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PubMed2006

Inter-species variability of haplamine metabolism and identification of its phase I metabolites from liver microsomes.

Haplamine, a pyranoquinoline alkaloid, was isolated from the genus Haplophyllum. The inter-species variability of haplamine metabolism was determined by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. Microsomes from the liver of rats, mice, rabbits, guinea-pigs and humans were incubated with haplamine. After incubation, samples were extracted with a mixture of ethyl acetate and isopropyl alcohol (90 : 10; v/v). Haplamine and its metabolites were separated by HPLC using Nucleosil C18 Nautilus (5 microm) connected with a precolumn of the same type. The HPLC mobile phase consisted of water (A) and a mixture of methanol and acetonitrile (85 : 15; v/v) (B) used in a gradient mode (17 to 27 % B for 10 min, 27 to 90 % B for 37 min, 90 to 17 % B for 3 min, and finally 17 % B for 3 min) at 1 mL/min. Quantitative and qualitative results showed significant inter-species differences in haplamine metabolism. Qualitative similarities were found between guinea-pigs, rabbits, and humans. The metabolites were isolated by HPLC and identified by GC/MS after silylation. The phase I metabolites identified in human liver microsomes were TRANS/CIS-3,4-dihydroxy-9-O-desmethylhaplamine, TRANS/CIS-3,4-dihydroxyhaplamine and 9-O-desmethylhaplamine.

Analgesics↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of the essential oil of Origanum dubium growing wild in Cyprus. Investigation of its antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity.

The volatile composition of Origanum dubium in two different maturation stages has been studied. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation in a modified Clevenger-type apparatus, and their analyses were performed by GC and GC-MS. Identification of the components was made by comparison of mass spectra and retention indices with literature records and by co-chromatography with authentic compounds. Carvacrol was shown to be the main constituent. The essential oils were evaluated for antimicrobial activity and proved to be active against all tested microorganisms. Furthermore, their potential antioxidant activity was investigated and found to be significant in scavenging O2-. The samples were further evaluated for inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase LOX and showed high inhibitory activity.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Antiplasmodial, antimycobacterial, and cytotoxic principles from Camchaya calcarea.

Chemical exploration of Camchaya calcarea (family Compositae) has led to the isolation of nine known sesquiterpene lactones 1 - 9, together with caffeic acid methyl ester 10. Sesquiterpenes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 exhibited moderate antiplasmodial activity, but showed potent antimycobacterial activity. Interestingly, the cytotoxicity of sesquiterpene lactones 1, 2, and 4 towards small-cell lung cancer cell line (NCI-H187) is stronger (two orders of magnitude) than towards the Vero cell line. Caffeic acid methyl ester (10) was cytotoxic against NCI-H187 and BC cell lines, however the ester 10 showed only mild antimycobacterial activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Anti-HIV-1 constituents from leaves and twigs of Cratoxylum arborescens.

Two new xanthones, 1,3,8-trihydroxy-2,4-dimethoxyxanthone (1) and 1,7-dihydroxy-2,8-dimethoxyxanthone (2), along with twelve known compounds 3 - 14 were isolated from leaves and twigs of Cratoxylum arborescens. Compound 1, euxanthone (4), betulinic acid (8), lup-20(29)-ene-3beta,30-diol (9), 3beta-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-30-oic acid (10) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (11) displayed anti-HIV-1 activities in the syncytium assay using (Delta)(Tat/Rev)MC99 virus and the 1A2 cell line system (EC (50) values between 3.9 and 32.2 microg/mL with TI ranging from 1.5 to 11.7), while 1,3,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxy-4,5-diisoprenylxanthone (3), 4, and 8 - 10 inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with IC (50) values between 8.7 and 84.9 microg/mL.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed2006

Choleretic effects of the Mongolian medicinal plant Saussurea amara in the isolated perfused rat liver.

Saussurea amara is used in traditional Mongolian medicine for the treatment of hepato-biliary disorders. To determine the plant's effect on the bile-salt independent bile flow (hydrocholeresis) as a measure of liver exocrine functions, different extracts were investigated in the isolated rat liver perfusion system. The methanolic extract (3) exerted a dose-dependent increase in bile flow (16%, 37%, 53%, 61%) in concentrations of 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 250 mg/L and 500 mg/L. The aqueous crude extract (1) and the ethyl acetate extract (2) also showed a dose-dependent increase, whereas at the highest concentrations (1000 mg/L and 100 mg/L, respectively) a continuous decrease in bile flow could be observed. Cynaropicrin also provoked a dose-dependent increase in bile flow, but caused liver damage at the highest dose tested (20 mg/L). Apigenin 7- O-glucoside, present in extracts 2 and 3, induced a dose-dependent increase of 20%, 30% and 40% (5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L) and showed a significantly higher effect than the reference substance cynarin. The total flavonoid content was determined by spectrophotometry. To quantify the absolute amount of cynaropicrin in the crude drug and in the tested extracts, an HLPC system was established with santonin as internal standard.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Trypanocidal activity of extracts from Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest plant species.

The trypanocidal activity of crude hydro alcoholic extracts and several fractions of 13 plants from Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest were tested in vitro against epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Crude ethanol extracts with promising in vitro activity (DL50 between 5-10 microg/ml) against epimastigotes were fractionated by solvent partition and further tested against bloodstream form of the parasite. Activity against bloodstream parasites was observed in both dichloromethane and hexane fractions of Polygala sabulosa and P. paniculata.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Argentinian plant extracts with relaxant effect on the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum of guinea pig.

Extracts of different polarity from Baccharis trimera, Haplopappus rigidus Huperzia saururus, Maytenus ilicifolia, Satureja parvifolia and Senecio eriophyton were tested for their relaxant activity on smooth muscle using L-phenylephrine precontracted strips of corpus cavernosum obtained from Guinea pigs. Highly significant and dose dependent results were obtained with the dichloromethane extracts of H. saururus (87% of relaxation at the dose of 10 mg/ml), S. parvifolia (95% of relaxation at 2.5 mg/ml) and S. eriophyton (94% of relaxation at 5 mg/ml). Similar effects were observed with the methanol extracts of H. saururus (88% of relaxation at 10 mg/ml) and S. parvifolia (84% of relaxation at 10 mg/ml). These results were comparable to those obtained with the dichloromethane and methanol extracts of the well known Mexican species Turnera diffusa. Moreover, the aqueous extract of H. rigidus and the aqueous and methanol extracts of S. eriophyton were highly effective in a dose dependent manner (more than 90% of relaxation at the dose of 10 mg/ml). Significant results, but with a lower overall relaxant activity (about 70% of relaxation at 10 mg/ml), could also be obtained with the aqueous extract of S. parvifolia and with the dichlormethane and methanol extracts of B. trimera and M. ilicifolia. The positive controls with Sildenafil citrate at doses ranging from 0.35 to 35 microg/ml yielded moderate effects (up to 46% of relaxation at 35 microg/ml). The effects observed in the present study seem to validate the folk medicinal use of the tested plants and open new ways in the search for natural products with vasodilatory effects.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Antimicrobial activity of some Hypericum species.

The crude methanolic extracts of six species of Hypericum [H. caprifoliatum Cham. & Schlecht., H. carinatum Griseb., H. connatum Lam., H. ternum A. St. Hil., H. myrianthum Cham. & Schlecht. and H. polyanthemum Klotzsch ex Reichardt] growing in southern Brazil were analyzed for antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms (bacteria and fungi). The most active plant was H. caprifoliatum, which showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Only H. polyanthemum and H. ternum extracts were active against Bacillus subtilis. None of the crude methanolic extracts showed activity against S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Extracts from these species were evaluated chemically and tannin, flavonoid and phenolic acids were the prominent compounds. The plants contained quercitrin, hyperoside (except H. connatum) and, less frequently, isoquercitrin and chlorogenic acid. In contrast to H. perforatum, which has high concentrations of rutin, these species do not produce this flavonoid or it appears as traces. The tannin concentration varied between 5.1 and 16.7% in H. myrianthum and H. ternum, respectively.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of the analgesic activity of extracts of Miconia rubiginosa (Melastomataceae).

The analgesic effects of the hexane, methylene chloride and ethanol extracts of Miconia rubiginosa were evaluated in mice and rats using the acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests. The extracts (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body wt.) and indomethacin (5 mg/kg body wt.) produced a significant (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing. These same extracts (200 mg/kg body wt.) showed a significant (p < 0.05) antinociceptive effect, lower than that produced by morphine (4 mg/kg body wt.). The fractionation of the methylene chloride extract yielded ursolic and oleanoic acids as the major compounds. Using only gas chromatography, it was possible to identify the following triterpenes in the hexane extract: alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, lupeol and beta-sitosterol.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed2006

Sources of variation in the interaction between three cereal aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and wheat (Poaceae).

The relative contributions of host plant, herbivore species and clone to variation in the interaction between cereal aphids and wheat were investigated using five clones each of three species, Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) and Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), on seedlings of two cultivars of Triticum aestivum L. and one cultivar of Triticum durum Desf. More individuals and biomass of R. padi than of the other two species were produced on seedlings. The three wheat cultivars lost similar amounts of biomass as a result of infestation by aphids, with the amount lost depending on aphid species: S. avenae caused the lowest loss in biomass. Variation in aphid biomass production was due mostly to differences among aphid species (70%), less to the interaction between wheat type and aphid species (7%), and least to aphid clone (1%). The specific impact of the aphids on the plants ranged from 1.7 to 3.7 mg of plant biomass lost per mg of aphid biomass gained, being lowest for R. padi and highest for S. graminum. Variation in plant biomass lost to herbivory was due mostly to unknown sources of error (95%), probably phenotypic differences among individual seedlings, with 3% due to aphid species and none attributable to aphid clone. For these aphid-plant interactions, differences among aphid clones within species contributed little to variation in aphid and plant productivity; therefore, a small sample of clones was adequate for quantifying the interactions. Furthermore, one clone of each species maintained in the laboratory for about 200 parthenogenetic generations was indistinguishable from clones collected recently from the field.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Phytochemical analyses of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis.

A total of 32 Banisteriopsis caapi samples and 36 samples of Psychotria viridis were carefully collected from different plants on the same day from 22 sites throughout Brazil for phytochemical analyses. A broad range in alkaloid distribution was observed in both sample sets. All B. caapi samples had detectable amounts of harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine (THH), while some samples of P. viridis had little or no detectable levels of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Leaves of P. viridis were also collected from one plant and analyzed for DMT throughout a 24-hour cycle.

Banisteriopsis↗
PubMed2006

Cuneatoside, a new megastigmane diglycoside from Erythroxylum cuneatum Blume.

A new megastigmane diglycoside, inamoside 6'-O-L-alpha-arabinofuranoside (cuneatoside), was isolated from the leaves and branches of Erythroxylum cuneatum together with seven known compounds, (+)-catechin, quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside, apocynol B, (6S,9R)-roseoside, vomifoliol 9-O-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, inamoside, and citroside A The structural elucidations were based on analyses of physical and spectroscopic data.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2006

Two new indole alkaloids from Nauclea officinalis.

Two new indole alkaloids, naucleactonin A and B, along with two known compounds, naucleficine and nauclefidine, were isolated from the bark and wood of Naucleaofficinalis, which has been used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial agent in folk medicine. Their chemical structures were elucidated by the spectral data, especially 1D and 2D NMR experiments.

China↗
PubMed2004

Biological significance of essential oil of Zataria multiflora boiss.

The absolute from Zataria multiflora was explored for enzyme inhibition, insect repellent, and insecticidal activities. GC-MS of the absolute of fresh plant showed that thymol is the major constituent while carvacrol is the major constituent in the absolute of dried plant.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Two new limonoids from Munronia henryi.

Two new limonoids, munronolide (1) and munronolide 21-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), were isolated from the whole plant of Munronia henryi (Meliaceae). Their structures have been elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical methods. The D-glucose moiety attached to C-21 position of limonoid is firstly reported.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Serratane-type triterpenoids from Huperzia serrata.

Sixteen serratane-type triterpenoids including three new compounds, 14beta,15beta-epoxyserratan-3beta,21beta,29-triol (1), serrat-14-en-3beta,21beta,29-triol (2) and serrat-14-en-3alpha,21beta,24,29-tetraol (3), were isolated from the whole plant of Huperzia serrata (Thunb) Trev. The structures of these new compounds (1-3) were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Paludolactone: a new eudesmanolide lactone from Wedelia paludosa DC. (Acmela brasiliensis).

Phytochemical investigation of the whole plant of Wedelia paludosa (Acmela brasiliensis) furnished a new eudesmanolide lactone, named paludolactone (2), in addition to the known eudesmanolide (1), stigmasterol, kaurenoic and oleanolic acids. 1H- and 13C-NMR, and MS spectroscopic and elemental analyses were used for the structural elucidation of these compounds.

Humans↗