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PubMed1994

[Adenomatoid hyperplasia of minor salivary glands].

Adenomatoid hyperplasia of minor salivary glands in an uncommon clinicopathologic entity, first reported, in 1971, by Giansanti and cols. The condition mimics a neoplasm because of its swelling, but the histologic picture agrees with that of normal appearing salivary gland tissue. The interest of this entity is that although benign pseudotumoral lesion, it can be clinically confused with benign or malignant tumors and even, through fine needle aspiration cytology, with low grade mucoepidermoid tumors. We present one case of this condition arising in the soft palate in a patient with unilateral serous otitis media. A review of the published literature on the subject is done.

Adenomatoid Tumor↗

PubMed2007

Alterations of p16INK4a tumour suppressor gene in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary glands.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is common in the salivary glands, but alterations of the p16(INK4a) tumour suppressor gene are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to analyse p16(INK4a) gene alterations in MEC, and evaluate their significance for carcinogenesis. Thirty-eight salivary glands with MEC and six normal salivary glands were studied for p16(INK4a) alterations. In the MEC-affected group, there were 23.7% (9/38) and 13.2% (5/38) cases of homozygous deletion, and 5.3% (2/38) and 2.6% (1/38) cases of point mutation in p16(INK4a) exon 1 and exon 2, respectively. Hypermethylation of the p16(INK4a) gene promoter was found in 13 cases (13/38, 34.2%). Alterations of the p16(INK4a) gene were not found in the normal salivary glands. These findings suggest that the main mechanisms of inactivation of the p16(INK4a) gene in MEC of the salivary glands are promoter hypermethylation and homozygous deletion.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Neutron therapy in malignant salivary gland tumors: results at European centers.

Malignant salivary gland tumors are relatively rare and account for only 3%-4% of all head and neck cancers. Especially in adenoid cystic carcinoma, the incidence of local recurrence and distant metastases is influenced by the perineural spread of tumor. In advanced salivary gland tumors, surgery alone has a high incidence of local failure. The results of conventional radiotherapy are suboptimal in inoperable or not completely resected salivary gland tumors and in recurrent disease. The pooled data of some international series for low linear energy transfer radiation show a local control of only 28%. Especially in advanced salivary gland tumors, neutron therapy can improve local control. In Europe at least 570 patients with salivary gland tumors have been treated with neutrons alone or with combined modalities. The clinical data of different centers in Europe and the United States result in a similar local control rate of 67% in gross disease. An analysis of different European series shows on average a complication rate of 10.6% for severe radiation-related morbidity. Modern neutron machines and the use of three-dimensional treatment planning systems are now available in a few institutions and may further reduce side effects.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Major salivary gland tumours in a rural Kenyan hospital.

BACKGROUND: Salivary gland tumours are not well characterised in Africa. The Kijabe Hospital Pathology Laboratory operates a pathology service utilised by twenty one church/mission hospitals and thus has accumulated data from many parts of Kenya regarding major salivary gland neoplasms. OBJECTIVE: To review the specimens in order to help understand the spectrum of the salivary gland neoplasms in Kenya. DESIGN: Data on all major salivary gland tumours examined over the study period were obtained from the Pathology department computer database. Basic information on age, tribe, pathological diagnosis and site of the tumour were available for analysis. SETTING: A rural hospital in Kenya with a pathology service serving 21 church/mission hospitals throughout Kenya. SUBJECTS: All major salivary gland neoplasms examined in the pathology laboratory over the period January 1992 to December 1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age, tribe, pathological diagnosis, site of specimen. RESULTS: Over the period 1992 to 1999, 135 major primary salivary gland neoplasms were examined. Amongst 103 parotid tumours, 46% were pleomorphic adenomas and 19% were monomorphic adenomas. Consistent with other studies from sub-Saharan Africa, the Warthin's tumour was rare. The commonest malignant tumour was the mucoepidermoid carcinoma comprising 14% of specimens. Thirty two submandibularneoplasms are described. The commonest tumour was the pleomorphic adenoma (78%) and the commonest malignant tumour was the mucoepidermoid carcinoma (9%). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with other African studies, these figures are similar although in Kenya there is a predominance of monomorphic adenomas. Compared with Western studies there is an increased ratio of malignant to benign tumours and Warthin's tumours are much less common in Africa.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1994

True malignant mixed tumour of a minor salivary gland.

True malignant mixed tumours (carcinosarcomas) of salivary gland origin are rare and not widely recognized lesions. These tumours account for approximately 0.2 per cent of all malignancies of the major salivary glands (Stephen et al., 1986). They usually occur in pre-existing pleomorphic adenomas of major salivary glands and have an aggressive and often rapidly fatal progression. We report a case of carcinosarcoma in a minor salivary gland of the upper lip. Its management and the use of immunocytochemical stains to demonstrate the separate epithelial and connective issue components are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication within cystic lymphoepithelial lesion of the salivary gland.

Cystic lymphoepithelial lesions of salivary glands (CLLSG) are nodular or diffuse salivary gland enlargements that are observed in patients who tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Two cases of CLLSG are reported. Particular emphasis is placed on the presence of HIV-1 major-core protein (P24), HIV-1 RNA sequences, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA sequences, and lymphocyte receptor gene rearrangement. Lymphoid alterations consisted of explosive hyperplasia with a prominent follicular reticular dendritic cell (DRC) network and numerous intrafollicular CD8+ lymphocytes. Intrafollicular DRC strongly expressed HIV-1 major-core protein and HIV-1 RNA, indicating that most DRCs actively replicated the HIV-1 virus. The presence of active HIV-1 replication within DRC and the absence of clonal EBV infected lymphoid population strongly suggest that CLLSG pathogenesis is primarily induced by HIV-1. The presence of oligoclonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in our cases, however, suggest the need of long-term follow-up of such patients to determine whether CLLSG could be a benign prelymphomatous disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Expression of p16 and nm23 genes in salivary gland tumors].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of p16 and nm23 genes in salivary gland tumors and the relation of P16 and nm23 proteins with fumorigenesis of salivary gland tumors. METHODS: Expression of P16 and nm23 proteins was examined by SABC immunohistochemical method in 39 cases of paraffin blocks of normal salivary gland tissues and salivary gland tumors. RESULTS: P16 and nm23 protein positive staining were mainly found in the cytoplasm and cytoblast of all salivary gland tissues. Positive rate of P16 protein expression was 76.9% (10/13) and 40.9% (9/22) in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors, respectively. There was significant difference between P16 protein expression of benign and malignant tumors by chi 2 test (P < 0.05). mm23 protein positive staining was found in 84.6% (11/13) and 45.5% (10/22) of benign and malignant tumors respectively. The expression of nm23 protein in benign and malignant tumors was significantly different (P < 0.05). There was no correlation of the expression of P16 and nm23 in salivary gland tumors was found (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: p16 and nm23 genes may play an important role in different sides in salivary gland tumorigenesis and the reduce of the expression of p16 and nm23 genes may contribute to the generation of malignant salivary gland tumors.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗

PubMed1976

Correlated changes of Balbiani ring expansion and secretory protein synthesis in larval salivary glands of Chironomus tentans.

Salivary glands of various stages of the last larval instar of Chironomus tentans were quantitatively analyzed with respect to the expansion of their Balbiani rings (B1, B2, B3) by a fast green staining procedure as well as to the rate of synthesis of their secretory proteins (S1, S2, S3) by a scintillation counting procedure of electrophoretic fractions. The extent of expansion of B1, B2 and B3 correlates positively with the rate of synthesis of S3, S2 and S1, respectively. With B1 and S3 these parameters undergo a parallel and developmentally specific change being rather depressed in intermolt, and particularly in diapausing animals.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Developing a convenient large animal model for gene transfer to salivary glands in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Localized gene transfer to salivary glands has great potential for the treatment of salivary gland, systemic, and oral diseases. The minipig parotid gland, given its volume and morphological similarities to the human parotid gland, may be useful as a large animal model for pre-clinical gene transfer experiments. The purpose of this study was to perform an initial assessment of the efficacy and safety of adenoviral-vector-mediated gene transfer to parotid glands of miniature pigs. METHODS: AdCMVluc, a recombinant type 5 adenoviral (rAd5) vector containing a luciferase reporter gene, was administered to miniature pig parotid glands by intraductal cannulation. Five regions of gland tissue were obtained to measure the distribution of luciferase activity. The effects of time, viral dose, infusate buffer volume, and gland anatomical region on transgene expression were determined. Detailed serum chemistry and hematological analyses were performed. In addition, AdCMVlacZ, a similar rAd5 vector encoding beta-galactosidase, was also delivered to determine the parotid gland cell types transduced. RESULTS: Luciferase assays indicated that gene transfer to miniature pig salivary glands could be readily accomplished using rAd5 vectors. Highest transgene expression was found in the center of glands, which was > posterior > inferior > anterior > superior tissue regions. Expression was maximal on day 2 and declined to background by day 14, and observed in both acinar and ductal cells. Several serum chemistry and hematology parameters were transiently changed following rAd5 administration. CONCLUSIONS: Transgene expression by, and inflammatory response to, rAd5 vectors in minipig parotid glands are similar to results seen earlier in rodent studies. This suggests that results of salivary gland gene transfer from rodent studies can be extended to a larger animal model, and supports the value of using minipigs for pre-clinical applications of gene transfer to these tissues. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2001

[Molecular techniques lead to the first insights into the pathophysiology of salivary gland adenomas].

Pleomorphic adenomas are the most common type of salivary gland tumours. Activation of the PLAG1 gene on chromosome 8q12 is the most frequent mutation found in these tumours. This results from chromosomal translocations leading to promoter substitution between PLAG1, mainly expressed in fetal tissue, and more broadly expressed genes. The replacement of the PLAG1 promoter, inactive in adult salivary glands, by a strong promoter derived from the translocation partner, leads to ectopic expression of PLAG1 in the tumor cells. This abnormal PLAG1 expression results in deregulation of PLAG1 target genes causing salivary gland tumorigenesis. PLAG1 binds to promoter 3 of the Insulin-like growth factor 2 gene (IGF2) and stimulates its activity. IGF2 is highly expressed in salivary gland adenomas overexpressing PLAG1 while no IGF2 expression is found in adenoma without abnormal PLAG1 expression nor in normal salivary gland tissue, indicating a perfect correlation between PLAG1 and IGF2 expression. These results provide us with the first clue for understanding the role of PLAG1 in salivary gland tumor development. IGF2 perfectly fits in the picture of a restarted developmental program with concomitant loss of differentiation, the typical hallmark for any tumour. Salivary gland genesis provides a system for studying the development of glandular organs having many basic features in common with the salivary gland, such as breast, kidney, lung, pancreas and prostate. With a unique salivary gland organ culture system we now can study principles of epitheliogenesis, tubulogenesis and branching morphogenesis. Genes expressed at the spot where during tumourigenesis proliferation overrules differentiation constitute new targets for reverting the proliferative, tumour-specific stage. By elucidating molecular mechanisms involved in human cancer, we will hence contribute at the level of fundamental cancer research (oncogenesis) and normal organ development (organogenesis).

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗

PubMed1986

Nonsquamous cell tumors of the minor salivary glands.

Tumors may develop from minor salivary glands present in the submucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract and from other glands of similar structure in the head and neck area. By far, the most common location for minor salivary glands is the oral cavity.

Adenoma↗

PubMed1987

Use of human minor salivary glands in basic and applied secretion research.

Previous findings from studies utilizing human labial and palatine minor salivary glands are reviewed. These studies took histopathological, biochemical, and ultrastructural approaches, and focused on control and diseased glands. Disease-oriented summarization are used, and control results are discussed in the context of disease-related findings. Findings are reviewed separately for electrolytes, macromolecules, and ultrastructure. In control subjects, minor gland salivary electrolyte concentrations are dependent on flow rate, and this dependence may be altered by diseases such as cystic fibrosis as well as by inflammatory situations such as graft-versus-host disease. There is also evidence that salivary electrolyte secretion processes are not similar in labial and palatine minor glands. Studies of salivary macromolecular composition are reviewed for control subjects and for patients with graft-versus-host disease and Sjögren's syndrome. The findings indicate that the macromolecular contents of labial and palatine gland saliva are similar, but that both are significantly different from that for major gland saliva. Finally, studies attempting to measure disease-related changes in intracellular composition are reviewed. It is concluded that the minor salivary glands are important models for the study of exocrine gland physiology and pathophysiology in man.

Cystic Fibrosis↗

PubMed2005

Does lemon candy decrease salivary gland damage after radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer?

UNLABELLED: Salivary gland dysfunction is one of the common side effects of high-dose radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an early start of sucking lemon candy decreases salivary gland injury after radioiodine therapy. METHODS: The incidence of the side effects of radioiodine therapy on the salivary glands was prospectively and longitudinally investigated in 2 groups of patients with postsurgical differentiated thyroid cancer with varying regimens for sucking lemon candy. From August 1999 to October 2000, 116 consecutive patients were asked to suck 1 or 2 lemon candies every 2-3 h in the daytime of the first 5 d after radioiodine therapy (group A). Lemon candy sucking was started within 1 h after radioiodine ingestion. From November 2000 to June 2002, 139 consecutive patients (group B) were asked to suck lemon candies in a manner similar to that of group A. In the group B, lemon candies were withheld until 24 h after the ingestion of radioiodine. Patients with salivary gland disorders, diabetes, collagen tissue diseases, or a previous history of radioiodine therapy or external irradiation to the neck were excluded. Thus, 105 patients in group A and 125 patients in group B were available for analysis. There were no statistical differences in the mean age (55.2 y vs. 58.5 y), average levels of serum free thyroxine (l-3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) (0.40 ng/dL vs. 0.47 ng/dL), and the mean dose of (131)I administered (3.96 GBq vs. 3.87 GBq) between the 2 groups. The onset of salivary side effects was monitored during hospital admission and regular follow-up on the basis of interviews with patients, a visual analog scale, and salivary gland scintigraphy using (99m)Tc-pertechnetate. When a patient showed a persistent (>4 mo) dry mouth associated with a nonfunctioning pattern on salivary gland scintigraphy, a diagnosis of xerostomia was established. RESULTS: The incidences of sialoadenitis, hypogeusia or taste loss, and dry mouth with or without repeated sialadenitis in group A versus group B were 63.8% versus 36.8% (P < 0.001), 39.0% versus 25.6% (P < 0.01), and 23.8% versus 11.2% (P < 0.005), respectively. Permanent xerostomia occurred in 15 patients in group A (14.3%) and 7 patients in group B (5.6%) (P < 0.05). In both groups, bilateral involvement of the parotid gland was the most frequently seen and was followed by bilateral involvement of the submandibular gland. CONCLUSION: An early start of sucking lemon candy may induce a significant increase in salivary gland damage. Lemon candy should not be given until 24 h after radioiodine therapy.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1994

Cathepsin-D and tumor associated antigen DF3 in salivary gland neoplasia. Differential diagnostic and prognostic applications.

Salivary gland tumors pose considerable difficulty in diagnostic and prognostic assessment based on the histopathologic features alone. Cathepsin-D is overexpressed in cancer cells where its concentration in the primary tumor is correlated with increased risk of metastasis. DF3 antigen is a tumor associated glycoprotein that is specific for malignant cells of glandular origin. We examined the distribution patterns of cathepsin-D and DF3 antigens in benign (n = 11) and malignant (n = 44) salivary gland tumors of various histologic types. The frequency of cathepsin-D expression is significantly increased (p < 0.001) in salivary gland carcinomas compared to benign mixed tumors (BMT). High levels of cathepsin-D expression was frequent in carcinomas ex BMT, mucoepidermoid carcinomas, poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas-NOS and adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC). Acinic cell carcinomas and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinomas were mostly negative. Intense cytoplasmic staining for DF3 antigen was noted in the tumor cells of mucoepidermoid carcinomas, carcinomas ex BMT and poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas-NOS whereas other types of salivary gland carcinomas exhibited either negative or only focal membrane staining. The noted differences in the reactive patterns of cathepsin-D and DF3 antigen among various histologic types of salivary gland carcinomas may have differential diagnostic and prognostic applications.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Accuracy of frozen section diagnosis of the salivary gland.

Three hundred and one salivary gland lesions (162 benign, 72 malignant, and 67 benign non-neoplastic) of 677 cases were evaluated by use of intraoperative frozen sections by 66 pathologists. In seven patients, the diagnosis was deferred for permanent sections. In four cases (1.3%), the diagnosis at permanent section changed from one category of benign tumor to another, and in five cases (1.7%), from one category of malignant tumor to another. In four tumors, a frozen section diagnosis of benign was changed to malignant on permanent sectioning; all four involved acinic cell carcinomas. Only two tumors were incorrectly diagnosed as malignant. We conclude that diagnoses of most salivary gland lesions based on frozen section examination are reliable and accurate. However, the literature does indicate that caution should be exercised when malignant tumors are dealt with.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed2005

Comparative analysis of the development of the mandibular salivary glands and the labial silk glands in the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori.

The mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori has a pair of salivary glands arising from the mandibular segment, in addition to the labial silk glands which are generally considered as modified salivary glands. Here we report the characterization of salivary glands and the comparative gene expression profiling of the silk and salivary glands. The two independent salivary glands made up by 330 cells, grow about 1000 fold during larval development. These individual glands extend up to the T(1) thoracic segment unlike silk glands with fused anterior ends and extending up to the caudal region. The salivary glands also undergo endomitosis resembling the silk glands. The B. mori homologue of the homeotic gene Deformed (BmDfd) was expressed in the mandibular and maxillary segments in stage 17 embryo and got localized to the centre of the mandibular segment at stage 18 to form the salivary gland placodes. The expression was also seen in the distal ends of the leg appendages after blastokinesis (stage 22). Only low variations in BmDfd expression ranging from 1.6 to 2.1 fold were apparent during embryonic development. BmDfd expression was observed in the salivary glands all through the larval instars but not in the silk glands. The transcription factor, Forkhead and the segment polarity gene, Wingless were expressed throughout the salivary glands, the latter confirming the absence of physiological compartmentation within these glands unlike the silk glands. The expression of Amylase and Fibrohexamerin was restricted to the salivary and silk glands, respectively and therefore, served as molecular markers for these tissues.

Amylases↗

PubMed1997

Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the minor salivary gland.

Undifferentiated carcinoma of the minor salivary glands has been rarely reported in the world literature. Lymphoepithelial carcinoma, which is a variant of undifferentiated carcinoma, is distinguished from small cell and large cell undifferentiated carcinoma by its association with benign lymphoepithelial lesions. We report a case of a lymphoepithelial carcinoma developing in a minor salivary gland of the oral cavity in a 69-year-old woman. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a lymphoepithelial carcinoma arising from a minor salivary gland.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Histoenzymological detection of sialic acids in the rodent salivary glands.

Sections from the major salivary glands of rats and mice were used to locate, characterize and compare sialoglycoconjugates by means of lectin histochemistry, sialidase digestion, periodate oxidation and potassium hydroxide deacetylation. The gland sialylated macromolecules contained the terminal dimers sialic acid-beta-galactose and sialic acid-alpha-N-acetyl-galactosamine but differed in the varieties of sialic acids and the linkages of sialic acids to penultimate sugars. Indeed, the submandibular and parotid glands exhibited a notable occurrence of periodate labile sialic acids with C7 and/or C8 and/or C9 acetyl groups in their polyhydroxyl chains. In particular, C9 acetylated sialic acids were mostly linked alpha 2-6 to beta-galactose. The sublingual glands, instead, were strongly characterized by a presence of C9 acetylated sialic acids bound alpha 2-3 to beta-galactose. Also, sialic acids with O-acetyl substituents at C4 were evident in the mouse parotid gland and in the rat submandibular and sublingual glands. The great variety of sialoderivatives expressed by the rodent salivary glands was correlated with the differential involvement of these compounds in lubricating and defensive processes. Sex-related differences regarding the sialic acid location, acetylation degree and linkage were shown in the submandibular glands of both species.

Animals↗