Some preliminary observations on the influence of genetic admixture on cancer incidence in American Negroes.
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Black People↗
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Results for “Prostatic Neoplasms”
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Patterns of tumor colony development over time in soft-agar culture.
Human tumors were cultured by the two-layer soft-agar technique and the time course of tumor colony development was evaluated during periods of up to 6 weeks in culture. All colony counting was performed with an automated tumor colony counter (Omnicon; Bausch and Lomb, Inc, Rochester, NY, USA). This instrument provided colony counts per culture plate in six size categories from greater than 60 microns diameter colonies to greater than 149 microns diameter colonies. Six to 24 culture plates were used for each "growth curve", generally 24. Control (non-drug-treated) cultures were obtained from 117 tumors, of which 25 also provided enough cells to allow evaluation of the time course of colony development after exposure to cytostatic agents. The development of colonies in non-drug-treated plates usually demonstrated a lag phase, a logarithmic growth phase to maximum colony development and a subsequent deterioration of colonies. In spite of clumps seeded into the agar, real colony growth could be recognized by frequent colony counting of culture dishes, although the temporal patterns of growth were sometimes different if pure single-cell suspensions were compared with suspensions containing clumps from the same tumor. Drug pre-incubation caused changes in the temporal pattern of colony growth as well as in the total number of colonies. Some cultures showed drug sensitivity when evaluated at certain time points while evaluation at later time points showed only borderline drug effect or none at all. The potential utility of tumor colony growth curves in the clinical applications of tumor colony cultures is discussed.
Agar↗
Imbalance of sex chromosomes, with gain of early-replicating X, in human solid tumors.
An imbalance of sex chromosomes was observed in several cases of solid tumors: colorectal, anal canal and breast carcinomas. Replication studies, using BUdR incorporation, show that in males there is a tendency towards a gain of early-replicating X and a deficiency of Y chromosomes. In females, there is a tendency towards a gain of early-replicating X and a loss of late-replicating X chromosomes. Although almost no replication studies have been published in the literature, making it impossible to distinguish between late- and early-replicating Xs, it is likely that a similar situation exists for several solid tumors other than those we have studied. A possible consequence of this imbalance is briefly discussed.
Anus Neoplasms↗
Report on a Workshop of the UICC Project on Evaluation of Screening for Cancer.
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Adult↗
Tenascin-C in serum: a questionable tumor marker.
In normal adult tissue tenascin-C (TN-C) is usually expressed at low levels. However, it is strongly induced in many tumors as well as in other pathological conditions often associated with inflammation. To evaluate the diagnostic significance of TN-C, we established a sensitive sandwich ELISA to determine TN-C levels in serum. Furthermore, we investigated the distribution of TN-C variants in serum and found the large TN-C isoforms to be predominant. We measured TN-C in sera from 15 healthy persons, 75 tumor patients and 84 patients selected due to their elevated levels of the acute-phase protein C-reactive protein (CRP), which is a very specific marker for infection and inflammation. It was found that sera from cancer patients can have elevated TN-C levels; however, the increase was more pronounced in persons with high levels of CRP. There appeared to be a correlation of TN-C levels with the levels of CRP. In view of these facts, the diagnostic value of TN-C levels in serum as a potential tumor marker seems to be questionable, since our data show that TN-C levels can be elevated as a consequence of infection and inflammation.
Acute-Phase Reaction↗
Isolation from human seminal plasma of an abundant 16-kDa protein originating from the prostate, its identification with a 94-residue peptide originally described as beta-inhibin.
In addition to other known markers of the human prostate, it was shown that the prostatic fraction of the split ejaculate was rich in a 16-kDa protein with properties not described previously. This protein was purified from human seminal plasma using ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The purified protein showed a single prominent spot on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The sequence of the first 40 amino acids that could be positively identified was identical to that of a prostatic secretory protein of 94 amino acids (PSP94) previously designated as beta-inhibin. Antibodies produced in rabbits against the purified protein were used to develop a radioimmunoassay. These antibodies appeared to recognize only the NH2-terminal portion of the native molecule since they did not react with a synthetic peptide composed of the 28 C-terminal residues. The radioimmunoassay showed that the concentration of the protein was 1320 +/- 183 micrograms/ml in the seminal plasma of adult fertile men and 1134 +/- 136 micrograms/ml in vasectomized patients. In hypertrophic and adenocarcinomatous prostates, the concentrations were 326 +/- 156 and 104 +/- 23 micrograms/ml, respectively, while values were lower than 0.060 micrograms/ml in the testis, epididymis, vas deferens and liver. The blood plasma concentration was 0.019 +/- microgram/ml in 23 asymptomatic men 45 to 65 years old and 0.115 +/- 0.036 microgram/ml in eight patients with prostate cancer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗
Mouse PSP94 expression is prostate tissue-specific as demonstrated by a comparison of multiple antibodies against recombinant proteins.
Prostate tissue-specific gene expression is crucial for driving potentially therapeutic genes to target specifically to the prostate. Prostate secretory protein of 94 amino acids (PSP94), also known as beta-MSP (microseminoprotein), is one of the three most abundant secretory proteins of the prostate gland, and is generally considered to be prostate tissue-specific. We have previously demonstrated that the expression of the rat PSP94 gene is strictly prostate tissue-specific by an antibody against a recombinant rat PSP94. In order to study prostate targeting utilizing the PSP94 gene in a mouse pre-clinical experimental model, we need to establish antibodies against mouse PSP94 to confirm if it is prostate tissue-specific as well. In this study, firstly we raised a polyclonal antibody against a recombinant glutathione-S-transferase- (GST-) mouse mature form of PSP94. However, it showed very poor immunoreactivity against prostate tissue PSP94 as tested in Western blotting experiments. Neither antibodies against rat PSP94 nor mouse PSP94 showed significant cross-reactivity. Thus a second antibody was established against a recombinant mouse mature PSP94 containing N-terminal polyhistidines, and stronger immunoreactivity against mouse prostate tissue PSP94 was identified in Western blotting experiments. Both of these antibodies showed immunohistochemical reactivity, while the latter showed stronger reactivity in IHC when tested with different fixatives. By studying tissue distribution, we demonstrated that, as with rat PSP94, mouse PSP94 is strictly prostate tissue-specific in experiments of both Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). This conclusion was also derived from a comparison among antibodies against human, rat, and mouse PSP94, showing very different immunoreactivities in Western blotting and IHC. Finally, a competitive assay between different species was performed. We demonstrated that antibodies against PSP94 from different species (human, primate, rodents) have poor cross-reactivities. These observations also indicate that the PSP94 gene is a rapidly evolving gene in all species. Results from this study have led to the possibility of utilizing PSP94 as a targeting agent specifically to the prostate in a mouse experimental model.
Animals↗
Progression elevated gene-3, PEG-3, induces genomic instability in rodent and human tumor cells.
Genomic instability is a fundamental component of cancer progression. Subtraction hybridization identified a novel rodent gene, progression elevated gene-3 (PEG-3) whose expression directly correlates with cancer aggressiveness and progression. Moreover, ectopic expression of PEG-3 in rodent or human tumor cells produces an aggressive transformed phenotype. We demonstrate that PEG-3 expression in rodent tumor cells correlates directly with genomic instability as characterized by alterations in chromosome composition and structure. Additionally, elevated endogenous or ectopic expression of PEG-3 in rodent and human tumor cells, respectively, enhances gene amplification, as monitored by resistance to methothrexate (MTX) and amplification of the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene. Stable expression of PEG-3 in normal cloned rat embryo fibroblast (CREF) cells marginally elevates MTX resistance, but morphology remains unaltered and anchorage independence is not induced, suggesting that these phenotypes are separable in immortal cells and gene amplification may precede the acquisition of morphological and oncogenic transformation. The present studies document that stable, inducible, and transient expression of PEG-3 in cancer cells augments genomic instability. In these contexts, one mechanism by which PEG-3 influences cancer progression may be by preferentially facilitating the development of genomic changes in evolving cancer cells.
Animals↗
Diagnostic ultrasound in radiation treatment planning.
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Breast Neoplasms↗
Gray scale transrectal ultransonography of the prostate.
Gray scale transrectal ultrasongraphy provides refined visualization of the texture of the prostate and other intrapelvic organs. Diagnostic accuracy of the transrectal scan has been successfully registered at 91% in benign prostatic hyperplasia, 85% in cancer, 89% in prostatitis, and 88% in total prostatic scans. Furthermore, prostatic calculi were visible in the tomograms of both normal and abnormal prostates at a higher frequency than generally considered. Other applications of ultrasonic control, such as during transurethral resection or cryosurgery of the prostate and staging of bladder tumors, are profitable using the gray scale technique.
Calculi↗
Suprapubic sonographic detection of prostate carcinoma.
Between January 1 and March 31, 1983, 103 patients scheduled for prostatic surgery were blindly evaluated preoperatively by suprapubic real time sonography. Prospectively, the sensitivity was 72.7%, specificity 72.2%, predictive value of positive test 51.6% and predictive value of negative 86.7% for the detection of prostatic carcinoma. Retrospective analysis increased the sensitivity to 86% and when clinical information was utilized, only one carcinoma escaped detection. Unfortunately, both prostatic inflammation and occasionally benign prostatic hypertrophy may simulate carcinoma sonographically, thus producing a significant number of false positives. No ultrasonically detectable characteristics could be found which unequivocally separate carcinomas from inflammation and hypertrophy. For this reason routine suprapubic screening does not seem warranted.
Carcinoma↗
Quantitative analysis of ultrasonogram of the prostate.
In 51 cases with prostatic cancer, 88 with prostatic hypertrophy, 109 with prostatitis, and 174 normal subjects, the following five parameters were calculated from prostatic ultrasonograms scanned transrectally; prostatic weight (W), presumed circle area ratio (PCAR), anteroposterior diameter/transverse diameter (ATR), asymmetry index (ASI), and dissimilarity index (DSI). The W and PCAR were higher in cancer and hypertrophy than in prostatitis and normal subjects. The ATR and ASI were higher in cancer. The DSI was lower in hypertrophy. A canonical discriminant analysis using these five parameters disclosed two canonical variates that were useful to separate the disease entities: one separated cancer and hypertrophy from prostatitis and normal subjects, and the other separated cancer from hypertrophy. The coefficients of these variates indicated that cancer was separated from prostatitis and normal subjects by increases in W and ATR and from hypertrophy by the greater effect of increases in ATR (as compared to PCAR) and the small increases in W.
Biometry↗
A rare case of granulomatous prostatitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
We report a rare case of infective granulomatous prostatitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that may be mistaken for prostatic carcinoma, both on clinical examination and transrectal sonography (TRUS). A large hypoechoic mass was detected in the prostate of a 46-year-old man during TRUS and histopathologic examination after TRUS-guided biopsies reported the diagnosis of tuberculous prostatitis. We herein describe the clinical and TRUS findings of this case.
Antitubercular Agents↗
Method for quantitative mapping of dynamic MRI contrast agent uptake in human tumors.
A method is presented for the acquisition and analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI data, focused on the characterization of tumors in humans. Gadolinium (Gd) contrast was administered by bolus injection, and its effect was monitored in time by fast T1-weighted MRI. A simple algorithm was developed for automatic extraction of the arterial input function (AIF) from the DCE-MRI data. This AIF was used in the pixelwise pharmacokinetic determination of physiological vascular parameters in normal and tumor tissue. Maps were reconstructed to show the spatial distribution of parameter values. To test the reproducibility of the method 11 patients with different types of tumors were measured twice, and the rate of contrast agent uptake in the tumor was calculated. The results show that normalizing the DCE-MRI data using individual coregistered AIFs, instead of one common AIF for all patients, substantially reduces the variation between successive measurements. It is concluded that the proposed method enables the reproducible assessment of contrast agent uptake rates.
Algorithms↗
High-mobility group protein 1(Y): metastasis-associated or metastasis-inducing?
Metastasis is the major cause of mortality and morbidity for patients with cancer. The high-mobility group protein 1(Y) [HMG-1(Y)] has a role in the transcription of many genes involved at different steps in the metastatic cascade and has been linked with cancer in human and animal models. This may represent a potential therapeutic target for patients. The following review summarizes and critically appraises the evidence for the role of HMG-1(Y) in metastasis.
Animals↗
Use of ileal urinary diversion in conjunction with intraoperative radiotherapy.
Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) was introduced in the 1970s as a new modality of cancer therapy. It has been especially useful after local irradiation or surgical failure. We report on the use of IORT in 13 patients with pelvic tumors requiring urinary diversion. All 13 were managed with ileal conduits. Despite the associated problems of prior abdominal procedures (11/13 patients), prior external beam radiation to the pelvis (11/13 patients), systemic chemotherapy (4/13 patients), and prolonged operative time (> 10 hours), perioperative mortality (1/13) and morbidity rates were low. We conclude that in cases of prior colonic resection and pelvic radiation, potentially irradiated ileum can be safely used for urinary diversion.
Aged↗
A comparison of T1 measurements at 1.7 and 3.4 MHz in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma.
To compare the specificity of T1 measurement for the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma in vivo, two groups of patients with clinically enlarged prostate glands have been imaged. One group comprising 25 patients was imaged at 1.7 MHz the other comprising 51 patients at 3.4 MHz. T1 measurements together with the gross anatomical appearances of the prostate gland were observed and compared with the clinical and histologic diagnoses. At 1.7 MHz it was found that the T1 measurement of carcinoma of the prostate and benign hypertrophy of the prostate fell into two distinct ranges with no overlap between the two conditions. Three false-positive diagnoses of carcinoma were made in patients with prostatitis where the T1 values fell in the upper part of the carcinoma range. T1 measurement in the group studied at 3.4 MHz demonstrated no specific value for either condition and diagnosis of malignancy had to be made from the morphologic appearances of the gland. Morphologically benign hypertrophy appeared homogeneous while carcinoma appeared heterogeneous with small areas of increased T1 in the malignant part of the gland.
False Positive Reactions↗
[The action and toxicity of taxanes].
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Animals↗