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PubMed2001

Benzodiazepines in child dental care: a survey of its use among general practitioners and paediatric dentists in Sweden.

Dental treatment in children too young or too apprehensive to co-operate is often performed under sedation. The aim of this study was to survey the use of rectal and oral liquid and tablet benzodiazepine sedation in Swedish child dentistry, and estimation of treatment success. A questionnaire was sent to 500 randomly selected dentists (GPs) working in the Public Dental Health Service and all (77) specialists (PDs) working at paediatric dentistry clinics. Benzodiazepine sedation was used by 73% of the GPs and 97% of the PDs. Seven per cent of the GPs and 87% of the PDs had sedation sessions at least once a month. Of the GPs, 60% administered the sedation rectally, 7% orally in liquid form, and 39% orally in tablet form. For PDs, the corresponding figures were 97%, 78%, and 68%. Sixteen per cent of the GPs and 84% of the PDs used midazolam for rectal sedation. PDs rated rectal sedation better than the GPs (p < 0.001). GPs rated their experiences of rectal sedation as better the more frequent the use (p = 0.03), as did PDs concerning oral liquid sedation (p = 0.03). Thus, it seems that a more regular use of sedation is advantageous in achieving better treatment outcome.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2004

The GKT diploma in dental sedation--a judgement.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The use of sedation in the management of pain and anxiety for the provision of dental care is as vital to the dental profession as are windscreen wipers to a motor vehicle. Not for use on every patient or every occasion, but in times of need to wipe away the tears, and essential for effective work. Training in sedation techniques should be a part of the undergraduate curriculum, and postgraduate opportunities need to be developed to support this important aspect of care. This paper examines a particular training course provided within the Department of Sedation and Special Care Dentistry at GKT Dental Institute, King's College London, leading to the Diploma in Conscious Sedation for Dentistry (Dip.D.Sed). The aim of this study was to investigate what impact the course has had on the practice of sedation. Three objectives were defined: 1) Students' evaluation of the course; 2) Students' practice in sedation prior to and on completion of the course; 3) Students' involvement in sedation training of dentists or dental nurses following completion of the course. METHOD: Information was obtained by postal questionnaire from students who had attended the course since its inception in 1997 to 2000. RESULTS: 30 students completed and returned the questionnaire which represented a 100% response. There was an overall expression of satisfaction from students on the course content and the experience they had obtained. The range of experience was 70-100 treatment episodes over 40 clinical sessions. An increase in both the practice of sedation and the involvement in training (dental nurses and dentists) was also shown. The greatest clinical change was the increase in use of intravenous sedation by the students from the community dental service. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: This study concluded that the objectives of the course had been achieved. The importance of providing training that enables the safe and effective provision of sedation within primary care as an operator sedationist was strengthened by this study. The value of an intermediate level between the two day section 63 course and the six month diploma course was suggested by students in this study. The development of a clinical attachment based on The Standard Course in Conscious Sedation was proposed as a possible option to fill the gap. The provision of postgraduate training in sedation is limited particularly in some areas of the UK. This problem should be addressed by increasing the opportunity for postgraduate training in sedation by dental schools and postgraduate deaneries. Work towards increasing the funding and opportunities for training in this important area of care needs to be undertaken.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Occlusal restorative decisions based on visual inspection--calibration and comparison of different methods.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to calibrate occlusal restorative decision-making based on visual inspection (VI), and to compare it with visual inspection with magnifying (x1.25) lenses (VIM), and fibre-optic transillumination (VIF). Sixty extracted human third molars mounted in plaster were examined using VI by ten dentists three times during the calibration process. After wash-out periods, the teeth were re-examined by the same dentists using VI, VIM and VIF. The inter-examiner reproducibility for VI, expressed as Kappa (kappa) statistics (kappa +/- SD), was 0.46 +/- 0.10 before and 0.59 +/- 0.11 after the calibration process and remained at the same level after the wash-out period. Intra-examiner reproducibility was substantially higher for VI (kappa -0.68 +/- 0.15) before and after the wash-out period. There were no significant changes in restorative treatment decisions based on VIM and VIF when compared to VI. The reproducibility between the methods was good for VI vs. VIM (kappa = 0.64) and moderate for VI vs. VIF (kappa = 0.56). In contrast, the inter-examiner reproducibilities expressed as Kappa were considerably lower for VIM (kappa = 0.46 +/- 0.17) and VIF (K = 0.42 +/- 0.19). It was concluded that the inter-examiner reproducibility can be improved with a calibration process based on a simple feedback method and that inter-examiner variation, especially without calibration, may be as important a factor for restorative treatment decisions as the diagnostic method itself.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed2002

General dental practitioner advice regarding the use of fluoride toothpaste in two areas with a school-based milk fluoridation programme and one without such a programme.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the knowledge and practice of general denta practitioners (GDPs) working in Liverpool (where there is no milk fluoridation programme) and St Helens and Knowsley, and the Wirral (where children have fluoridated milk in schools and pre-schools) relating to the advice given for child patients regarding the use of fluoridated toothpaste. DESIGN: Data were collected via a postal questionnaire sent to all 329 GDPs working within the three areas. GDPs working in more than one of the areas and those working in specialist orthodontic or oral surgery practices were excluded. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-four (71%) questionnaires were completed and returned. Only 3% of dentists said that no-one in their practice gave advice on the concentration of fluoride toothpaste to be used. For caries free children under 7 years of age only 64% of GDPs gave advice concerning the concentration of toothpaste which coincided with the available clinical guidelines. Twenty eight per cent of GDPs also contradicted the guidelines by advising children under 7 with high caries to use a low fluoride toothpaste. Although 59% of GDPs in the fluoridated milk areas asked the child whether they had fluoridated milk at school, they did not appear to alter the advice given regarding the use of fluoridated toothpaste. CONCLUSION: The study showed that a significant number of GDPs did not adhere to clinical guidelines relating to the use of fluoride toothpaste when giving advice to their child patients. For evidence-based dentistry to become a reality in this area, ways must be found to disseminate the available guidelines more fully and increase their acceptance and use by practitioners.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Effect of composition and complexity of dentin-bonding agents on operator variability--analysis of gap formation using confocal microscopy.

The variability of gap formation due to different operators and bonding agents around dentin-bonded composites in cylindrical cavities (internal diameter, 3 mm; depth, 1 mm; n = 210) was evaluated in vitro. Seven dentists evaluated two experimental bonding systems (A & B) and one commercial product (C) by each treating 10 teeth with each system. One of the investigators restored all cavities with composite (Z100, 3M ESPE) and removed excess material to expose the cavity margins. After storage in water for 1 wk, the maximum gap-width was measured using a confocal microscope and statistically analysed. The relative gap-widths (%) for the three bonding systems were not statistically different. Means +/- SD were 0.18 +/- 0.06, 0.19 +/- 0.08, and 0.20 +/- 0.06 for groups A, B, and C, respectively. The variation caused by the operator-material interaction was significant. When the operator's variability (SD) within the different materials was examined, group C displayed a significantly lower variability than the other two. It was concluded that the operator variable is a more important consideration than the material variable. The self-etching system performed better than the more complex A and B systems when variability rather than gap size was considered.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed2005

Oral surgical handpiece use time parameters.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical usage time parameters of handpieces used in oral surgical procedures. METHOD AND MATERIALS: One hundred randomly selected clinical oral surgery exodontia procedures were timed to record lengths of continuous segments of both handpiece use and non-usage. Providers with experience ranging from general dentists to board certified oral surgeons were timed during surgical exodontia treatment involving 1 to 4 teeth of various complexities. Usage times were compared with manufacturers' recommendations that on times should not exceed 20 seconds in any 50-second interval (20/50 rule). RESULTS: Handpiece run time increased with the number of teeth and surgical case complexity (both P < .001) but was unrelated to operator experience (P = .763), in a 3-predictor model (R2 = 0.20; P < .001). Ninety-four of the 100 cases experienced at least 1 second in violation of the 20/50 rule and 42% of all run seconds were in violation. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should be aware of recommended handpiece duty use cycles. Manufacturers' recommendations about handpiece use time cycles do not reflect actual clinical usage. Under the conditions of this study, actual surgical handpiece use time was not correlated with user experience. Less experienced providers did require longer to complete treatment, but increased treatment times were due to time spent that did not require surgical handpiece use.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Do pediatric dentists practice the orthodontics they are taught?

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the orthodontic treatment provided by pediatric dentists reflects the orthodontic training received in pediatric dental residency programs. METHODS: Five questions from a survey of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) diplomates in August 2002 and a survey of pediatric dental residency program directors in June 2002 were statistically analyzed to compare the orthodontic treatment provided by diplomates to that provided within pediatric dental residency programs. RESULTS: Patient populations differed financially between pediatric dental residencies and diplomates of the AAPD. Residents treated significantly more public assistance patients. The residents were more likely than diplomates to use most orthodontic appliances and treat most stages of dental development and most conditions/malocclusions with orthodontics. Diplomates anticipated a decrease in the amount of orthodontic treatment provided in the next 5 years, while program directors anticipated an increase. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the orthodontic treatment provided by pediatric dental residents and diplomates was similar, although the residents were exposed to more diverse orthodontic treatment modalities than those used by diplomates. The residencies were also more likely than the diplomates to increase the amount of orthodontic treatment provided in the next 5 years.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Materials and techniques for restoration of primary molars by pediatric dentists in Florida.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to obtain an overview of materials and techniques used by pediatric dentistry clinicians for posterior restorations in primary molars and to compare the results to what is being taught in dental schools. METHODS: A form with questions in different formats was mailed to all 180 members of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry in Florida. The information requested included material selection for restorations in primary molars and the type of cavity preparation for amalgam and resin-based materials, and the bonding system in use. The response was anonymous, but information about gender and year of graduation for the clinicians was provided. RESULTS: Seventy percent of the clinicians responded to the survey. Resin-based materials were the most commonly selected for Class I and II restorations, while stainless steel crowns were the predominant material when 3 or more surfaces are involved. The slot-type of preparation was the most commonly used for tooth-colored restorations and the fifth generation ("one-bottle system") of bonding agents was the preferred adhesive system in use in primary molars. CONCLUSIONS: Different opinions were found between clinicians and educators in respect to material selection and contraindication criteria for the use of tooth-colored restorations in primary molars.

Child↗

PubMed2000

Trends in reasons for tooth extractions in Norway from 1968 to 1998.

The aims of this study were (i) to determine the reasons for extraction of permanent teeth in Norway in 1998 and (ii) to describe changes in reasons for extraction in time-trend and quasi-longitudinal perspectives over 30 years based on three cross-sectional studies. The 1998 data were obtained from questionnaires distributed to a national random sample of 1,500 dentists, of whom 1,008 responded (67%). A total of 1,495 teeth were extracted for 1,164 patients (age 10-92 years) during a period of 2 weeks. Caries accounted for 40% of the extractions and periodontal diseases for 24%. Caries was the primary reason in patients 10-45 years old, while periodontal diseases dominated among adults > 45 years old. In a time-trend perspective, among patients > or = 21 years, a significant decrease in the proportion of extractions because of caries was observed between 1968 and 1988, while non-significant changes were found between 1988 and 1998. Extractions because of periodontal disease accounted for about 26% in all surveys. Followed longitudinally, the three cohorts born 1923-32, 1933-42, 1943-52 showed a decrease in the proportion of extractions due to caries, and an increase in the proportion of periodontal extractions during the period, more so between 1968 and 1988 than between 1988 and 1998. The three cohorts showed a variable trend of change, which may indicate that period and age effects do not necessarily operate in the same direction.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Use of in-office fluorides in the Greater Houston area.

The purpose of this study was to determine the types of fluorides and techniques used for the application of in-office fluorides in the Houston area. A telephone survey was conducted using a stratified random sample of 262 dentists. Approximately 39% of the offices contacted chose to respond to the survey. Only one of the 101 dental offices responding was using an ADA approved professional fluoride product and technique: 1.23% APF for 4 minutes. While 41.6% or 42 of the respondents were using 1.23% APF, they were administering the fluoride for 2 minutes or less with the majority (38 out of 42) administering for only 1 minute. The second most number of respondents (35.6%) reported using a dual rinse type product consisting of 0.31% APF and 1.64% SnF2. Of the 101 respondents, 12.8% reported the use of sodium fluoride gels and rinses. Of these 13 respondents, 9 were using 2.0% NaF but for less than the recommended 4 minute application time. The other 4 were using 2.0% rinse which is more appropriate as a weekly-use rinse. The remaining respondents (9.8%) reported the use of a stannous fluoride containing less fluoride than the approved 8.0%. Of these 10 respondents, 3 were using 0.63% SnF2 and 7 were using 0.4% SnF2. One office reported the use of a non-fluoride containing mouthrinse used as an in-office fluoride treatment. This response is not included in the data as it does not qualify as a type of fluoride product.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of pediatric dentists' management of dental caries in children three years of age or younger.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to obtain information from practicing pediatric dentists about how they manage caries in children three years of age and younger and the problems they are encountering. METHODS: A survey mailed to a randomly selected sample of 1,000 members of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentists (AAPD) in January of 1997 asked them to: identify the types and extent of caries in the young age group; define and quantify methods used to manage caries; determine the representation of caries among different payer source groups; identify sources of information used in managing caries; and determine the criteria they use for assessing the success of different methods in managing caries. RESULTS: The response rate was 43%. Definitions of techniques of managing caries varied among practitioners, and the use of the methods differed for the different degrees of severity of caries. There was a significant relationship between the percentage of Medicaid in a practice and the percentage of children with caries and pulpal involvement. Personal experience/philosophy was most frequently identified as an important source among factors influencing treatment decisions and sources of information about managing. Criteria most frequently cited to determine effectiveness of treatment were "caries free at recall" (45%) and "stop progress of lesion" (30%). CONCLUSION: Practitioners use a variety of techniques to manage caries in the child < or = 3 years of age. Disease level and payer source factored heavily in their treatment decisions. Practitioners reported interest in receiving information and help from AAPD on the subject.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Pattern of antibiotic prescription in the management of oral diseases among dentists in Kuwait.

OBJECTIVES: The use and abuse of antibiotics have been of concern to the medical and the dental profession for sometime now, due mainly to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The objective of this project was to determine the rationale and the pattern of antibiotic prescription for dental management in Kuwait. METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed to 200 dental practitioners working in the Ministry of Health dental centers in Kuwait. The questionnaires sought answers to the clinical and non-clinical factors; signs, clinical conditions and dental treatment modalities for which the practitioners would prescribe antibiotics. RESULTS: Of the 200 questionnaires sent out, 168 (84%) respondents returned fully completed forms. A total of 107 (63.7%) of the respondents were males. Of respondents, 90% would prescribe antibiotics for patients with elevated body temperatures and evidence of systemic involvement, gross or diffuse facial swelling and closure of the eye due to inflammatory swelling. However, over 50% would prescribe antibiotics for cases with localized fluctuant swelling without any systemic involvement, while 59.6% would prescribe for patients with difficulty in swallowing as a result of an oral infection. Many respondents would consider antibiotic prescription for routine dental extraction, and for non-clinical reasons such as uncertainty of diagnosis, convenience, expectation of the patient and lack of time to treat immediately. Amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic. Higher knowledge regarding adequate indications for antibiotic use was associated with longer professional experience. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this analysis suggest that there is lack of uniformity in the rationale for antibiotic use among dental practitioners in Kuwait. There is an urgent need for the formulation of evidence-based guidelines, which should take into account the peculiar behavioral characteristics of the community.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

A comparison of infection control practices of different groups of oral specialists and general dental practitioners.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the infection control practices of general dentists and dental specialty groups. METHODS: A survey was mailed to 5997 dentists in 1994; the response rate was 70%. The data were analyzed with multiple logistic regression (reference group: general dentists). RESULTS: When sociodemographic influences were taken into consideration, significant predictors of routine infection control practices included all of the following characteristics (odds ratios are in parentheses): 1. Gloves: being younger than 40 years of age (4.5) and being female (5.9). 2. Using gloves and changing gloves after each patient: being younger than 40 years of age (4.0), being female (3.0), being an oral surgeon (3.6), and being an orthodontist (0.2). 3. Using gloves, masks, and protective eyewear: being younger than 40 years of age (2.5), being female (2.3), and being an orthodontist, oral physician, or oral pathologist (0.2). 4. Hepatitis B vaccination for the practitioner: being younger than 40 years of age (5.1). 5. Hepatitis B vaccination for all clinical staff members: being younger than 40 years of age (1.2), being an oral surgeon (1.7), and being an orthodontist (0.6). 6. Heat sterilization of handpieces: being younger than 40 years of age (1.5), being an oral surgeon (5.4), and being an orthodontist (0.2). 7. Taking no additional precautions for patients with HIV: being younger than 40 years of age (1.7), being a periodontist (2.6), being a pedodontist (2.3), and being an oral physician/oral pathologist (4.3). CONCLUSION: Improved compliance with recommended infection control procedures is required for all groups and is particularly necessary for orthodontists.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Reasons for restorative therapy and the longevity of restorations in adults.

The aim of this study was to obtain information on the restorative dental care of adults in Finland. A random sample of private dentists was drawn from the register, and in spring 2000 they were sent a questionnaire requesting them to record information for each restoration placed during one ordinary working day. A total of 800 dentists were contacted and 548 responded. The dentists reported placement of 3,455 restorations. Of these, 5% were Class I, 36% were Class II, 13% were Class III, 9% were Class IV, 21% were Class V, and 16% were extensive restorations including 4 or more surfaces. Overall, composite resin was the most common restorative material, and it was used in 79% of the restorations, whereas amalgam was used in 50%, compomers in 4%, and glass ionomers (either conventional or resin-modified) in 7% of cases. In 5%, of the cases, the tooth was restored with indirect restorative methods, using either gold or ceramic materials. Of the treatments, 65% were replacements of previous restorations. Secondary caries was the most common reason for replacement (36%, 52%, and 41% for composite, glass ionomer, and amalgam, respectively). Other common reasons were fractures of the tooth or restoration (23%, 11%, and 22% for composite, glass ionomer, and amalgam, respectively) and lost composite restorations (16%). The median age of failed restorations was 15 years for amalgam, 6 years for composite, and 7 years for conventional glass ionomer. Although the longevity of tooth coloured restorations was shorter than that of amalgam, comparisons with our previous studies indicate improved survival periods for tooth coloured materials.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Changes in dentists' attitudes and practice in paediatric dentistry.

AIM: The purpose of the study was to determine if there had been any changes in the clinical practice and attitudes to the care of children by general dental practitioners over a ten year period from 1986 to 1996, following the introduction of a system of capitation payments in the United Kingdom. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to 1,290 general dental practitioners practicing in Yorkshire (UK) in an identical way to a previous survey ten years before. Practitioners were asked questions concerning their practice of dental caries prevention, behaviour management, restoration of primary teeth and pulp therapy. Responses were compared with the results of the 1986 survey. RESULTS: Of the total of 687 replies (53.2% response) 61% practiced, or said they practiced, diet evaluation and gave dietary advice. Oral hygiene instruction was reported by 87% and 57% used fissure sealants. The routine use of amalgam, previously 80%, had declined to 35% in favour of glass ionomer cements (57%). There had been a significant improvement in the use of pulp therapy for primary teeth at 35% compared with previous 3%. The use of rubber dam also increased, but only from 0% before to 9% in the present study. The usage of stainless steel crowns had changed from 2% over ten years to 8% and strip crowns from 1% to 5%. CONCLUSION: The use of paediatric dental techniques by general dental practitioners had generally increased, particularly in preventive measures and pulp treatment. Restorative techniques had marginally changed, but a dramatic shift away from amalgam had occurred. There was still a very low usage of stainless steel crowns and rubber dam was also not used to the extent that it should be.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Restorative treatment provided over five years for adults regularly attending general dental practice.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the distribution and type of restorative treatment, including re-treatment, provided for adults who attend annually. METHODS: In 1991 a selected group of 24 general dental practitioners in the North West of England recruited 4211 of their regularly attending adult patients. Dentists recorded the reason for and type of treatment provided during the following 5 years. RESULTS: Approximately 40% of the participants received treatment (restorations and/ or extractions) at each annual examination. Of the 2293 patients who attended every examination 1959 (85%) had received a restoration and/ or extraction during the 5 years. A total of 8187 teeth, 15% of those present at baseline, received treatment, 3030 (37%) for caries and 5157 (63%) for other reasons. The proportion of adults who received treatment by age group differed significantly with those aged 25-34 years (80%) being least likely and those 35-44 years of age (89%) most likely. Of the 1744 teeth restored in the first year of the study, 170 (10%) were retreated within 1 year and 402 (23%) during the subsequent 4 years. The 4 year survival of amalgam and tooth coloured fillings was 84% and that of crowns 92%. CONCLUSIONS: This study documented the extent and type of restorative care provided for regularly attending adults during a 5-year period. The majority of treatment was provided for reasons other than caries. Of the teeth restored over the first year, 23% were retreated in the subsequent 4 years.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Management of the patient who smokes and the diabetic patient in the dental office.

BACKGROUND: Approaches to patient care consistent with a greater emphasis on the importance of risk factors associated with periodontal disease should include measures to reduce risk. In this article, we investigate the extent to which periodontists' and general practice dentists' (GPs) behaviors and attitudes reflect current understanding of the most important environmental risk factor for periodontitis (smoking) and the most important systemic disease risk factor for periodontitis (diabetes mellitus). METHODS: A mail survey of active periodontists and GPs in the Northeastern United States was conducted during the fall of 2002. Random samples of periodontists and GPs listed in the designated Northeastern states were drawn from the 2002 American Academy of Periodontology Directory and the 2001 American Dental Directory, respectively. Responses were received from 103 periodontists (for a response rate of 73%) and from 105 GPs (for a response rate of 80%). RESULTS: Although periodontists generally perform risk identification and management behaviors for patients who smoke or who have diabetes more frequently than GPs, both groups tend to engage in activities that inquire, discuss, and inform more than they tend to undertake measures to control or manage these risk factors. Rates of proactive patient management activities are quite low in both clinician groups. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to increase periodontists' and GPs' involvement in the active management of the patient who smokes and in the diabetic patient. Such actions can be expected to result in improved periodontal and general health outcomes.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Vital pulpotomy in the primary dentition: attitudes and practices of Specialists in Paediatric Dentistry practising in the United Kingdom.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to examine the attitudes and practices of Specialists in Paediatric Dentistry practising in the United Kingdom in relation to vital pulpotomy in the primary dentition. DESIGN: Data were collected by postal questionnaire. SAMPLE AND METHODS: All dentists whose names were entered on the General Dental Council's Specialist List in Paediatric Dentistry, and who were resident and practising in the United Kingdom, were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of nine questions. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned by 184 (86.8%) of the eligible Specialists in Paediatric Dentistry. These yielded a sample group of 179 Specialists practising the primary vital pulpotomy technique. The most commonly used medicament was formocresol, with a 1 : 5 dilution being used by 66.5% of the sample. More than half (54.2%) of the Specialists practising the technique expressed concern regarding their preferred medicament. Without exception, their concerns related to the potential adverse effects of formocresol and formaldehyde. Seventy-five respondents (41.9% of the sample) were considering changing their technique. One hundred and thirty-seven Specialists stated that they routinely took preoperative radiographs, while postoperative radiographs were routinely taken by 107 Specialists (76.5% and 59.8% of the sample, respectively). Rubber dam isolation was used by 62.6% of the sample. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of Specialists are adhering to the UK national clinical guideline for pulp treatment of the primary dentition. However, significant numbers are considering changing their chosen technique. There is a lack of consensus on the use of pre- and postoperative radiographs; specific guidance with respect to their use is required.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗