, P < .01), insulin action [X(t)] was significantly higher during the FSIGTe. These results show that physical exercise improves mainly insulin sensitivity, and to a lesser degree, glucose effectiveness. During exercise, the insulin response to glucose was lower than at rest, but beta-cell responsiveness to glucose did not change.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of treatment with vasodilators on physical exercise tolerance in patients with chronic congestive heart failure].

The studies were performed in 46 patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CCHF), III and IV NYHA classes. During the first two weeks all patients received digoxin (D) and furosemide (F) in optimal doses (stage O). Then, patients were randomly divided into two groups. During the stage A group I (n = 26) received digoxin, furosemide and nifedipine (N), while in the stage B captopril (K) was added to that treatment and it was continued for 4 weeks. During the following two weeks (stage C) patients were treated the same as in stage A. During the same stages group II (n = 20) received D, F and isosorbide dinitrate (S), then, D, F, S and K followed by D, F and S, respectively. After the termination of each stage of the treatment all patients performed physical exercise on bicycle ergometer, until limiting symptoms have occurred. Power (M) and duration (t) of exercise, systolic (ps) and diastolic (Pd) arterial blood pressures, heart rate (HR) at the peak load, and HR x Ps and HR/M indices were determined. It was found that N did not significantly affect the investigated ergometric parameters. Combined treatment with D, F, N and K induced an increase in M, t and HR, and a decrease in. This effect persisted through the stage C. Following the treatment with D, F and S, a significant increase in M and decrease in HR/M were observed. Addition of K to D, F, and S did not induce further improvement in the physical exercise tolerance of these patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Pain clinic #10. Physical exercise in the treatment of low back pain. Part II: A practical regimen of stretching exercise.

In the first article of this three part series, research evidence for physical exercise in the treatment of low back pain were examined and data documenting significant therapeutic benefits was identified. However, different types and philosophies of exercise abound and, in clinical practice, little research evidence exists for substantiating one approach over another. This article will outline a practical physical stretching program with both empirical and research value in the treatment of over 4,100 patients with complaints of low back pain.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Metabolic response to heavy physical exercise before and after a 3-month training period.

Twenty healthy athletes performed a heavy physical exercise before and after a controlled training period of 3 months. As a result of physical training there was a reduction in lactate concentration during and after exercise. Plasma free fatty acids and triglyceride levels were lower at rest as well as during and after exercise. Insulin concentrations decreased during exercise before the training period whereas they remained constant afterwards. The composition of individual free fatty acids changed in the same way during exercise before and after training: fatty acids with shorter hydrocarbon chains increased, those with longer chains decreased. Comparing the pattern of individual free fatty acids before and after training a higher percentage of saturated and a lower percentage of mono-unsaturated fatty acids was observed. It is concluded that changes in the plasma free fatty acid profile during heavy exercise reflect a preferential uptake and oxidation of certain individual free fatty acids. The significance of training-induced changes in the plasma free fatty acid pattern is discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Do beta blockers prevent pressor responses to mental stress and physical exercise?

Do beta blockers prevent the elevation of blood pressure induced by physical exercise and mental stress? The variations of blood pressure and pulse rate observed with dynamic effort and during tests of mental calculation, colour stress, and grip strength were measured in 15 hypertensive patients, before and after treatment with atenolol (100 mg day-1) and in a series of 16 normotensive control subjects. With treatment, the systolic and diastolic blood pressures and the pulse rate were significantly lowered in the hypertensive patients at rest. The tests of mental stress and static physical effort caused a rise in blood pressure, significantly greater in the untreated patients than in the control subjects. Atenolol diminished the rise in systolic blood pressure and pulse rate secondary to a dynamic effort, but did not significantly alter the blood pressure variations induced by static physical effort and mental stress. These findings are in agreement with previous results obtained with other beta blockers.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed1978

Stress fractures caused by physical exercise.

A series of 142 stress fractures caused by sporting activities and physical exercise is presented. 121 fractures occurred in athletes and 21 in non-competitive sportsmen. Distance runners presented with 68 fractures, skiers 12, sprinters 10, orienteering runners 9, vaulters 3, and football-players 3 fractures. Athletes engaged in other events had fewer stress fractures. 76 fractures occurred in the tibia, 26 in the metatarsal bones, 20 in the fibula, 5 in the femoral neck, 4 in the femoral shaft, and 2 in the metacapal bones, lower pubic arch and sesamoid bones of the first MTP-joint. There was one fracture of each of the following: the humeral shaft, the ulna, the vertebral arch of L 5, the tarsal navicular and the proximal phalanx of the fifth toe. The treatment was generally a pause in training for 4-6 weeks, on the average. Running caused most of the stress fractures; the rest followed jumping exercises. The athletes mostly developed stress fractures during a period of alteration from one training session to another or during the preparation period close to the competition season. Joggers usually developped stress fractures 2-4 months after the beginning of regular training.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Carnitine in muscle, serum, and urine of nonprofessional athletes: effects of physical exercise, training, and L-carnitine administration.

Efficient utilization of fatty acids to sustain prolonged physical efforts is thought to be dependent on the carnitine shuttle of muscle. A study has been carried out in 24 athletes (13 long-distance runners and 11 sprinters). These subjects received placebo or L-carnitine (1 g/orally b.i.d.) during a 6-month period of training. In endurance athletes, training induced lowering of total and free muscle carnitine. Increase of esterified muscle carnitine was also observed. Post-exertional overflow of acetylcarnitine and long-chain acylcarnitine, as well as reduction of the free fraction was also noticed in the blood. Fasting plasma carnitine levels, however, were not affected in carnitine-treated athletes at rest. These changes were likely related with the significantly increased urinary excretion of esterified and total carnitine which occurred after physical exercise. In the sprinters only, a decrease in free and total carnitine of muscle was detected after training. Both these potentially unfavorable effects were prevented by oral administration of L-carnitine. Our data suggest that training in endurance athletes, and to a lesser extent, in sprinters, is associated with a decrease in free and total carnitine of muscle, due to an increased overflow of short-chain carnitine esters in urine.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Changes in erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase activity due to physical exercise.

Changes in erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (RBC-CA) activity due to physical exercise were investigated using a measuring apparatus based on the electrometric method. RBC-CA activities were slightly changed due to transient aerobic (20-min run) or anaerobic (200-m run) exercise in moderately trained subjects, but there were no fixed trends. In 3 weeks of weight training, there were no differences in RBC-CA activities between before training and after 1 day of recovery in both trained and untrained subjects. However, after 1 week of recovery, RBC-CA activities slightly decreased in both types of subjects. The trained subjects showed higher levels of RBC-CA activity than the untrained subjects before and after training. The rest values of RBC-CA activity were higher in trained subjects than in untrained subjects. It was evident that RBC-CA activities were higher in subjects (especially in long-distance runners, swimmers etc.) who had undergone long-term strenuous aerobic training.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Physical exercise. The results in hypertensive patients of area 30 of the Policlínico Docente Lawson].

Systematic physical training influences upon a series of changes which occurs in the body, not only improves the cardiovascular functioning, but every organ and system, it increases the functional capacity of the individual, reduces tension due to stress and controls arterial tension figures. Regarding the aforementioned aspects, a study in 50 patients representing 100% of hypertensive subjects involved in a physical exercise program without any other associated disease is made with the aim of determining the influence of systematic physical activity upon the treatment of arterial hypertension. Results show that in most of the patients who previously had high tension values, hypertension was controlled or improved by systematic physical training and the use of drugs was also reduced or eliminated.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Indoor travel and simple tasks as physical exercise for people with profound multiple disabilities.

2 to 4 30-min. periods of indoor travel and simple tasks were arranged daily as physical exercise for two women with profound mental retardation, deafness, and profound visual impairment. The questions were whether (a) the women could manage this fairly extensive exercise regimen (over about 9 and 4.5 mo.) with support technology and only minimal staff supervision and (b) the exercise could affect aspects of the women's physical condition. Data indicated that both women could successfully manage the exercise regimen with support technology, and the exercise seemed to have some beneficial effects on physical aspects such as bone metabolism and step width.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Influence of diet and physical exercise on plasma lipid concentrations in an homogeneous sample of young Spanish Air Force pilots.

This study evaluates the influence of diet and physical exercise on plasma lipid concentrations--total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and the TC:HDL-C ratio, in a homogeneous (age, sex and anxiety levels) group of young pilots divided into the following groups: A. uncontrolled diet and exercise programme; B. controlled diet and uncontrolled exercise programme; C. controlled diet and exercise programme (n = 90). The dietary intake was a typical Mediterranean diet, which was supervised by the Flight Surgeon. The exercise was based on a physical training programme for pilots, directed by the Physical Training Officer. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory test was performed to evaluate the anxiety levels. This test was supervised by a psychologist. The results showed a marked difference in all the lipid parameters studied between groups with an ad libitum diet versus groups with a controlled diet, this difference being demonstrated by TC and TG concentrations lower in the group with a controlled diet, than in the group with an ad libitum diet. A difference in HDL-C concentrations and TC:HDL-C ratio was found between groups with regular physical training (high HDL-C concentration and low TC:HDL-C ratio) versus groups with unlimited exercise (low HDL-C concentrations and high TC:HDL-C ratio). No differences in the state and trait of anxiety were found among any of the groups. Nevertheless, all the pilots showed a considerable increase in their anxiety state over their own anxiety trait.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[Proposal for a new method for evaluation of physical exercise capacity in patients with chronic respiratory disease].

We developed a new method of evaluating the tolerance for physical exercise in patients with chronic respiratory disease. Using a newly developed portable pulse oxymeter, with which we could measure kinetic energy (physical activity), calculated from the vertical acceleration involved in physical movements in the patient's daily life, we considered the correlation between the characteristics of the distribution of oxygen saturation (SpO2) and the degree of physical activity. The characteristics of SpO2 distribution in normal healthy subjects are uniform at all degrees of physical activity. In patients with chronic respiratory disease who complained of dyspnea on exertion, these characteristics became more uneven as physical activity increased. By comparing the characteristics of SpO2 distributions at rest with those at certain degrees of physical activity, we could quantitatively evaluate the exercise tolerance of patients with chronic respiratory disease, while monitoring their physical activity and SpO2 in daily life, without burdening the patients with stress such as would be imposed by the treadmill test. This new method is applicable for determining the indications for home oxygen therapy. Its application in home health care could offer a useful evaluation of a patient's activities of daily living and also early discovery of aggravation of chronic respiratory failure.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

The influence of a steroid hormone and of physical exercise on protein metabolism in rats.

The influence of an anabolic steroid hormone preparation and of a physical exercise training program was studied on the nitrogen and protein metabolism in rats with the help of the 15N tracer technique and the emission spectrometric 15N isotope analysis. For the determination of the dynamic parameters of the protein metabolism graphic (stochastic) and computer aided compartmental methods were compared. Using as a stochastic approach the area-method the animals showed significant differences in the protein turnover parameters under the influence of hormone treatment and (or) physical stress by swimming exercise in comparison to the controls.

Anabolic Agents↗

PubMed1996

[Physical exercise and heart failure. A review article].

This review discusses the therapeutic value of physical exercise in patients with congestive heart failure. The possible circulatory, peripheral and metabolic mechanisms involved are discussed. Relevant clinical research in this field is reviewed. Physical training appears to be a safe and efficacious intervention in this large population.

Exercise↗

PubMed1984

Effect of physical exercise on plasma melatonin levels in normal volunteers.

Plasma melatonin, cortisol and prolactin levels were determined in clinically normal adult Black male volunteers before, immediately after, and 1 hour after a period of controlled physical exercise. In all subjects the levels of these three hormones showed highly significant increases immediately after exercise and returned to pre-exercise levels 1 hour after physical exertion. In subjects who exercised in a room with reduced environmental lighting (54 lux), the plasma melatonin level immediately after exercise was significantly higher than in the group who exercised in a room with a lighting level of 320 lux. Reduction of environmental lighting had no effect on the plasma cortisol and prolactin values immediately after exercise. Significant positive relationships between post-exercise melatonin levels and body mass, age and pulse rate were noted in all volunteers. Since plasma melatonin reached a plateau level after 30 minutes, it is suggested that controlled exercise (step-climbing), which induces an energy output of 185 W/m2 body surface, conducted in a room with reduced environmental lighting for a period of 30 minutes, may form the basis for a pineal function test.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Effect of physical exercise on sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin in humans.

The effect of acute physical exercise on insulin sensitivity and responsiveness of glucose uptake and hepatic glucose production was studied. Seven untrained men were subjected to four sequential euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps after rest (R), immediately after exercise (E), as well as 48 h after 60 min of 150 W ergometer exercise (ER). Insulin-mediated glucose uptake was higher on E and ER days compared with R days. Apparent Km decreased after exercise (52 +/- 3 R vs. 43 +/- 4 E and 40 +/- 3 ER microU/ml, means +/- SE) and Vmax increased (9.5 +/- 0.8 R vs. 10.9 +/- 0.7 E and 10.7 +/- 0.8 ER mg.min-1.kg-1). Glucose oxidation increased with the increasing insulin infusion rate, and maximal glucose oxidation rate was lower on E days compared with R days. The maximal conversion rate of glucose to glycogen was higher on E and ER days (8.0 +/- 0.3 and 7.2 +/- 0.2, respectively) than on R days (5.7 +/- 0.6 mg.min-1 kg-1). Muscle glycogen synthase I activity was higher immediately after exercise and remained higher for the next 48 h. No change in any glucoregulatory hormone or metabolite could explain the increased insulin action seen after exercise. In additional experiments (n = 3), no remaining effect existed 5 days after exercise. Both insulin and exercise suppressed the pancreatic secretion of insulin and proinsulin. The conclusions drawn are that prolonged moderate exercise increases insulin action on glucose uptake in humans by reducing apparent Km and increasing Vmax. This effect lasts 48 h but not 5 days. The increased insulin action may be related to an exercise-induced increase in glycogen synthase activity.

Adult↗