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A case report a patient with Salmonella group B septicemia is presented. This patient had continuous high fever for one month, bronchopneumonia, pancytopenia, mucous bloody diarrhea and generalized lymphadenopathy.
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To estimate herd prevalence of Salmonella spp, fecal specimens were obtained for culture from neonatal calves of 47 Ohio dairy herds. Of the 452 calves tested, 10 calves from 7 farms were culture-positive. Salmonella serotypes isolated were S dublin, S typhimurium, S enteritidis, S agona, S mbandaka, and S montevideo. Bulk tank milk filters from these dairies were also submitted for culture. Salmonella sp was isolated from 1 of the 50 filters, and 2 calves from this herd were found to be shedding Salmonella sp of the same serotype.
Maturation of dendritic cells (DC) is crucial for their ability to induce adaptive immunity. Although several mediators of DC maturation have been found, their contributions to DC maturation during infection are poorly understood. In this study we show that murine conventional (CD11c(high)) DC up-regulate costimulatory molecules in a subset-specific manner after oral Salmonella infection. Although both CD8alpha+ and CD8alpha- subsets increase CD86 expression, CD40 was preferentially up-regulated on CD8alpha+ DC, and CD80 was preferentially increased on CD8alpha- DC. In addition, high levels of CD80 and CD86 were found on CD11c(int)CD11b+ cells that accumulated in infected organs. Costimulatory molecules were simultaneously induced on CD11c(high) and CD11c(int)CD11b+ cells in Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen 5 days after infection despite different kinetics of peak bacterial burden in these organs. Up-regulation of costimulatory molecules occurred on all DC within the respective subset. Moreover, <1% of CD11c-expressing cells associated with Salmonella expressing enhanced GFP in vivo. Thus, DC maturation did not depend on bacterial uptake. Rather, infection-induced up-regulation of CD80, CD86, and CD40 on CD11c-expressing cells of mesenteric lymph nodes was dependent on TNFR type I (TNFRI) signaling. Although indirect up-regulation of costimulatory molecules on DC and CD11c(int)CD11b+ cells was TNFRI dependent, cells directly associated with Salmonella were able to mature independently of TNFRI signaling. Thus, Salmonella-induced TNF-alpha is an important mediator of indirect DC maturation during infection, whereas a TNF-alpha-independent maturation pathway contributes to direct maturation of bacteria-associated DC.
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In an experiment with broilers infected with a rifampicin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium strain at 15 days of age, it was demonstrated that whole wheat feeding influenced the course of infection. The pH in the contents of the gizzard decreased as the amount of whole wheat in the diet increased over time. Following infection, lower numbers of Salmonella Typhimurium were found in the gizzard and ileum of birds receiving whole wheat compared to pellet-fed birds. However, there was no difference with respect to the numbers of Salmonella Typhimurium in the ceca and rectum between the two experimental groups. Quantitative cultivation of different groups of bacteria belonging to the natural intestinal microflora showed that whole wheat feeding significantly reduced the numbers of Clostridium perfringens in the intestinal tract of the birds. The present results indicate that the gizzard has an important function as a barrier organ, one that prevents pathogenic bacteria from entering the distal digestive tract.
Infections with S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis develop in poultry flocks as persistent flock enzootics, often without any clinical manifestation. Infected parenteral hen flocks are the source of vertical, so-called pseudo-trans-ovarian infection chains. These chains may induce horizontally self-maintaining cycles of the infection in the flocks. Environmental Salmonella may enter such cycles. Each of these cycles is able to transmit Salmonella to poultry products so entailing human health hazards permanently. The intensification in modern poultry production causes the permanent presence of Salmonella in the flocks. Hitherto all known control measures (biological, chemoprophylactic, physical) didn't result in a remarkable success. Therefore, the only alternative is the consequent implementation of hygiene regimes in all stages of production and during processing and marketing of poultry products in order to dilute Salmonella as much as possible.
Pregnant cows were vaccinated at ablactation by infusion of heat inactivated S. dublin or S. typhimurium into the mammary gland in order to protect their offsprings via colostrum against salmonellosis. This method of vaccination is based upon statements according to which specific IgA and IgM play a prominent role in respect of protection. Both Ig classes are produced locally and are not channelled from the mother's system into the mammary gland. In comparison to calves from non-vaccinated control animals, calves from vaccinated cows did not exhibit clinical symptoms after challenge infection, and had a reduced salmonella excretion rate in respect of quantity but not in respect of the duration of shedding salmonella. Serological quantitation of specific Ig-classes (DIG-ELISA) did not allow to identify a specific Ig-class responsible for protection.
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