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Results for “Structural equation modeling”

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PubMed2001

Protective and vulnerability factors of depression in normal adolescents.

The present study investigated the role of various protective and vulnerability factors in the development of depressive symptoms. A sample of normal adolescents (N=373) completed the Children's Depression Inventory and measures of a negative attributional style, parental rearing behaviour, coping styles, and perceived self-efficacy. In addition to computing the correlations between depression and these protective and vulnerability factors, the present data were also subjected to structural equations modelling to examine the correlational structure of the data. Depression was accompanied by high levels of parental rejection, negative attributions, and passive coping, and by low levels of active coping and self-efficacy. Furthermore, a model in which negative parental rearing behaviour and a negative attributional style featured as the primary sources of depression, while coping styles and self-efficacy played a mediating role in the formation of depressive symptoms, provided a reasonable fit for the data.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Early elementary school-aged child attachment to parents: a test of theory and implications for intervention.

Child attachment to parents has been shown in the literature to reduce the likelihood of problem behaviors through enhancing resiliency. Research examining attachment and its relationship to antisocial behavioral outcomes in adolescents has been shaped largely by social control theorists who have theorized that attachment to prosocial others inhibits the expression of antisocial behavioral outcomes (Hirschi, 1969). This paper seeks to expand the literature by investigating the development of child attachment to parent(s) during the early elementary school years as specified theoretically by the social development model (Catalano & Hawkins, 1996). Using structural equation modeling, the results support the theoretical model as proposed by the social development model. School-aged children's attachment to parents can be successfully predicted by constructs outlined in the social development model. Finally, implications for interventions that enhance child attachment to parent(s) are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

Eldercare responsibilities, interrole conflict, and employee absence: a daily study.

A model was developed specifying that the number of hours employees spend providing care to or interacting with elderly parents predicts conflict between the roles of employee and caregiver. Interrole conflict was subsequently expected to predict partial absence from work (e.g., arriving late). Seventeen employed eldercare providers completed a daily questionnaire for 20 work days. The data were standardized and pooled, and the proposed model was tested by using structural equation modeling. The proposed model provided a good fit to the data. A competing model that added the direct effects of hours of interacting with and hours of providing care to parents on partial absence provided a significantly better fit. The potential impact of the findings on employees and organizations is discussed.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed2005

Socioeconomic status and mental illness: tests of the social causation and selection hypotheses.

This study tests several hypotheses about the underlying causal structure of the inverse correlation between socioeconomic status (SES) and mental illness. It does this through the analysis of a longitudinal statewide database on acute psychiatric hospitalization in Massachusetts for the fiscal years 1994-2000 as well as supplemental census data. The modeling strategy used techniques of structural equation modeling and found that SES impacted directly on rates of mental illness as well as indirectly through the impact of economic hardship on low and middle income groups.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2004

Confirmatory factor analysis of the psychopathy checklist: screening version in offenders with axis I disorders.

One hundred forty-nine inpatients within a maximum security psychiatric facility were assessed with the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV; S. D. Hart, D. N. Cox, & R. D. Hare, 1995). Within the total sample, 68% had a psychotic disorder and 30% met criteria for psychopathy. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the authors tested the 2-factor PCL:SV model of psychopathy and recent 3- and 4-factor models. Results indicated good fit for each model, with the 4-factor model showing best overall fit. Structural equation modeling was used to determine which psychopathy factors predicted 6-month follow-up of inpatient aggression. The 2-, 3-, and 4-factor models, respectively, accounted for 16%.27%. and 3l% of the variance in aggression.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Factor structure of the brief symptom inventory--18 in adult survivors of childhood cancer: results from the childhood cancer survivor study.

The factor structure of the Brief Symptom Inventory--18 (BSI-18; L. R. Derogatis, 2000) was investigated in a sample of adult survivors of childhood cancer enrolled in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS; N = 8,945). An exploratory factor analysis with a randomly chosen subsample supported a 3-factor structure closely corresponding to the 3 BSI-18 subscales: Depression, Anxiety, and Somatization. Confirmatory factor analysis with structural equation modeling validated this 3-dimensional structure in a separate subsample, though an alternative 4-factor model also fit the data. Analysis of the 3-factor model showed consistent fit in male and female participants. Compared with available community-based norms, survivors reported fewer symptoms of psychological distress. Together, results support the hypothesized 3-dimensional structure of the BSI-18 and indicate the measure may be useful in assessing psychological distress in this growing population of cancer survivors.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rhodes Index of Nausea and Vomiting--Form 2 in pregnant women. A confirmatory factor analysis.

BACKGROUND: Despite widespread application of Rhodes Index of Nausea and Vomiting-Form 2 (INV2) in practice and research, empirical analyses have not been consistently performed to verify the a priori factors that guided the subclass construction of the symptoms. OBJECTIVES: To examine the dimensional structure of Rhodes INV in a sample of pregnant women. METHOD: Data were collected from 152 pregnant women who were experiencing some degree of nausea and vomiting during early pregnancy and analyzed using structural equation modeling techniques. Five competing measurement structures were tested and compared. The structure (model) that provided the closest fit to the data was selected and relationships (factor loadings) between the constructs and indicators were established. RESULTS: The model fitting the data the closest was a three-factor structure measuring nausea, vomiting, and retching as three separate, but correlated dimensions. The factor loadings were high (0.73-0.96) and significant (p < .001). The model treating nausea and vomiting as a one-factor concept as well as the model including two factors named symptom occurrence and symptom distress did not fit the data. CONCLUSION: Rhodes INV2 is a valid measurement tool if subscales are formed to reflect the multidimensional structure of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Child-care structure-->process-->outcome: direct and indirect effects of child-care quality on young children's development.

With datafrom the NICHD Study of Early Child Care, we used structural equation modeling to test paths from structural indicators of child-care quality, specifically caregiver training and child-staff ratio, through a process indicator to child outcomes. There were three main findings: (a) Quality of maternal caregiving was the strongest predictor of cognitive competence, as well as caregivers' ratings of social competence; (b) quality of nonmaternal caregiving was associated with cognitive competence and caregivers' ratings of social competence; and (c) there was a mediated path from both caregiver training and child-staff ratio through quality of nonmaternal caregiving to cognitive competence, as well as to caregivers' ratings of social competence, that was not accounted for entirely by family variables. These findings provide empirical support for policies that improve state regulations for caregiver training and child-staff ratios.

Caregivers↗

PubMed2004

The NDNQI-Adapted Index of work satisfaction.

The valid measurement of nurses' job satisfaction is critical because job satisfaction is important for the retention of qualified nurses to provide patient care in hospitals. Two studies were conducted to adapt the Stamps Index of Work Satisfaction (1997b) to measure work satisfaction at the patient care unit level for use by the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI). In Study 1 (n = 918 RNs) exploratory factor analysis of data obtained using the NDNQI-Adapted Index replicated the conceptual dimensions of the Stamps measure. Associations with scores on Job Enjoyment were evidence that the Index measured the intended construct. Using theta, the reliability of the composite subscales was .91. The adapted Work Satisfaction subscale scores explained 46% of the variance in Job Enjoyment, with each subscale contributing uniquely (p < .001). In Study 2 (n = 2277 RNs) confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling supported the 7-subscale structure for the Adapted Index (CFI [719] = .88; RMR = .05). Replication of associations between scores on the Index subscales and Job Enjoyment provided further evidence regarding validity of the data, since the Work Satisfaction subscales explained 56% of the variance in Job Enjoyment. The feasibility of using an on-line version of the Adapted-Index for data collection was demonstrated. The findings from the two studies indicate that the adapted Index of Work Satisfaction has a structure similar to the original instrument and is a reliable and valid measure of work satisfaction at the patient care unit level.

Factor Analysis, Statistical↗

PubMed1993

The Social Physique Anxiety Scale: construct validity in adolescent females.

Hart, Leary, and Rejeski have developed the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPA), a measure of the anxiety experienced in response to having one's physique evaluated by other people. The present study cross-validated the psychometric properties of this measure in a sample (N = 236) of adolescent competitive female gymnasts. Employing structural equation modeling, the proposed unidimensional factor structure of the SPA was supported, although some questions regarding the robustness of the fit are raised. Construct validity was demonstrated by significant inverse relationships between aspects of physical efficacy (perceived physical ability and physical self-presentation confidence) and degree of social physique anxiety. These findings are discussed in terms of possible alternative factor structures and integration of social anxiety and other psychosocial constructs to better understand physical activity behavior.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Feeding difficulty in elderly patients with dementia: confirmatory factor analysis.

The latent structure of feeding difficulty in elderly patients with dementia was investigated using multivariate statistical techniques including exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. A survey design of 345 elderly patients with the diagnosis of dementia using a questionnaire completed by key workers and primary nurses, was used in local psychogeriatric and continuing care of the elderly facilities. Feeding difficulty and nursing intervention were estimated followed by fitting of latent variable models of feeding difficulty to the data using structural equation modelling. Three models of feeding difficulty in elderly patients with dementia, with 2, 3 and 4 factor structures respectively were compared. All three models showed a good fit to the data as assessed by several standard criteria. The 3 and 4 factor models, however, showed significantly better fit than the 2 factor model. The 4 factor model introduced a latent variable of "oral difficulty" with feeding which merits further investigation. This study demonstrates the possibility of developing reliable and validated scales for the assessment of feeding difficulty in elderly patients with dementia.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

The Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire: construct equivalence and mean differences across gender.

Research on achievement goal orientation in sport has relied primarily on traditional statistical methodology to examine group mean differences. Unfortunately, examination of the measurement model is generally ignored prior to means testing. This study reports an application of structural equation modeling (SEM) in testing measurement invariance and latent mean structure of the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ; Duda & Nicholls, 1989) using male and female college students. A confirmatory factor analysis for testing invariance revealed invariant measurement properties and factor structures across gender, indicating that task and ego orientation are similarly conceptualized by male and female students. Subsequent testing of latent mean structures, however, showed significant gender differences with respect to ego orientation, but no difference in task orientation. The SEM procedures used in the present study demonstrate additional construct validity and internal consistency reliability for the TEOSQ and, by confirming its factor structure, provide a sound psychometric basis for its continued use in substantive studies focusing on the comparison of achievement goal orientation across gender.

Achievement↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A holistic methodology for modeling consumer response to innovation.

A general structural equation model for representing consumer response to innovation is derived and illustrated. The approach both complements and extends an earlier model proposed by Hauser and Urban. Among other benefits, the model is able to take measurement error into account explicitly, to estimate the intercorrelation among exogenous factors if these exist, to yield a unique solution in a statistical sense, and to test complex hypotheses (e.g., systems of relations, simultaneity, feedback) associated with the measurement of consumer responses and their impact on actual choice behavior. In addition, the procedures permit one to model environmental and managerially controllable stimuli as they constrain and influence consumer choice. Limitations of the procedures are discussed and related to existing approaches. Included in the discussion is a development of four generic response models designed to provide a framework for modeling how consumers behave and how managers might better approach the design of products, persuasive appeals, and other controllable factors in the marketing mix.

Attitude↗

PubMed1986

A general multivariate approach to linear modeling in human genetics.

The general linear structural equation model is applied to problems in human genetics where there may be more than one measured phenotype per individual. A modeling convention, termed conditional associations, is developed to extend the general linear model so that it can handle the unique problems in human genetic models that arise from the pairing up of individuals or families under assortment between mates and the assortative placement of adoptees. Formulas are presented to generate expected covariance matrices for assortment or assortative placement on many variables simultaneously. It is demonstrated that all linear models in human genetics can be reduced in form to two fundamental equations. An algorithm is presented that will allow the application of these two equations to linear modeling in human genetics.

Adoption↗

PubMed1999

The conceptual structure of research utilization.

Despite the fact that the nursing literature is replete with calls to make the practice of nursing research based, little is known about the structure and function of research utilization. The purpose of this study was to explore the conceptual structure of research utilization. Data were collected from a randomly selected sample of 600 registered nurses practicing in western Canada. Using the techniques of structural equation modeling (with LISREL), competing models representing conceptual structures of research utilization were developed and evaluated. In the first model, a simplex style of model, the investigator proposed that a nurse's early responses would influence subsequent responses to the question measuring research utilization, implying a time ordered causal sequence. In the second style of model, a common cause (or factor-like) model, the investigator proposed a stable underlying concept, research utilization, that was relatively insensitive to prompting and time ordering. The simplex style of model failed to reach acceptable indices of fit. The common cause model fit the data well, suggesting that instrumental, conceptual, and persuasive research utilization exist and that a global measure of research utilization may be defensible.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Binary latent variable modelling and its applicationin the study of air pollution in Hong Kong.

A binary latent variable is constructed to account for the correlation between multiple binary outcomes and is treated as a dependent variable in modelling for covariate effects. This modelling method is similar to the structural equation modelling. Three models are considered: (1) all covariates affecting the binary latent variable directly; (2) some covariates affecting the binary latent variable while other affecting the manifestation of the binary outcomes; and (3) no covariates are included. Gibbs sampling, a special case of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, is used to estimate the parameters in the models. Simulation studies show that this method is valid and reliable in estimating covariate effects. But Model (1) fitted the data best with lowest value in the deviance information criteria. The method is illustrated by applying it to the data analysis of an environmental air pollution study. The results show that air pollution (i.e. the most versus the least polluted district) (odds ratio 1.20; 95% confidence interval 0.97-1.49; p=0.102), smoking (relative to not smoking) (2.75; 2.21-3.41; p < 0.001) and mosquito coil use (relative to non-use) (1.27; 0.99-1.62; p=0.058) had an impact on the respiratory health of male adults in Hong Kong.

Air Pollution↗

PubMed2006

Pathways to sexual risk reduction: Gender differences and strategies for intervention.

Using the AIDS risk reduction model as our conceptual framework and structural equation modeling as our analytic tool, we tested psychosocial antecedents of sexual risk reduction among heterosexually active men and women who use illegal drugs. With baseline sexual risk behavior controlled, stronger commitment to safer sex predicted less sexual risk behavior for both men and women. For men but not women, greater AIDS knowledge predicted safer sex commitment. For women but not men, higher self-efficacy predicted stronger commitment to safer sex, and peer norms favoring sexual risk reduction predicted higher self-efficacy. Intervention for men should focus on increasing safer sex commitment and AIDS knowledge. Intervention for women should promote safer sex commitment by raising self-efficacy for sexual risk reduction.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Older boyfriends of adolescent girls: the cause or a sign of the problem?

PURPOSE: There were two aims of this study: (a) to determine the causal relationship between adolescent girls' early sexual activity and the presence of an older boyfriend, and (b) theoretically and empirically contextualize the relationship between these two variables within a model of adolescent problem behavior. METHODS: Secondary analysis was conducted with the 670 adolescent girls of Waves I and II of the public use version of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Girls included in the analyses had not already had an older romantic partner in Wave I but did have a romantic partner in the 18 months before Wave II. Four alternative causal models are proposed and tested using structural equation modeling and a nested model comparison analysis strategy. RESULTS: The model with the best fit to the data depicted the presence of an older partner as a mediator of psychosocial risk factors and adolescent problem behaviors (including early sexual activity). Psychosocial characteristics of adolescent girls in Wave I predicted whether they would enter romantic relationships with older boyfriends by Wave II. In turn, though, the presence of an older boyfriend increased problem behavior in Wave II above and beyond the effects of the psychosocial risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are discussed in terms of the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the unions between adolescent girls and older boyfriends before statutory rape policies are modified.

Adolescent↗